黑土层不同粒级结构下有机碳矿化的模拟研究

东北黑土坡耕地侵蚀沉积分异明显,且冻融交替频繁,但各坡位土层结构以及通气孔隙度随含水率和温度的季节性变化对有机碳矿化和CO₂扩散效率的影响机理尚不清楚。以典型黑土坡耕地为研究对象,采集未侵蚀区表土风干、筛分后,选取粗(0.5～1 mm)、细(<0.125 mm)两种粒级,分层回填,全粗、全细、上粗下细、上细下粗4种土柱模拟典型坡位土层结构,对比分析冻融与非冻融不同温度梯度下,各土层结构CO₂释放速率变化特征。结果表明：非冻融变温(5～30℃)条件下,各土层结构CO₂释放速率存在显著差异,其中上粗下细土层CO₂释放速率均值为14.45μg/(kg·h),显著高于其他土层,增幅达20%～59%,说明不同土层间土壤颗粒大小和上下堆叠关系对CO₂传输效率有重要调控作用。经两次冻融作用后,0～15℃变温培养中,各土层间无显著差异,上粗下细土层CO₂释放速率均值为4.17μg/(kg·h),略高于其他土层,说明冻涨融缩效应削弱了不同土层结构之间孔隙结构和联通性差...     

碳氮添加对淹水农田黑土温室气体排放的影响

为探究外源碳氮添加对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响，以农田黑土为对象，在25℃和淹水条件下开展室内培养试验，研究外源碳(葡萄糖和乙酸)和氮(硫酸铵)添加对温室气体排放的影响。结果表明，淹水条件碳氮配施显著降低了土壤硝态氮含量，以氮肥配施葡萄糖处理效果更明显。与不施肥的对照处理相比，单施氮肥处理对CO₂排放速率无显著影响；与单施氮肥处理相比，碳氮配施显著提高了CO₂的排放速率，氮肥配施葡萄糖处理和氮肥配施乙酸处理的CO₂累积排放量分别为单施氮肥处理的3.93和2.44倍。与不施肥的对照处理相比，单施氮肥显著增加了N₂O排放速率，其累积排放量是对照处理的3.60倍；与单施氮肥处理相比，氮肥配施葡萄糖处理仅在第1天对N₂O排放速率有显著促进效果，培养期间N₂O累积排放量与单施氮肥处理无显著差异；氮肥配施乙酸处理对N₂O排放速率的促进效果持续了5 d，其N₂O累积排放量是单施氮肥处理的3.58倍。与不施肥的对照处理相比，单施...     

泥沙沉积层次对有机碳矿化和CO2排放影响的模拟研究

[目的]探讨沉积区不同掩埋层位对CO₂在沉积剖面中产生和传输的影响，为定量评估黄土高原地区侵蚀-沉积环境下碳源/汇强度和功能提供理论依据。[方法]通过土柱回填控制性试验模拟沉积土层，在12 cm高土柱的顶部(2 cm)、中部(5 cm)和底部(9 cm)分别添加¹³C标记的葡萄糖溶液，并设置3种¹³C葡萄糖溶液浓度(26,52,104 mg C/kg),对比分析20℃恒温培养10 d期间，不同添加位置和葡萄糖溶液浓度对土柱表观CO₂释放速率的影响，并结合稳定性同位素示踪法，解析不同有机碳来源对表观CO₂的贡献，进而探讨不同掩埋层位对外源输入有机碳矿化的影响。[结果](1)低浓度葡萄糖添加处理下，外源添加葡萄糖的矿化程度在顶、中、底部分别为38.6%,65.1%,50.9%,存在显著性差异；而随着葡萄糖添加浓度的升高，各层位间的矿化程度趋于一致。(2)顶部添加葡萄糖后，表观CO₂中δ¹³C峰值最大(376‰,1527‰,3176‰),出...     

大气温度和CO2增加对黑土有机碳稳定性的影响

[目的]从有机碳分子结构角度来揭示气候变化对黑土有机碳(SOC)稳定性的影响,阐明未来气候变化对黑土有机碳稳定性以及土壤肥力的影响。[方法]以中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站长期定位模拟气候变化开顶箱(OTC)试验为平台,对当前大气温度和CO₂浓度(aTaCO₂),增温2℃和当前大气CO₂浓度(eTaCO₂),增温2℃和CO₂浓度增为(700±25)μmol/mol(eTeCO₂)3个处理条件下0—20 cm黑土耕层土壤的团聚体和密度组分的有机碳含量和红外光谱特征进行分析。[结果]与aTaCO₂相比,eTaCO₂和eTeCO₂均未对全土有机碳含量产生显著影响(p>0.05),但是eTaCO₂使<0.053 mm团聚体和闭蓄态轻组(occluded light fractionation, OF)中SOC含量分别增加了13.45%和52.89%(p<0.05...     

