林冠截留模型

林冠截留量在森林生态系统水文循环和水量平衡中占有重要的地位，是森林涵养水源、保持水土等水文生态效益的主要评价指标之一。文章在分析了林冠截留机理和以往林冠截留数量模型的基础上，首次提出林冠截留整体护展模型，为大范围的森林水文生态效益数量评价提供研究基础。     

小兴安岭红松林冠层截留降雪特征及模拟

【目的】研究小兴安岭红松林林外降雪、林内穿透雪和林冠截雪特征,深入认识森林冠层对降雪截留再分配的影响,为定量评价该区域红松林的生态雪水文效应提供理论依据。【方法】连续2年冬季定位观测红松林林外降雪和林内穿透降雪特征,并调查林分结构因子,利用基于物理机制的半经验性理论降雪截留模型模拟红松林冠次截留雪量。【结果】2013年11月至2014年4月和2014年11月至2015年4月,共观测到17场降雪,平均次降雪量10.3 mm,平均次降雪强度4.41 mm·d-1;平均次穿透降雪量7.4 mm,平均次穿透率69.3%,次穿透降雪量和次穿透率均随次降雪量增加而增大;林冠次截留雪量与次降雪量呈较好的幂函数正相关关系,并与郁闭度显著正相关(P0.05),而林冠次降雪截留率与次降雪量呈负指数函数关系(P0.05),次降雪量、胸径、郁闭度、树高和坡度对林内次穿透雪量有显著影响;林冠截留降雪存在饱和截留量限制,林冠次降雪截留率随次降雪量增加逐渐降低;林冠次降雪截留率与次降雪量和郁闭度紧密相关(P0.05),而与胸径、树高、胸高断面积、林冠高度、林冠宽度、叶面积指数和坡度等指标相关性不显著。【结论】次降雪量和林冠郁闭度对林冠次截留雪量影响显著,次降雪量、胸径、郁闭度、树高和坡度对林内次穿透降雪量有显著影响。Pomeroy等(2002)和修正的降雪截留模型能较好拟合小兴安岭地区红松林冠次截留雪量。     

粤北杨东山常绿阔叶次生林林冠截留特征

林冠是森林生态系统影响降雨的第一作用层。降雨经过林冠后,被进一步分为林内穿透雨、树干径流和林冠截留。林冠的截留作用不仅改变了降雨的空间分布格局,而且影响了与之相关的物质循环和能量转换(李振新等,2004)。目前,已有大量文献报道我国热带雨林(周光益,1997;张一平等,2003)、亚热带常绿阔叶林(崔向慧等,2006)和温带落叶阔叶林(万师强等,1999)的林冠截留特征。我国主要森林生态系统的林冠截留率为11.40%～     

水曲柳林冠的降水截留特征

对水曲柳林冠在2003年5-9月的降水截留特征进行了野外测定与统计分析,结果表明:水曲柳林分林冠截留量为68.77 mm,占同期降水量的17.41%;降水约按以下比例被再次分配:穿透降水72.50%,林冠截留17.41%,树干茎流10.08%.模拟分析结果表明:Horton改进模型模拟精度高,参数物理意义较明确,水曲柳林冠吸附容量为0.84 mm,区域降雨蒸发能力的参数值为11.83%,水曲柳林冠截留率随降水变化的曲线可分为快变期(截留率大于19.0%,降水量小于10 mm)、渐变期(截留率19.0%～12.8%,降水10～30 mm)和稳定期(截留率小于12.8%,降水大于30 mm),水曲柳林冠稳定截留率为12.8%.     

