黧蒴栲半同胞家系生长性状变异规律及遗传参数估算

为探讨黧蒴栲半同胞家系生长性状遗传变异规律和估测其遗传参数,采用完全随机区组设计,对52个6年生黧蒴栲半同胞家系进行生长测定分析。结果表明：黧蒴栲家系间胸径、树高和材积生长均存在极显著差异。52个黧蒴栲半同胞家系平均胸径为8.53em,变异幅度为6.31～10.85am;平均树高为8.23m,变异幅度为5.08～10.14m;平均材积为0.02828 m^3,变异幅度为0.01099～0.05407 m^3。黧蒴栲半同胞家系胸径遗传变异系数为13.74％、广义遗传力为0.7404;树高遗传变异系数为13.74％,广义遗传力为0.7150;材积遗传变异系数为35.36％,广义遗传力为0.7539。表明黧蒴栲半同胞家系胸径、树高变异较小,受较强遗传控制,材积变异较大,也受较强遗传控制,通过一定强度的选择,能获得较高的遗传增益。     

黧蒴扦插苗与实生苗造林对比试验初报

2007年在翁源布置黧蒴林栽培技术研究试验示范林,2.5年生时开展调查分析,研究结果表明：密度、不同配比的肥料及不同坡向、坡位对黧蒴人工林的早期生长存在均呈极显著的影响;初步认为营建黧蒴人工林应合理密植,并选择合理配比的专用肥,尽量避免在西坡和山脊部位造林。     

黧蒴栲丰产栽培技术

黧蒴栲（Castanopsis fissa Rehd．et Wils）又名黧蒴，属壳斗科（Fagaceae）常绿乔木，树干通直，树高可达25113，胸径50am。黧蒴栲适应性强，萌芽力强，根系发达，固土力强，且生长速度快。幼龄期要求庇荫，长大则喜光，能耐寒冷、干瘠，常生长在海拔800m以下山地，在较为湿润的立地生长最佳，枝叶繁茂，落叶易腐，是改良土壤和营造水源涵养林、生态公益林的优良乡土阔叶树种。     

黧蒴栲人工栽培技术

黧蒴栲适应性强、生长快、成材早,是开发潜力较大的优良乡土阔叶树种。作者在多年栽培试验基础上,总结了黧蒴栲人工林培育配套技术措施,可为该树种造林提供参考。     

黧蒴栲引种调查初报

通过对怀化市林业科学研究所引种栽培的黧蒴栲（Castanopsis fissa)生长量等的调查，该树种的年平均胸径生长量为1.276cm，年平均高生长量为0.998m。据此，我们认为黧蒴栲是一速生树种，是至今为至，在我省索斗科树种中生长最快的一种，并且抗性强，无严重病虫害。黧蒴栲四季常春，枝繁叶茂，叶整年为黄绿色，嫩叶为红色。因此，我们认为黧蒴栲是一生长迅速，抗性性强的用材和观赏树种。     

黧蒴栲半同胞家系根际土壤理化性质的差异

为研究黧蒴栲半同胞家系根际土壤理化特性差异,采用随机完全区组试验方法,通过对52个7年生家系生长测定,选取9个代表性黧蒴栲家系的根际土壤为材料,对根际的土壤养分含量的差异性及根际土壤养分与黧蒴栲树高、胸径的相关性进行分析。结果表明:黧蒴栲根际土p H值低于非根际土p H值,而有机质含量规律则刚好相反,且根际与非根际p H值、有机质含量具有显著差异;黧蒴栲家系根际与非根际土壤速效P含量存在显著差异,而水解N以及速效K含量有极显著差异。黧蒴栲半同胞家系生长性状树高、胸径与全P含量呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.682 4、0.598 0;与水解N、速效K含量呈显著正相关,其中树高与水解N、速效K含量的相关系数分别为0.567 8、0.630 7,胸径与水解N、速效K含量的相关系数分别为0.595 0、0.774 2;而与有机质、全N、全K、速效P呈较弱相关。     