冻融交替对土壤CO2排放影响的研究进展

在全球气候变暖背景下,愈加广泛和频繁的冻融现象将会对土壤碳的生物地球化学循环过程产生深远的影响,因此归纳总结冻融作用对土壤二氧化碳（CO₂）排放的影响,可为科学揭示冻融作用对土壤CO₂排放的影响机理提供理论支撑。在总结相关文献的基础上,系统地分析了冻融格局（冻融温度、循环次数及持续时间等）对土壤CO₂排放量的影响,并从土壤理化性质、土壤微生物等方面归纳总结土壤CO₂排放对冻融作用的响应机制。冻融作用能降低土壤团聚体稳定性,促进溶解性有机碳的释放,并能够使微生物的数量降低,细胞破裂,释放碳氮营养物质以供存活的微生物利用,从而促进土壤CO₂排放的增加,且与冻结温度和冻融循环次数密切相关。但由于生态系统类型、土壤理化性质、冻结温度等的差异,冻融作用也可能会促进土壤团聚体稳定性增加,抑制活性碳的释放和微生物的活性,减少土壤CO₂的排放。虽然目前已有研究能够对冻融作用对土壤CO₂排放的影响及其驱动机制作出初步解释,但由于存在实验参数缺乏原位性、对土壤微生物的研究不够深入和数据难以量化等不足,致使研究结果存在较大的差异和不确定性,因此还需进一步深入研究。     

常年淹水稻田甲烷产生潜力和产生途径的季节变化

甲烷的减排问题已成为各国政府和科研人员关注的焦点。稻田是温室气体甲烷的重要排放源,甲烷产生是排放的前提条件,主要有乙酸发酵和CO₂/H₂还原两条途径。常年淹水稻田甲烷排放量高,减排潜力大,但关于这类稻田甲烷产生途径的季节变化规律尚少见报道。于四川省资阳市的常年淹水稻田,采集水稻4个重要生育期(分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期、成熟期)的新鲜土样,通过室内厌氧培养试验观测了甲烷产生潜力,并采用稳定性碳同位素方法和氟甲烷(CH₃F,2%)抑制法,量化CO₂/H₂产甲烷的碳同位素分馏系数(α(CO₂/CH₄)),从而定量评估乙酸产甲烷途径的相对贡献率(?乙酸)。结果表明：添加CH₃F显著降低甲烷产生,甲烷产生潜力在成熟期最大,变化范围为3.22～12.71μg·g^–1·d^–1;产生CH₄的δ¹³C值(δ¹³CH_...     

大气CO2浓度与温度升高对小麦表层土壤碳氮含量及酶活性的影响

为研究大气CO₂浓度与温度升高对土壤碳氮元素含量和相关酶活性的影响,以位于山西省临汾市尧都区持续29年定位免耕和旋耕的旱作麦田(111°30′N、36°04′E)0～20 cm表层土为试验材料,在人工气候控制室内设置4个处理：CK(CO₂浓度400μmol?mol^-1,大气温度);eC(CO₂浓度600μmol?mol^-1,大气温度);eT(CO₂浓度400μmol?mol^-1,大气温度+2℃);eCeT(CO₂浓度600μmol?mol^-1,大气温度+2℃)。通过盆栽试验测定小麦关键生育时期土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量以及相关酶活性。结果表明,持续增温2℃或CO₂浓度升高200μmol?mol^-1条件下,免耕土壤三个小麦生育时期的易氧化有机碳和硝态氮含量的平均值均较CK降低,降低幅度分别为10.7%～21.3%、7.3%～1...     

大气CO2浓度和气温升高对藜麦生长及碳氮代谢的影响

为明确大气CO₂浓度升高和气温升高的交互作用对藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)生长及碳氮代谢的影响机制，在控制气室开展CO₂浓度和温度升高对藜麦的影响研究，设置对照CK(CO₂浓度和温度与室外相同)、EC(CO₂浓度为室外测定值+200μmol·mol^-1，气温与室外测定值相同)、ET(CO₂浓度与室外测定值相同，气温为室外测定值+2℃)、ECT(CO₂浓度为室外测定值+200μmol·mol^-1，气温为室外大气测定值+2℃)共4个处理，对藜麦灌浆期的光合作用、碳氮代谢以及成熟期的形态指标进行测定。结果表明，与对照相比，ET处理使藜麦的单株粒重降低75.73%，而EC处理使藜麦的地上部分生物量增加50.14%，单株粒重增加38.20%;ET处理使藜麦的水分利用效率下降，但EC、ECT处理均提高了藜麦叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率；ET处理使藜麦叶片光合色素含量显著降低，而EC处理使藜麦叶片的...     