基于修正的Gash模型模拟缙云山毛竹林降雨截留

为了验证修正的Gash模型对缙云山毛竹林林冠截留模拟的适用性,基于2009年4—7月的气象和林分特征资料以及实测的穿透雨和树干茎流等资料,分析缙云山毛竹林林外降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流特征,并应用修正的Gash模型对林冠截留量进行模拟,对比分析周降雨累计截留量和单次降雨截留量的模拟值和实测值,采用敏感性分析法分析模型参数对截留量的影响程度。结果表明:研究期间共29次降雨,总降雨量为531.1mm,平均降雨强度为2.11mm·h-1,大部分为低雨强、低雨量级、长历时的降雨;穿透雨量、茎流量和林冠截留量的实测值分别为463.2,6.5和61.4mm,模拟值分别为461.1,6.1和63.9mm,模拟的截留量约高出实测值4.07%,模型计算的周累积截留量和单次降雨截留量与实测值相比的相对标准差分别为5.02%和7.13%,模拟效果较好,模型适用于缙云山毛竹林;以林冠郁闭度(c)对模拟结果影响最大,其次为平均降雨强度()、林冠持水能力(S)和林冠平均蒸发速率(),树干茎流系数(Pt)和树干持水能力(St)这2个参数对林冠截留总量影响很小。     

红松人工林不同间伐强度对降雨再分配的影响

为研究间伐对红松人工林水源涵养功能的影响程度,该文以本溪县草河口地区70 年生不同间伐强度(对照区、中度区、极强区)的红松人工林为研究对象,研究不同间伐强度对红松人工林树干径流、穿透雨及林冠截留的影响,结果表明:红松人工林的穿透雨、树干径流以及林冠截留都会随降雨强度增加而增加,穿透雨量随间伐强度增加而增加,不同间伐强度的穿透雨率差异显著(p<0.05),树干径流率差异不显著。林冠截留量随间伐强度增加而减小,且不同间伐强度的林冠截留率差异显著(p<0.05)。     

林冠降水截留效应国内研究进展

林冠对降雨截留再分配过程的影响,涉及到森林生态、森林水文、森林气象及水土保持等诸多方面,是森林涵养水源、减少地表径流的重要生态水文过程,对林地水分平衡和养分循环具有重要意义。近年我国对林冠截留、穿透雨、树干流的降水截留效应研究有较多报道,本文对近几十年来我国林冠对降水截留效应研究进展和现状进行简要整理     

林冠截留模型

对林冠截留的研究已有近百年的历史。1971年,Rutter等人就推导出了一个具有清楚物理意义的林冠截留模型,结束了以往的林冠截留模型中只有统计模型的历史。1987年,刘家冈用数理方法,对林冠截留的时空演变过程作了很好的描述。但使用他们的模型对林冠截留进行估计时,需要同时对其它多个气象因子进行测定,而且人们普遍关心的不是林冠对次降雨截留的大小,而是林冠对降水的年截留量大小。 1979年,Gash用分析法代替了Rutter模型中的数值法,建立了截留模型,该模型能在只有降雨数据的情况下,对林冠的季节截留进行估计,结果与实测值接近。该模型将林冠截留分成两部分,即树冠截留和树干截留,因而引进了较多的参数。本文从林冠截留的过程出发,推导出一个有清楚物理意义,且含林冠和降雨参数较少的截留模型。     

北京九龙山不同结构侧柏人工纯林降水的再分配

[目的]基于华北石质山区侧柏人工林2014年(3—10月)降水数据进行量化分析,探究其降水的再分配规律。[方法]采用野外定位研究方法,对不同结构(郁闭度、枝下高)侧柏人工林林冠层降水再分配特征进行分析。[结果](1)1/2枝下高0.4、0.6、0.8郁闭度林内穿透雨总量分别为181.1、168.1、147.1 mm,穿透雨率分别为78.8%、73.1%、64.0%;树干径流总量分别为6.0、5.9、3.9 mm;总树干径流率分别为4.2%、2.6%、1.7%;林冠截留总量分别为39.5、56.1、79.1 mm;林冠截留率分别为17.2%、24.4%、34.4%。(2)1/3枝下高0.4、0.6、0.8郁闭度林内穿透雨总量分别为175.6、154.8、136.0 mm,穿透雨率分别为76.4%、67.3%和59.2%,树干径流总量分别为8.3、4.9、3.3 mm,总树干径流率分别为3.6%、2.1%和1.4%,林冠截留总量分别为46.3、70.4、90.7 mm,林冠截留率分别为20.1%、30.6%和39.5%。[结论](1)侧柏人工林同一枝下高不同郁闭度林分林内穿透雨量差异不显著。2种枝下高郁闭度为0.4和0.8之间的树干径流量均存在显著差异,郁闭度0.4和0.6以及0.6和0.8之间差异不显著。(2)郁闭度为0.4、0.6、0.8时,冠厚占树高2/3(即枝下高为1/3)的林分林冠截留量分别是1/2的1.17、1.25和1.14倍。(3)2种枝下高各自不同郁闭度间林冠截留量均存在显著差异。(4)同等降雨量情况下雨强越大,林冠截留量越小;2次降雨间隔时间越长,林冠层越干燥,林冠截留能力越强;枝下高越低(即冠层厚度越大),林冠截留量越大,且随着郁闭度的增加,林冠截留量逐渐增大。     

