城市生活垃圾堆肥对土壤环境容量的影响

本文分析了不同量的城市生活垃圾堆肥（以下简称垃圾堆肥）施入这膛田土壤后，土壤理化性状、作生长效应及重金属在土壤中积累等情况。阐述了垃圾堆肥对土壤环境容量影响因素，为制定垃圾堆肥施入标准提供了科学依据。     

垃圾堆肥对铬污染土壤的修复机理研究

运用二次通用旋转组合试验设计，通过模拟土培试验，研究垃圾堆肥对铬污染土训中有效铬含量的影响，铬的形态变化。结果表明，垃圾堆肥可显著减少铬污染土壤中有效铬含量，垃圾堆肥主要是促进水溶志铬向结晶形沉淀态铬转化；垃圾堆肥用于修复铬污染土壤是安全的。     

城市垃圾堆肥的生态效应与对策研究

本文分析了城市垃圾堆肥的生态效应,其中包括肥力效应:提高土壤养分,改善土壤的理化性质;生物效应:改善土壤的微生物特性,提高植物的产量和品质;环境负效应:造成土壤的沙化、盐渍化、重金属积累等;环境正效应:修复被污染的土壤,防止水土流失;并阐述了垃圾堆肥环境效应的预防措施。最后提出了城市垃圾堆肥的发展对策:提高垃圾堆肥的质量,发展有机无机复合肥。     

作物秸秆与城市污泥高温好氧堆肥产物对土壤氮矿化的影响

为揭示不同作物秸秆与污泥堆肥产物对土壤氮素矿化特征的影响,为科学施用城市污泥堆肥提供参考依据,通过室内培养试验研究了城市污泥与4种秸秆（小麦、水稻、玉米和油菜）高温好氧堆肥产物施入酸性紫色土、黄壤、石灰性紫色土后土壤氮矿化的差异。结果表明,4秸秆污泥堆肥均可显著提高3种土壤氮的潜在矿化势（N0）和矿化速度（k）,促进土壤氮的矿化,提高土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N质量分数,其中石灰性紫色土以油菜秸秆污泥堆肥和小麦秸秆污泥堆肥处理、黄壤以油菜秸秆污泥堆肥处理、酸性紫色土以小麦秸秆污泥堆肥处理提高幅度最大。作物秸秆与污泥堆肥施入土壤后,黄壤、酸性紫色土在培养60 d和30 d后趋于稳定,石灰性紫色土在培养60 d后仍有增高的趋势,但不同秸秆污泥堆肥对土壤氮矿化速度的影响无明显规律。结果说明秸秆污泥堆肥对土壤氮矿化的效应因土壤及秸秆类型的不同而异,根据研究结果提出了4种作物秸秆与城市污泥堆肥施用的建议。     

不同有机无机复混肥对小麦产量、氮效率和土壤微生物多样性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥和中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥与无机复混肥等价格施入对小麦产量、氮素利用率以及土壤微生物多样性的影响。结果表明,3种堆肥原料有机无机复混肥处理的小麦子粒产量（5838.8～6243.1 kg/hm2）为化肥处理（5880.4 kg/hm2）的99.3%～106.2%,差异不显著。猪粪处理和菜粕处理的小麦子粒的氮素累积量（分别为100.2 kg/hm2和95.8 kg/hm2）显著高于化肥处理（85.9 kg/hm2）和中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥处理（84.5 kg/hm2）;3种有机无机复混肥的氮肥回收效率和氮素利用率（包括氮素生理利用效率和氮素子粒生产效率）都高于化肥处理的氮肥回收效率和氮素利用率。对各处理土壤DNA条带采用邻接法分析表明,施入外源有机物质(菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥与中药渣堆肥)可以改变土壤的微生物细菌群落结构,而施入化肥对土壤的微生物细菌群落结构影响较小。本试验条件下,施用3种堆肥原料的有机无机复混肥可以获得与施用化肥相当的小麦子粒产量,提高小麦的氮素回收和利用效率,改变土壤微生物细菌群落结构。     