围垦年限及施氮对滨海湿地CH4好氧氧化过程的影响

本试验选取崇明东滩的光滩湿地和芦苇湿地为对照，比较研究不同围垦年限(19、27、51、86 a)的围垦区稻田耕层土壤CH₄好氧氧化的速率和固碳量以及对氮肥的响应特征。结果表明，围垦稻田土壤有机碳(SOC)含量随围垦年限增长而显著增加，而湿地土壤的酸碱度(pH)、硫酸根离子(SO₄^2–)浓度和电导率(EC值)则均随围垦年限增长而呈逐渐下降趋势。围垦稻田的CH₄好氧氧化速率存在显著差异，其中围垦27 a稻田最高，为32μg/(g·d)，但远低于芦苇湿地(82μg/(g·d))。CH₄好氧氧化驱动的固碳净增量(¹³C-SOC)介于10.3～19.6μmol/g，与CH₄氧化速率显著正相关。围垦86 a稻田CH₄好氧氧化的固碳效率(¹³C-SOC净增量/¹³CH₄转化量)为61%，显著高于围垦19 a和27 a稻田。添加3种氮肥(NH₄     

温室番茄对增施不同浓度CO2的光合响应

【目的】 日光温室冬春季栽培中CO₂严重匮乏,探明增施不同浓度CO₂对温室番茄光合特性的影响,明确北方地区日光温室番茄各生育期适宜生长的CO₂浓度,可为其生产实践提供理论依据。 【方法】 用塑料膜将试验温室隔出四个52m2独立面积的隔间,于定植一周后到试验结束 (2016年11月—2017年4月) 采用CO₂自动释放控制系统,通过调整CO₂钢瓶上的流量计控制气体流速和循流风机将CO₂均匀施入试验区,增施时间为晴天9:00—11:00,14:00—16:00。设增施3个CO₂浓度水平:(600 ± 20)、(800 ± 25)、(1000 ± 30) μmol/mol,以大气CO₂浓度 (400 ± 15) μmol/mol为对照,‘兴海12号’番茄为试验材料,在温室内进行小区试验。分别于番茄苗期、开花期、幼果期及成熟期,选取生长势一致的植株生长点以下第3或4片功能叶片,采用80%丙酮浸提法测定其光合色素含量,采用美国LI-COR公司的LI-6400便携式光合仪测定其光合特性参数,计算光合色素含量、光合作用、光响应曲线特征参数以及番茄产量对不同CO₂浓度变化的响应。 【结果】 增施CO₂显著增加了番茄各生育期光合色素含量,增幅在开花期和幼果期较大。叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均以CO₂ (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol处理的增幅最大;类胡萝卜素含量在开花期以CO₂ (800 ± 25) μmol/mol处理增幅最大,其他生育期均以 (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol浓度的增幅最大。番茄叶片净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度及水分利用效率于各生育时期均显著增加,以CO₂ (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol的增幅最大,(800 ± 25) μmol/mol次之;气孔导度与蒸腾速率则随着增施的CO₂浓度的升高而显著降低。增施CO₂能不同程度提高番茄各生育期叶片光饱和点、最大净光合速率及表观量子效率,降低番茄叶片光补偿点,且均以CO₂ (1000 ± 30) μmol/mol效果最佳,(800 ± 25) μmol/mol效果次之。 【结论】 供试条件下,增施CO₂后显著增加了番茄在开花结果期的光合能力,提高了番茄叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率,提高胞间CO₂利用能力和水分利用效率,降低了非气孔限制及其光补偿点,有利于番茄产量的提高;在试验以增施CO₂ 800～1000 μmol/mol的效果较为适宜。      

Absorption and transport of Na and Cl in rice cultivars differing in their tolerance to salinity: An examination of the effects of ammonium and potassium salts