林冠对降水的截留作用

一、影响林冠截留降水数量的因子 (一)降水量和林冠截留:截留要有降水才能产生,亦随降水量的大小而发生数量上的变化。一般来说,降水量大时截留量大,但二者非直线关系。如以截留率(相对截留量,即截留量占降水量的百分数)表示,则截留率不是一个常数,而是随着降水量的增加逐渐减少。图1为黑龙江省五营地区天然红松阔叶林1962年10月至1965年9月逐月的降水量和逐月的林冠截留率的统计关系图。从图上可以看出,降水量大的月份,截留率较小,二者关系相当密切。如果按逐次降水进行统计,也可以看出截留量与降水量的这种类似关系。图2由同一地点1963年-1965年夏逐次降雨截留的观测资料点聚而成。图2中以I表示截留量,x表示降水量,I/x表示截留率。显然可以看出图中的点所表示的曲线,既不满足I=常数(虚线),也不满足I/x=常数(断线),而是介于二者之间。     

两种经济林中的穿透雨与茎流特征研究

本文观测了桃李两种经济林的穿透雨和茎流特征。结果表明,两种经济林的穿透雨量、林冠截留量、茎流量与降雨量均存在极显著的正相关关系。用幂函数方程能较好的拟合林冠截留量与降雨量之间的关系,而用线性方程能较好的拟合穿透雨量、茎流量和降雨量之间的关系;桃李两种经济林穿透雨量分别占降雨量的93.29%、85.34%,林冠截留量分别占降雨量的5.60%和12.04%,茎流量分别占降雨量的1.11%和2.62%。     

Characteristics of canopy interception and its simulation with a revised Gash model for a larch plantation in the Liupan Mountains,China

Canopy interception is a significant proportion of incident rainfall and evapotranspiration of forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is vital for studies of eco-hydrological processes and hydrological impact evaluation. In this study, throughfall, stemflow and interception were measured in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.(larch) plantation in the Liupan Mountains of northwestern China during the growing season(May–October) of 2015, and simulated using a revised Gash model. During the study period, the total precipitation was499.0 mm; corresponding total throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 410.3, 2.0 and 86.7 mm,accounting for 82.2, 0.4 and 17.4% of the total precipitation, respectively. With increasing rainfall, the canopy interception ratio of individual rainfall events decreased initially and then tended to stabilize. Within the study period, the simulated total canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow were 2.2 mm lower, 2.5 mm higher and0.3 mm lower than their measured values, with a relative error of 2.5, 0.6 and 15.0%, respectively. As quantified by the model, canopy interception loss(79%) mainly consisted of interception caused by canopy adsorption, while the proportions of additional interception and trunk interception were small. The revised Gash model was highly sensitive to the parameter of canopy storage capacity,followed by the parameters of canopy density and mean rainfall intensity, but less sensitive to the parameters of mean evaporation rate, trunk storage capacity, and stemflow ratio. The revised Gash model satisfactorily simulated the total canopy interception of the larch plantation within the growing season but was less accurate for some individual rainfall events, indicating that some flaws exist in the model structure. Further measures to improve the model's ability in simulating the interception of individual rainfall events were suggested.     