黧蒴等树种在3种人工松林中的生长量和生物量比较

对南亚热带3种人工松林中黧蒴、红桂木、灰木莲和竹节树4个树种的生长量和生物量进行了试验分析,结果显示,4个树种生长量在不同林分有很大差异:其中,黧蒴在3种林分中的生长量排序为湿地松林 > 加勒比松林1 > 加勒比松2;红桂木在加勒比松林2和湿地松林中无显著差异,均高于加勒比松林1;灰木莲和竹节树在湿地松林中最高,2个加勒比松林无明显差异。生物量排序与生长量排序相同。同一林分不同树种的生长量存在明显差异,树高和冠幅生长排序为灰木莲 > 黧蒴 > 红桂木 > 竹节树,地径为灰木莲 > 竹节树 > 红桂木 > 黧蒴;总生物量年均增长量排序为竹节树 > 灰木莲 > 黧蒴 > 红桂木。       

黧蒴萌芽林改造中树种生长与林分结构的关系分析

以黧蒴 Castanopsis fissa 皆伐改造林分为研究对象,分析黧蒴萌芽林和改造树种的生长表现 及其与林分结构的关系,对改造效果进行综合评判。9 年生时黧蒴萌芽林生长显著高于套种树种,占 据林冠上层;套种树种处于林冠下层,受光照不足和发育空间限制,胸径和树高等生长指标下降,高 径比偏高,冠幅偏小。现有模式下树种间比较发现,树种间的生长和适应性存在明显差异,山杜英 Elaeocarpus sylvestris 和灰木莲 Magnoliaceae glanca 属于生长较快的树种,油桐 Vernicia fordii、红锥 Castanopsis hystrix、海南蒲桃 Syzygium hainanense 和香樟 Cinnamomum camphora 属于中等速生树种,格 木 Eryrophleum fordii 属于生长较慢树种。改造效果综合分析显示,该模式优势在于提高改造树种的干形 和自然整枝高度、抑制格木和香樟等树种幼林期虫害发生,不足之处在于黧蒴萌芽林生长快、密度高, 套种树种的生长受到抑制,长期来看面临较高的淘汰风险。根据改造树种生长、适应性和林分结构综合 分析,建议对改造树种进行针对性的空间释放,降低竞争压力,提高其生长潜力,保障林分健康发展。     

黧蒴栲人工林生长情况的调查与分析

对黧蒴栲人工栽培试验林的生长情况进行了调查与分析,确定了该树种具有适应性强、生长快、成材早、水平根系发达、树冠叶面积大等特点。调查结果表明:试验地造林后第10年黧蒴栲人工林平均材积为136.5 m3/hm2;第15~16年平均材积为304.5 m3/hm2,高于杉木、马尾松、木荷、青周等针、阔叶对照树种。     

佛山市五种林分改造树种凋落物的持水特性

文章对樟树、黧蒴、假苹婆、米老排和高山榕等5种林分改造树种凋落物储量及持水特性进行了研究。结果表明,樟树、黧蒴、假苹婆、米老排和高山榕凋落物鲜重分别为7.63,6.90,6.38,13.95和7.55 t/hm^2。各树种凋落物干重为米老排〉樟树〉高山榕〉黧蒴〉假苹婆。5种树种中米老排凋落物的最大持水量和最大持水率最大,分别达23.81 t/hm^2和338.89%;高山榕最小,分别仅为11.35 t/hm^2和167.11%。各树种凋落物的最大拦蓄量与有效拦蓄量变化规律基本一致,顺序都是米老排〉黧蒴〉假苹婆〉樟树〉高山榕。在不同浸泡时间段,各树种凋落物持水量均呈现米老排〉黧蒴〉假苹婆〉樟树〉高山榕。0.5 h内,凋落物吸水速率为米老排〉假苹婆〉黧蒴〉樟树〉高山榕。     

闽南山地桉树生长与立地因子间的典型相关分析

以尾叶桉、巨尾桉为研究对象 ,运用典型相关分析方法对桉树生长性状与立地因子间的相互关系进行研究。结果表明 ,桉树生长与立地因子间存在着较为密切的相关关系 ,影响尾叶桉树高生长的主要因子为土壤有机质、土层厚度、腐殖质厚度 ,影响胸径生长的主要因子为坡位、容重、有效磷含量 ;而巨尾桉树高生长主要受土壤有机质、有效磷、毛管持水量的影响 ,胸径生长主要受土层厚度、海拔、坡向的影响。     

富源县光皮桦生长规律研究

在富源县选择不同坡向、不同海拔、不同土层厚度上生长的光皮桦共14株进行树干解析,结果为平均胸径、树高、材积的生长量分别为0.19cm、0.85m、0.009 6m3,影响光皮桦生长的主要因素是土层厚度.     