The absorption and transport of Na and Cl from 0.1 mM and 10 mM ²²Na labelled NaCl or ³⁶Cl labelled KCl were examined in 15 days old seedlings of 3 cultivars of rice differing in their tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, the effects of 10, 100 and 1000 ppm (N)₂S on their uptake were studied. It was found that in general, the salt‐tolerant cultivars BR and PNL‐1 absorbed more Na and translocated a lesser proportion of it to the shoot, compared to the salt‐sensitive IR‐8, from 0.1 mM NaCl. The presence of (N)₂S reduced the uptake of Na in all the cultivars. It was also found that the presence of 100 ppm K, KN or NNreduced Na absorption from 0.1 mM NaCl significantly in all the cultivars, and the translocation to shoot in BR‐ Chloride transport from 0.1 mM NaCl was reduced by (N)₂S in all the cultivars. The 3 cultivars differed significantly in the rates of absorption and transport of Na and Cl. The results indicate that PNL‐1 which is a cross of IR‐8 X BR, has inherited the salt tolerance trait from BR. Lower rates of Na translocation to the shoot can be used as an index of salt tolerance in rice.     

我国酸性硫酸盐土壤中铁锰形态转化及迁移

酸性硫酸盐土壤酸性很强，有机质含量高，造成了这种土壤所特有的铁锰淋洗、转化和迁移规律。研究结果表明：在酸性硫酸盐土壤中全铁含量较低，一般在３５－５０ｇ／ｋｇ（以Ｆｅ２Ｏ３计），全锰含量也低，一般在０．２５－０．５５ｇ／ｋｇ（以ＭｎＯ计），一般滩涂中全铁大于６０ｇ／ｋｇ，全锰大于１ｇ／ｋｇ。酸性硫酸盐土壤中，铁的游离度较小，一般在３７－７０％，铁的活化度较大，一般在８－２０％，而滩涂中铁的游离度一般     

An examination of the total analysis of major elements in soil samples

Recently conventional chemical analyses were mostly replaced by instrumental analysis. Although results from both methods were examined in details after the samples had been solubilized or extracted by appropriate techniques, the solubilization method was considerably altered so as to be convenient for the following analysis. In atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), for example, fusion technique was mostly inadequate because of the higher salts concentration in the obtained solution. The use of H₂SO₄ must also be avoided in acid digestion for SO₄ ^2- precipitates with Sr²⁺ or La³⁺ which must be added to eliminate interferences in the succeeding procedure. Therefore, it is essential to consider the whole scheme including sample treatments to evaluate the suitability of instrumental analysis. In this experiment, the suitability of the methods which have been employed in our laboratory was examined by analyzing 9 rock standards.     

Denitrification potential in a grassland subsoil: effect of carbon substrates

We examined the potential of a subsoil to denitrify nitrate under optimal anaerobic conditions in a laboratory-based incubation when supplied with a range of C substrates of increasing recalcitrance. Both topsoil and its associated subsoil were supplied with nitrate and either glucose, starch or cellulose. Microbial respiration and the evolution of N₂O and N₂ were measured. The subsoil supported low amounts of microbial activity and responded only to the glucose treatment; with less than one-fifth of the N₂O production measured in the top soil. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the denitrification potential of this particular subsoil is relatively low and that only simple carbohydrates could be utilised readily by the resident microorganisms.     

CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes of upland black spruce (Picea mariana) forest soils after forest fires of different intensity in interior Alaska

Abstract

Forest fires can change the greenhouse gase (GHG) flux of borea forest soils. We measured carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes with different burn histories in black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in interior Alaska. The control forest (CF) burned in 1920; partially burned (PB) in 1999; and severely burned (SB1 and SB2) in 2004. The thickness of the organic layer was 22 ± 6 cm at CF, 28 ± 10 cm at PB, 12 ± 6 cm at SB1 and 4 ± 2 cm at SB2. The mean soil temperature during CO₂ flux measurement was 8.9 ± 3.1, 6.4 ± 2.1, 5.9 ± 3.4 and 5.0 ± 2.4°C at SB2, SB1, PB and CF, respectively, and differed significantly among the sites (P < 0.01). The mean CO₂ flux was highest at PB (128 ± 85 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) and lowest at SB1 (47 ± 19 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) (P < 0.01), and within each site it was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01). The CO₂ flux at SB2 was lower than that at CF when the soil temperature was high. We attributed the low CO₂ flux at SB1 and SB2 to low root respiration and organic matter decomposition rates due to the 2004 fire. The CH₄ uptake rate was highest at SB1 [–91 ± 21 μg CH₄-C m^?2 h^?1] (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01) but not soil moisture. The CH₄ uptake rate increased with increasing soil temperature because methanotroph activity increased. The N₂O flux was highest [3.6 ± 4.7 μg N₂O-N m^?2 h^?1] at PB (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that the soil temperature and moisture are important factors of GHG dynamics in forest soils with different fire history.     