不同原料堆肥的有机无机复混肥对辣椒产量和土壤生物性状的影响

通过田间试验,研究了施用以菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥和中药渣堆肥的3种有机无机复混肥对辣椒产量、土壤矿质态氮和土壤微生物量碳、氮以及微生物多样性的影响。结果表明：1）各施肥处理辣椒果实产量为2451.1-3301.5 kg/hm^2,均显著高于对照（CK,1700.8 kg/hm^2）;3种原料堆肥的有机无机复混肥的辣椒果实产量为2851.3-3301.5kg/hm^2,显著高于单施化肥CF,增产率为16.3%-34.7%。2）与CF和CK处理比较,3种原料堆肥的有机无机复混肥处理明显提高了土壤矿质态氮含量,改善了土壤供氮能力,增加了土壤微生物量C、N含量。3）对各处理土壤DNA条带采用邻接法分析（Neighbor joining）表明,5个处理土壤样品共分为3大族群,CF与CK为一种族群,菜粕堆肥的有机无机复混肥（RCC）为另一种族群,猪粪堆肥的（PMC）和中药渣堆肥的有机无机复混肥（CMC）又属另一种族群。说明施入外源有机物质（菜粕、猪粪与中药渣）可能改变土壤的细菌群落结构,而施入化肥对土壤的细菌群落结构影响较小。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥对春小麦生长和土壤的影响

利用垃圾堆肥作为肥料,采用大田试验对春小麦生长和土壤的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,堆肥用量的春小麦试验中,每公顷施150t最好,产量增幅达25％。施堆肥提高土壤有机质和养分供应力,土壤容重下降,偏碱性土壤pH向中性点靠拢。土壤重金属Cu、Zn全量,随堆肥用量而递增。作物体内Cu、Zn浓度有增加的趋势,表现为根系＞籽粒＞茎叶。     

不同施用方式下污泥堆肥对土壤性质和草坪生长的影响

为解决城市污泥处理难题,探讨污泥堆肥及其不同施入方式对绿地土壤的改良效果,进行了污泥堆肥绿地土壤改良试验。试验设混合(H)、覆盖(F)、混合+覆盖(HF)3种施入方式,结果表明:不同施入方式均能显著降低绿地土壤容重,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量,HF和H的改良效果最好;不同施入方式还均能显著促进草坪生长和分蘖,其中HF,F,H处理的分蘖密度分别比对照高45%,37%,32%;F处理的杂草抑制率在96%以上,HF为78%,H处理未能抑制杂草;各施入方式均能显著提高土壤微生物碳和土壤微生物氮含量,改良1年后,F、H和HF的土壤微生物碳含量分别是对照2.4,3.1,3.4倍,微生物氮含量分别是对照的1.7,3.0,2.8倍;与对照相比,HF处理与H处理的土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均显著提高。     

厩肥盖土方法对生草灰化土腐殖质状况的影响

分析土壤中施入的草炭堆肥盖土深度不同时有机物质变化过程的特征,证明了对预先掺合表土的堆肥进行深埋,能够提高腐殖质形成系数1～1.5倍,改善腐殖质品质,提高吨肥产出量1倍.     

蚓堆肥热干扰后对土壤质量和作物生长的影响

了解热干扰对蚓堆肥肥效的影响有助于指导其规模化加工和应用,促进有机废弃物的高效循环利用。通过模拟不同热干扰梯度(30、40、50、60和70℃)研究蚓堆肥自身性质的变化,将新鲜的蚓堆肥置于烘箱中加热20 h,并于温室中采用盆栽试验探究经过热干扰后的蚓堆肥对土壤性质及番茄生长的影响。结果表明,随着热干扰温度的升高,蚓堆肥的pH、可溶性有机碳及铵态氮含量呈上升趋势且在最高温干扰处理下达到最高,但硝态氮和速效钾含量呈下降趋势;微生物生物量碳氮含量先上升后下降,而其中参与碳氮循环的酶活性逐渐降低。经不同热干扰处理后的蚓堆肥施入土壤后,相比30℃的对照,蚓堆肥经热干扰后番茄的地上部生物量提高了2倍左右,根系生物量增加了56%～115%;伴随蚓堆肥热干扰温度的增加,植物氮磷钾养分的吸收量逐渐提高,蚓堆肥对土壤氮磷钾养分的供应量(土壤速效养分与植物有效养分吸收量之和)先升高后下降并在50℃干扰处理后达到最高;土壤pH及可溶性有机碳含量逐渐升高,土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势且在70℃干扰后降至最低,而土壤中参与碳氮循环的酶活性变化趋势不一致,但与对照相比总体呈上升趋势。总之,热干扰导致蚓堆肥生物活性下降及养分有效性增加,相应地,热干扰后的蚓堆肥施入土壤后能明显促进作物氮磷钾养分的吸收,有利于蚓堆肥发挥其肥效。因此,蚓堆肥加热处理有利于其发挥短期培肥和植物促生功效,而其长期效果有待今后在更大时空尺度上的研究。     