长白山北坡阔叶红松林林冠对降雨及其养分的影响

在2001年森林生长季(6-9月),通过测量降雨各分量,分析了中国吉林省长白山北坡红松阔叶林冠层对降水分配各分量的影响。结果表明:干流量(37.39 mm),透流量(326.02 mm)和截留量(105.67 mm),分别占同期降雨量(469.08 mm) 的7.97%、69.50%和22.53%。林冠对降雨的月份分配规律是:树干茎流率的月变化为七、八月份大于其它月份,穿透率从6-9月份有逐渐减少的趋势,而截留率的变化正好与穿透率相反,从19.43%增加到31.02%。林内降雨中的养分元素浓度发生显著变化,除Ca、Mg外,其它元素的浓度都有所增加。经分析得出,大气降雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:Ca> Mg> N> K> Fe > P> Cu > Mn;而穿透雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:K>N>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Cu;在林冠淋溶中各养分元素的浓度序列为:Mn> P>K>Cu>Fe>N>Mg>Ca。图1表5参13。     

Throughfall,stemflow and interception loss in a mixed white oak forest (Quercus serrata Thunb.)

Throughfall and stemflow measurements in a 60-year-old white oak stand (Quercus serrata Thunb.) were carried out during two periods totalling eleven months, from August to November 1993 and from May to November 1994, in order to clarify the rainfall partitioning of this forest. Troughs and spiral-type stemflow gauges connected to tipping bucket-gauges were used for throughfall and stemflow measurements. Seventy-five storms were analyzed individually. Coefficients of variation for throughfall and stemflow ranged between 5–25% and 20–70% respectively. Partitioning of net rainfall in throughfall and stemflow represent 72% and 10% of the gross rainfall respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine the stemflow variability. In was determined that maximum rain intensity was highly correlated with stemflow and this variable explained a further 5.5% of the stemflow variation. Estimates of averaged lag time and drainage after rain cease for stemflow were 290 and 164 min, while estimates for throughfall were 60 and 104 min. respectively. The canopy saturation was estimated from continuous storms and showed a value of 0.6 mm. The trunk storage capacity was estimated at a value of 0.2 mm. The interception loss from the forest canopy was estimated in 18%. Interception loss was heighly correlated with rainfall characteristics such as duration and intensity.     

紫金山麻栎林降水分配格局研究

对紫金山栎林林冠截留、树干茎流与降水量之间的关系进行了研究。在观测的46场降水中,降水量达823.8 mm,林冠总截留量、树干茎流量和穿透雨量分别为207.95 mm、33.30 mm、582.55 mm,林冠截留率、树干茎流率和穿透率分别为25.24%、4.04%、70.71%。随着降水量的增大,林冠截留量、树干茎流量、穿透雨量及穿透率都有所增加,林冠截留率降低,树干茎流率在2～50 mm降水量级中逐渐增大,在>50 mm降水量级有所降低。林冠截留量与降水量之间呈幂函数关系,而树干茎流量、穿透雨与降水量之间呈线性相关。     

Rainfall redistribution of a virgin Pinus koraiensis forest and secondary Betula platyphylla forest in Northeast China

A virgin Pinus koraiensis forest in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains was selected to study its rainfall redistribution effect via 97 rainfall occurrences during a growing season. The following results were obtained: 1) The canopy interception of the P. koraiensis virgin forest amounted to 98168 mm during a growing season (May to September), which was 19.6 per cent of the total rainfall and 1.3 times that of a secondary Betula platyphylla forest. Compared with other forest types in China (11.4%–36.5%), the ratio of the canopy interception in the virgin pine forest was at a medium level. 2) The throughfall of the virgin pine forest was 395.77 mm, which accounted for 78.7% of total precipitation, and the stem-flow was 8.78 mm, accounting for 1.74% of total precipitation. Compared with the secondary birch forest, the virgin pine forest had lower throughfall but higher stem-flow. 3) Cubic regression equations (p < 0.01) which describe the relation between throughfall, stem-flow and canopy interception in the virgin pine forest and rainfall in an open field were fitted. A linear regression equation (p < 0.01) was found to be a better fit for the relationship between throughfall of the secondary birch forest and rainfall outside the forest. Factors affecting throughfall and stem-flow were analyzed, with results providing a good reference to the study of rainfall redistribution in coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(6): 61–65 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