立地条件对毛竹实生林生长发育影响的研究

通过对4年生毛竹实生林调查结果表明,在相同种苗和栽培措施条件下,立地条件与竹高差异不显著,与胸径生长量有极显著差异。不同立地条件的土层厚度是导致胸径极显著差异的主要原因。     

影响核桃嫁接成活因子分析

采用完全随机化试验和单因素统计分析的方法研究了不同嫁接时期、不同接穗品质以及关键嫁接技术对子苗嫁接成活率及新梢生长的影响,测定和分析了芽接生理生化指标,得出以下结论：（1）在四川简阳地区,子苗嫁接时期以出苗后70d为宜,成活率可达在75.8%,新梢可伸长达7.41cm,新梢增粗达0.541cm。（2）适于子苗嫁接的接穗应选择健壮充实的枝条中部,接穗粗度以0.9～1.2cm为宜,接穗削面长度在2.3～2.7cm为宜,成活率可达75.0%以上,新梢伸长量达6.2cm,新梢增粗量达0.599cm。（3）4月下旬对嫁接核桃苗叶面喷施圣农素、施丰乐、磷酸二氢钾等肥料均有明显的促长效果,供试肥料中以圣农素的综合效果最好,25d新梢伸长1.19cm,新梢增粗0.1cm。（4）砧木含水量、单宁含量对核桃嫁接成活影响不大,而可溶性糖、蛋白质及多酚氧化酶活性是影响成活的主要因素。     

河口县立地条件对柚木生长影响的调查研究

选择河口县马场等3个造林地块，从海拔100-800m共设置标准地20块、样方20块，调查不同立地条件对柚木生长的影响。结果为海拔400m以下为柚木最适宜区，400-600m为适宜区，600-800m为次适宜区；坡脚好于坡腹，坡腹好于坡顶；背风山坳、坡麓、沟谷、平地优于迎风坡及坡顶；土壤厚度大于80cm则柚木生长良好，低于50cm则生长不良；以马鹿草为主的植被群落有利于柚木生长，而以白茅为主的植被群落对柚木生长极为不利。     

Variation in sapwood thickness of Picea abies in Estonia depending on the tree age

Variation of sapwood thickness in terms of a linear measurement and a growth ring count with reference to the age was studied in dominant and suppressed Norway spruce trees. In the trees of both dominance classes the sapwood thickness increased in absolute terms, while its relative portion decreased with the age of the trees growing. Great differences were found in sapwood thickness between dominant and suppressed trees in linear measurements but not in the number of sapwood rings or the rate of the heartwood formation. The number of sapwood growth rings reached 40 in old trees. The index of vigour differed considerably in dominant and suppressed trees.     

次生林林木空间结构等对红松幼树生长的影响

本项研究以红松幼树及其周围最近4株相邻木组成的小环境结构单元为研究对象,研究了光照条件、土壤腐殖质层厚度、相邻木、直射光、上层树种、草本和灌木等6个环境因子对红松幼树生长的影响。本文对其中的光照条件、土壤腐殖质层厚度和相邻木等3个林木空间结构因子进行了研究。结果表明：(1)可以用开敞度表达红松幼树对光环境条件的特殊要求。随着林木的生长,开敞度将不断减小。(2)深厚的土壤腐殖质层厚度(约20cm)有利于红松幼树的生长。(3)用混交度和角尺度分别代表相邻木种类及相对于红松幼树的方位,当M=0．5(中度混交),W=0．5(随机),即同种红松伴生且周围相邻木为随机分布时,对红松幼树生长有利。     