Municipal Tropical Compost: Effects on Crops And Soil Properties

Three kinds of tropical soils (inceptisol, mollisol and oxisol: USDA) were amended with increasing quantities of municipal refuse compost. Prepared mixtures: 0, 1.2, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25.6 percent (by volume) of compost were utilized as growing substract (without mineral fertilizer) in pot vegetation trials including three successive plantations taking corn as the test plant. Plant yields and heavy metal concentrations were determined. Urban compost effects on soil chemical parameters were evaluated. Corn growth had been significantly enhanced by the presence of urban compost showing no toxic effects. However, this fertilizing effect decreases after successive harvestings. Cadmium and lead concentrations in the plants were found to be under detection concentration limits (0.5 and 5.2 ppm respectively). Concentrations of copper and zinc in the plants increased relative to the amounts of urban compost but never reached toxic concentrations.     

Changes in maturity indicators during the degradation of organic wastes subjected to simple composting procedures

Selected maturity indicators were monitored over a period of 335 days during the degradation of organic wastes subjected to four simple composting procedures, which varied in raw material (garden refuse with and without market refuse) and turning frequency (0×, 6×). All procedures produced mature composts. The inclusion of market refuse and frequent turning generally increased the cation exchange capacity of compost on an ash-free basis. Until day 118 of the composting process, compost samples which contained market refuse in their raw material mixture had the lowest redox potentials after anaerobic incubation. Cress grown on these composts also produced the lowest fresh mass. At a later stage of the composting process, the same composts displayed increased cellulolytic activity. Frequent turning of the compost heaps resulted in greater fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, a greater occurrence of low-molecular-weight humic compounds and, occasionally, an inhibition of cellulolytic activity. The arginine ammonification assay gave information on the N-status of the composts, rather than on the compost maturity, and suggested that all the composts could be safely applied to soil with no risk of microbial immobilisation of soil N.     

Apparent availability of nitrogen in composted municipal refuse

The use of composted municipal refuse on agricultural land requires prior knowledge of the interactions among compost, soil, and plants. Research into the availability of N in highly matured municipal refuse compost is particularly important considering the current concern about groundwater contamination by NO _inf3 ^sup- -N. A greenhouse pot bioassay was conducted to determine the percentage of short-term apparent bioavailable N of a highly matured refuse compost and its relative efficiency in supplying inorganic N to the soil-plant system in comparison with NH₄NO₃. Municipal refuse (after 165 days of composting) was applied at rates equivalent to 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 t ha^-1 to a ferrallitic soil from Tenerife Island (Andeptic Paludult). NH₄NO₃ was applied at rates equivalent to the total N content of the compost treatments. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was grown in 3-kg pots and the tops were harvested at regular intervals after seedling emergence. The compost increased dry matter yield, soil mineral N, and plant N uptake proportional to the applied rate. These increases were significantly higher than the control at an application rate of 20 t ha^-1. After 6 months the apparent bioavailable N ranged from 16 to 21%. The relative efficiency was 43% after 30 days. This suggests that large inputs of inorganic N into soil can be obtained with high rates of this kind of compost, with a potential for NO _inf3 ^sup- -N contamination. However, applied at moderate rates in our bioassay (<50 t ha^-1), compost showed a low N-supplying capacity to ryegrass, i.e. a small fraction of the mineralized compost N was used by plants in the course of time. This was ascribed to a partial biological immobilization. This pattern of N availability in highly matured municipal refuse compost, positive net mineralization but partial immobilization, is similar to the pattern of N availability in biologically active soils and is therefore extremely interesting for the conservation of N in agro-ecosystems.     

绿化植物废弃物堆肥对城市绿地土壤的改良效果

针对城市中普遍存在的绿地土壤退化和有机废弃物处理处置难的现状,选择典型城市土壤进行绿化植物废弃物堆肥不同用量的绿地现场土壤改良实验.结果表明:绿化植物废弃物堆肥能提高土壤持水能力;降低土壤的酸碱度;增加土壤有机质、总N、总P、有效P、生物量C、N和微生物总量;堆肥对土壤全K的含量总体影响不大,但速效K的含量却成倍增加;说明绿化植物废弃物能改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤肥力,且随着堆肥用量的增加,对土壤的改良作用也越显著;鉴于绿化植物废弃物高C/N,其用量宜控制在13240 kg/hm~2以内.绿化植物废弃物堆肥就地利用即能改良城市退化土壤,又减少城市废弃物量,有利于提高城市生态环境质量.     