梁山慈竹在退耕还林中的水土保持效应研究

利用小型径流观测场对比观测降雨时间集中的梁山慈竹林和未退耕种植红薯的耕地的17次降雨、10次水土流失过程进行效益对比,分析侵蚀量、径流量与降雨因子的关系。结果表明,退耕还梁山慈竹林的穿透降水率为89.14%,茎流率平均为1.57%,林冠截持降水率为9.29%;凋落物层的最大持水量约为27.54 t.hm-2,相当于水深2.4～3.3 mm,占降水量的14.46%～19.88%;与未退耕地相比,梁山慈竹林的平均径流量比耕地减少24.6%,而耕地侵蚀量约是林地的4.7倍,林地降水的泥沙侵蚀平均减少量达到78.56%。梁山慈竹有较好的水土保持作用,能够明显地减少地表径流和泥沙侵蚀。     

长宁竹海主要林分林冠降雨分配格局

对长宁竹海楠竹林、黄竹林、苦竹林、杉木林和栎林5种林分林冠降雨分配格局进行了对比。回归结果表明:穿透雨量和干流与林外降雨量呈线性关系,并都达到极显著水平(p-0.01)。在降雨量为1204.7 mm时,5种林分穿透雨的最小响应雨量分别为:斑苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus Kengf)林为3.0 mm,硬头黄竹(Bambusa rigida Keng et Kengf)林为1.0 mm、白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)林为0.9 mm、楠竹(Phyllostachy spubescen)林为0.8 mm、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook)林为0.7 mm。干流量随树干胸径的增加而增大,两者关系可用Q=B0 B1D B2D2 B3D3进行描述。与其它的林种相比,竹林干流量远高于栎林和杉木林。苦竹林干流量达105.3 mm,干流率为8.74%,黄竹和楠竹干流量均为82.4 mm,干流率为6.84%,栎林分别为42.4 mm和3.49%,杉木林最小,仅为8.8 mm和0.73%。截留量和截留率从大至小的排序为:苦竹林为384.3 mm和31.9%,栎林355.5 mm和29.51%,黄竹280.7 mm和23.3%,楠竹274.1 mm和22.75%,杉木林254.8 mm和21.15%。     

Interception loss, throughfall and stemflow chemistry in pine and oak forests in northeastern Mexico

Interception loss, gross precipitation, throughfall and stemflow solution chemistry beneath pine (Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.), oak (Quercus sp.) and pine-oak natural forest canopies in northeastern Mexico were measured. Coefficients of variation for throughfall were 12% in pine and oak canopies and 17% in the mixed pine-oak canopy. The variability of stemflow averaged 66, 126 and 73% for pine, oak and the mixed pine-oak canopies, respectively. Linear regression analysis of net versus gross precipitation for the three canopies showed highly significant correlations (r = 0.974-0.984). Total precipitation during the experimental period was 974 mm and estimated interception loss was 19.2, 13.6 and 23% for the pine, oak and pine-oak canopies, respectively. Stemflow did not occur following rainfall events of less than 4 mm and, in all canopies, stemflow represented a minimal proportion of gross precipitation (0.60, 0.50 and 0.03% for pine, oak and pine-oak, respectively). Throughfall pH in pine (6.2), oak (6.3) and pine-oak (6.3) canopies was significantly more acidic than gross precipitation (6.6). Stemflow pH ranged from 3.7 (pine) to 6.0 (oak). The pine-oak canopy registered the highest throughfall and stemflow electrical conductivities, 104 and 188 microS cm(-1), respectively. Net nutrient leaching of K, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn and Zn was significantly higher from the pine-oak canopy than from the pure pine and oak canopies. Mean depositions of Ca and Cu in throughfall behaved similarly among the three types of canopies. A greater proportion of Zn in gross precipitation was absorbed by the oak canopy than by the pine and pine-oak canopies. Enrichment factors beneath the pine-oak canopy relative to gross precipitation varied from 1.2 to 3.2 for macro-nutrients (Ca, K, Mg and Na) and from 1.4 to 3.1 for micro-nutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn). Stemflow depositions of Ca, K, Mg and Cu were higher in the pine-oak canopy, whereas stemflow depositions of Na, Fe, Mn and Zn were higher in the pine canopy.