生长抑制剂对大叶黄杨形态及光合作用的影响

目的]探究抑制剂对大叶黄杨生长的抑制作用以及对其叶片形态和光合作用的影响,为灌木绿篱的化学修剪提供技术指导。[方法]在北京林业大学林场苗圃采用3种生长抑制剂(多效唑(PP_(333))、三碘苯甲酸(TIBA)以及脱落酸(ABA))对密植成绿篱状的1年生大叶黄杨扦插苗进行叶面喷施,对其生长、叶片形态及光合作用等指标进行测定。[结果]3种抑制剂均有矮化植株、抑制新梢生长的作用,矮化效果最佳、抑制作用最强的为PP_(333),且高浓度PP_(333)对于高生长的抑制作用持效性较长。叶宽、叶厚以及叶面积在短期PP_(333)处理下高于对照。PP_(333)能提高大叶黄杨净光合速率,主要通过增加叶厚、气孔导度、叶肉导度及叶绿素含量来实现,并且PP_(333)使蒸腾速率提高的同时降低了水分利用效率。TIBA有显著减小叶长、叶宽的作用,但能使叶厚增加,且随浓度的增加作用效果增强,主要通过减小叶面积,降低叶肉导度、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度及叶绿素含量来降低净光合速率。ABA能增加叶面积(10 mg·L~(-1)处理除外)、叶长以及减小叶片厚度,通过抑制气孔导度、叶肉导度、叶绿素含量降低净光合速率。TI-BA及ABA均通过降低蒸腾速率,使水分利用效率提高。[结论]3种抑制剂均有矮化植株、抑制新梢生长的作用,并且影响叶片发育,进而影响叶片光合作用,且800 mg·L~(-1)的多效唑对大叶黄杨具有较好的正向作用。     

Development of a system to predict the evolution of individual tree mature cork caliber over time

The development of a model for the prediction of the evolution of individual tree cork caliber over time, from a measurement taken at a certain point in time, was the main objective of this work. The model includes three sub-models: a model to predict the thickness of complete rings from cork caliber at tc years; a cork growth model (for complete rings) and a model to predict cork caliber at age tc from the corresponding thickness of (tc − 1) complete rings. The algebraic difference approach (ADA) as well as the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) were used in modeling cork growth. Several base models with one or two site-tree-specific parameters were fitted to the data using the dummy variable approach. The selection of the cork growth model was based on several criteria: fitting ability, prediction performance evaluated through the PRESS residuals and behaviour screened with available knowledge on the cork growth process. The ADA model derived from the log-logistic function with the asymptote as free parameter was selected. The models developed to predict cork caliber and the corresponding thickness of complete rings were based in the linear relationship between the two variables. The two models were simultaneously fitted using two stage least squares approach. The predicted thickness of cork complete rings in a 9-year old cork is proposed as a cork growth index. The distribution of this index can be used to characterize the potential of a site for cork production.     

Quantile regression for modelling the impact of climate in cork growth quantiles in Portugal

The annual growth and the thickness of cork are known to be highly variable between trees located in the same geographical location. Researching how climate variables affect different trees within the same site is a step forward for the management of cork production since current knowledge focusses only on the average tree response. Quantile regression methodology was applied for the first time to a large data set containing measurements of cork growth, sampled in 35 stands across the cork oak distribution area in Portugal. This methodology proved to be useful for testing the hypothesis raised: does climate affect differently the annual cork growth, and ultimately cork thickness of individual trees located in the same stand? Estimating the amount of cork produced by one stand that has the required thickness for the production of natural cork stoppers is essential to support cork oak management. However, no model, before this work, had been developed to provide managers with this information. A downward parabolic relationship between annual cork growth and annual precipitation was determined for all quantiles, with optimum annual average precipitation value ranging from 1103 to 1007 mm. April to August monthly temperatures, spring average temperature or summer average temperature, showed a negative relationship with annual cork growth, in particular for lower quantiles. Maximum annual temperature was shown to negatively affect annual cork thickness, in particular for the trees under the 6th quantile. The ratio between annual precipitation and average temperature, that define the Lang index (LI), showed a downward parabolic relationship with annual cork growth. Best cork growth conditions are found for Lang index values around 60, corresponding for the transition between semi-arid climate and humid climate. The application of the final model developed for estimating cork thickness of an eight years’ cork growth period allowed the prediction and mapping of the percentage of cork suitable for natural cork stopper production. It showed that higher values are expected in the Southern and Central coastal regions and along the Tagus River basin. The Northern coastal and mountain regions, characterised by Lang index values higher to 60 (humid climates), present lower estimated values for the percentage of cork suitable for natural cork stopper production. The estimated values are expected to be reduced under climate change scenarios in the Southern and Central coastal regions.