Microbial activity and biomass in mixture treatments of soil and biogenic municipal refuse compost

An incubation experiment was performed to determine how the mixing of soil with municipal organic refuse compost affects C mineralization, growth of the microbial biomass, and changes in organic components, especially in the fractions of amino acids and amino sugars. Compost and soil differed in almost every parameter measured, with the organic C content of the compost representing only 10.8% of the dry weight. The fractions of K₂SO₄-extractable organic C and of non-hydrolyzable C were larger in the compost (1.24 and 62.9% of organic C, respectively) than in the soil (0.56 and 41.6% of organic C). These two fractions increased in proportion to the addition of compost, in contrast to amino sugar and amino acid C which were identified overproportionately in the mixture treatments, especially in the 30% compost treatment. Overproportionate increases in the microbial biomass C content and CO₂ evolution rate were also measured in this treatment. The adsorption of compost colloids on the surface of regular soil silicates increased both the availability for microbial enzymes and the detectability for chemical analysis.     

The effect of urban refuse compost and different tractors tyres on soil physical properties, soil erosion and maize yield

Application of urban refuse compost to agricultural soil could help to solve municipalities' problems related to the increasing production of waste only if soil property improvement and environmental conservation can be demonstrated. The use of low-pressure tractor tyres is another proposal in modern agriculture for reducing soil compaction. This study thus aimed to detect the effects of both compost and low-pressure tractor tyres on soil loss, runoff, aggregate stability, bulk density, penetrometer resistance and maize (Zea mays L.) yield. A 3-year field experiment was carried out on a hilly (15% slope) clay loam soil in central Italy. Twelve plots (200 m² each) were monitored with tipping-pot devices for runoff and soil erosion measurement. Treatments were: compost addition (64 Mg ha⁻¹), mineral fertilisation, use of low-pressure tyres, use of traditional tyres, with three replicates, in a fully randomised block design. Compost was applied once at the beginning of the experiment. Runoff reduction due to compost ranged between 7 and 399 m³ ha⁻¹ during seasons, while soil erosion was reduced between 0.2 and 2.4 Mg ha⁻¹. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of stable aggregates, measured on wheel tracks, increased by 2.19 mm, then progressively decreased. Compost significantly increased bulk density by 0.08 Mg m⁻³ due to its inert fraction content. This effect was less evident in the second and third year, probably due to harrowing. Maize yields were slightly, but significantly, reduced in composted plots by 1.72 Mg ha⁻¹ in the third year. Low-pressure tyres significantly reduced soil loss in the third year by 1 Mg ha⁻¹. Furthermore, they did not significantly influence runoff volumes and soil structural stability. Low-pressure tyres or compost addition were singly able to prevent an increase in penetrometer resistance due to agricultural machinery traffic. Low-pressure tyres increased the maize yield during the 3 years and the difference (0.4 Mg ha⁻¹) became significant in the third year. In conclusion, results show the positive lasting effect of compost in ameliorating soil physical properties and reducing runoff and soil erosion. Low-pressure tyres appear justifiable both for the observed increase of grain production and reduction of soil compaction. This latter effect is, nevertheless, masked by compost addition which is also able to reduce penetrometer resistance. Further research is required to explain the causes of the slight inhibition of grain yield observed when compost was compared with mineral fertilisation.     

Content and chemical form of mercury and selenium in soil,sludge, and fertilizer materials

The content and chemical from of Hg and Se were determined for several samples of municipal sewage sludge and sludge ash, garden soil having a history of sludge and residential compost application, and selected fertilizer materials (peat moss, cow manure, residential compost, composted municipal refuse and sewage sludge, Miloganite). Municipal sewage sludge had the highest levels of total Hg (averaging 1240 ppb), while sludge ash had the lowest levels (averaging 5.6 ppb). Total Se levels were lowest in compost (averaging 255 ppb), while being highest in sludge ash (averaging 11550 ppb). The methylmercury percentage was fairly constant for all samples, averaging 6.0% of the total Hg content. Hexavalent Se averaged 24.3 of the total Se content, and was notably higher in sludge and fertilizer samples. Successive annual application of sludge and compost to garden soil resulted in a gradual increase of total Hg and Se in the soil, but had no significant influence on chemical form distribution for both elements.     