Availability and extractability of soil manganese in a liming experiment

Abstract

The availability of soil Mn to corn in relation to extractability of soil Mn by EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂, CH₃COONH₄, hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄ as affected by liming was evaluated under field conditions on a single soil type. EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂ and CH₃COONH₄‐extractable Mn were related inversely to available Mn. No useful relationships were found between hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄‐extractable soil Mn and Mn uptake by sweet corn.     

Acidifying emissions in The Netherlands

The emission of acidifying compounds to air in the Netherlands, expressed as acidifying equivalents, consisted in 1992 mainly of NO_X (45%), NH₃ (35%) and SO₂ (20%). Transportation, agriculture and large combustion plants each contributed about 30% to the national total emission of acidifying compounds. The emissions from transportation activities mainly consisted of NO_X, while in agriculture NH₃ emission strongly dominated. Combustion processes in large combustion plants resulted both in SO₂ emissions (especially from refineries) and NO_X emissions (especially from public power plants). The total emission of acidifying substances decreases steadily in the Netherlands. The emission in 1992 was 24% lower than in 1985. It is expected to decrease further in future. The emission levels in 1992 and 1993 still are more than twice as high as the emission objective for the year 2000, set by Dutch environmental policy.     

Sulfur dioxide inhibition of photosynthesis at different CO2 and O2 concentrations in relation to photorespiration

The mechanism of SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis in intact leaves of tomato and maze was studied to evaluate SO₂ inhibition of photorespiration. Leaf tissues were fumigated with SO₂ under photorespiratory (low CO, and/or high O, concentrations) and non-photo-respiratory conditions. When tomato leaf disks were fumigated with 10 ppm SO₂ at 2, 21 and 100° o O., SO₂ inhibited photosynthesis at 2% O₂ in the same degrees as at 21% O₂. SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis was depressed at higher CO₂ concentrations when the disks were fumigated with SO₂ at different CO₂ concentrations. High CO₂ concentrations also reduced the photosynthesis inhibition of maize leaf disks. These results suggest that SO₂ inhibits photosynthesis through other mechanisms than photorespiration inhibition and confirm the view that SO₂ competes with CO₂ for the carboxylating enzymes in photosynthesis     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅵ.胶散复合体的化学组成及其结合特征

本文研究水热条件渐变的地带性土壤中Ｇ１、Ｇ２组胶散复合体有机、无机物的化学组成及其结合特点。结果表明：Ｇ２组中铁有积累现象，游离态铁、铝氧化物含量为Ｇ２＞Ｇ１，但均随土壤类型变化。松结态腐殖质（Ｈ１）为Ｇ１＞Ｇ２，紧结态腐殖质（Ｈ３）则为Ｇ１＜Ｇ２。可提取腐殖质中，松、稳结态腐殖质之比值Ｈ１／Ｈ２和胡敏酸、富里酸之比值ＨＡ／ＦＡ，除个别土壤之外，都相关不大。Ｇ１、Ｇ２两组复合体中都含有一定数量的络     

Factors regulating acetylene reduction assay for measuring heterotrophic nitrogen fixation in water-logged soils

In the C₂H₂-C₂H₄ assay for measurement of heterotrophic N₂ fixation in water-logged soils, the diffusion of C₂H₂ into the soil and the recovery of C₂H₄ from it are critical factors regulating the assay result. To establish an C₂H₂-C₂H₄ assay technique suitable for waterlogged soils, the C₂H₂-reducing activities (ARA), assayed by varying the method of assay gas filling, the pC₂H₂ of the assay gas, the duration of assay incubation and of soil vibration before the gas sampling, were compared.

A maximum ARA was measured when the following set of procedures were applied to the soil sample in assay flasks: 1) a 4-fold repetition of I-min evacuation under 0.01 atmospheric pressure and the subsequent I-min filling under 1 atmospheric pressure with assay gas at pC₂H₂ of 0.1 atm, 2) an assay incubation for 3 hr, and 3) a sampling of an aliquot of the headspace gas after strongly vibrating the flask for 1 min.

The ARA measured by this technique was several times larger than those measured by the techniques hitherto applied, and corresponded to an almost 80% of the V _max of the sample. This technique was, therefore, proposed for the assay of heterotrophic N₂ fixation in waterlogged soils.

A striking depression of ARA in the soil sample prepared with agitation indicated that a microbial ecosystem established in the soil should be kept as undisturbed as possible throughout the C₂H₂-C₂H₄ assay.