Effects of Compost on the Chemistry of an Urban Upper Piedmont South Carolina Soil

Composting is an effective method to improve the fertility of degraded soils. However, the potential beneficial effects of composting on the fertility of urban soils have not been reported. This study compared nutrients measured in compost and soil samples collected from a residential urban plot in Clemson, SC. The dominant soil type present was an eroded Cecil sandy loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kanhapludults), and the collected samples represented the following treatments: compost, garden, front lawn, backyard lawn, and basement (nonvegetated control). Tissues of leaf detritus were also analyzed to establish the nutrient contribution from leaves to soil. Standard soil tests were conducted to characterize soil macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients, as well as soil parameters such as pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the treatment means for each soil parameter and nutrient measured. In all cases, the different treatments had significantly different levels of nutrients based on Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) (P < 0.05). Our results show that composting can be a significant source for major soil nutrients and minerals in urban soils. Therefore, utilization of compost and leaf detritus should be beneficial for improving degraded soil in urban environments.     

Abstracts of nippon Dojyohiryogaku Zasshi

Color change of city refuse during composting process was investigated according to the methods of measurement for color of materials based on the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric System. Stimulus value Y (the degree of lightness) and chromaticity coordinates (x, y) were determined with Color Analyzer by measuring relative spectral reflectance. Stimulus value Y of city refuse decreased during composting process, but chromaticity coordinates (x, y) scarcely changed.

Color of various composts, which were produced from city refuse, straw, hog fecal wastes, tree bark, and tree bark mixed with activated sludge, were also investigated by measuring relative spectral reflectance. The shapes of the reflection spectra of city refuse were different from those of the other composts. Colors of the various composts were similar to each other when specified according to their three attributes: value, hue, and chroma (Munsell renotation).

While city refuse was rotting and maturing, stimulus value Yand C/N ratio equally decreased. A positive correlation was found between stimulus value Y and C/N ratio. It was concluded that stimulus value Y can be used as a criterion for determining the degree of maturity of city refuse compost.

The correlation between stimulus value Y and C/N ratio of various composts was also investigated. According to the position on the two coordinates having stimulus value Y and C/N ratio as axe s, various composts were classified into three groups: (i) city refuse compost group, (ii) straw compost group, and (iii) tree bark compost group.     

Amendment of Acidic Coal Refuse with Yard Trimmings Compost and Alkaline Materials: Effects on Leachate Quality and Plant Growth

Establishment of vegetative cover on coal refuse stabilizes the pile surface and reduces off site deposition of acidic sediments and drainage water. Direct revegetation through the use of by-product amendments would eliminate the need for topsoil cover and provide a beneficial use for by-product materials. This 8 month greenhouse study investigated yard trimmings compost, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-product, and agricultural limestone (ag-lime) amendments for direct revegetation of hyper-acidic coal refuse and their effects on leachate and plant quality. Pots (30 cm tall × 15 cm diam) of coal refuse were amended with five rates of compost (0 to 200 g kg^?1), with and without sufficient agricultural limestone (ag-lime) to raise refuse pH to 7, and planted with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata). Compost increased leachate pH from <2 to 4.4, decreased specific conductance from >17 to <5 mmho cm^?1 (due to large decreases in Al, Fe, and S), and decreased leachate concentrations of several trace elements. The pH increase from ag-lime greatly reduced leachate Al, Fe, and S and largely masked any effects of compost addition. Because no plant growth occurred with compost only, after 2 months FGD (200 g kg^?1) was added to the upper 1/3 depth of compost-amended coal refuse. The FGD increased refuse pH to the range 4.2 (no compost) to 5.7 (200 g kg^?1 compost), decreased leachate Al and Fe, increased leachate B, and allowed vigorous growth of orchardgrass. When combined with FGD, compost increased downward movement of Ca and Mg. Although compost addition decreased plant growth at the first harvest due to N immobilization, application of mineral N fertilizer alleviated this problem in subsequent harvests. Compost did not increase orchardgrass growth when combined with ag-lime. With FGD, however, compost increased orchardgrass growth to levels above that for ag-lime and compost, in spite of increased plant tissue B.