Temporary immersion and stationary bioreactors for mass propagation of true-to-type highbush,half-high,and hybrid blueberries (Vaccinium spp.)

True-to-type propagules in half-high, highbush, and hybrid blueberries (Vaccinium L. spp.) were produced using stationary (SB) and temporary immersion bioreactor (TIB) systems containing a liquid medium. Multiple shoots were produced in vitro from nodal segments of blueberry cultivars ‘St. Cloud’ and ‘Polaris’, and of six blueberry hybrids obtained from crossing between half-high/highbush and lowbush blueberries. Shoot proliferation was best in a liquid medium containing 4.6 µM zeatin in both TIB and SB systems, but the performance was genotype dependent. Shoot proliferation was better in hybrids than in cultivars. Although SB produced longer shoots with more leaves per shoot in most of the genotypes, TIB-derived shoots were more vigorous and rooted better under ex vitro condition. Liquid culture-derived elongated shoots were rooted ex vitro by treating with indole-3-butyric acid (39.4 mM) before planting on a 3 peat:2 perlite (v/v) medium. Micropropagules were acclimatized and maintained in a greenhouse with 80?90% survival rate of rooted plantlets. Expressed sequence tag (EST)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and EST- and genomic-simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker assay formed a homogenous monomorphic banding pattern in the in vitro-derived and donor control plants proving the clonal fidelity of liquid-culture-derived micropropagated plants.     

Growth of Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis aestivalis Michx. as Affected by Temperature

Abstract

Four European (Vitis vinifera L.) winegrape cvs., ‘Semillon’, ‘Pinot Noir,’ ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and one American (Vitis aestivalis Michx.) winegrape cv. ‘Cynthiana’, were subjected to three temperature regimes in growth chambers set at 20/15°C, 30/ 25°C, or 40/35°C, for 16/8 hr day/night to determine the influence of temperatures on vine growth and development. In general, the best temperature for shoot and root growth 28 days after temperature treatments was 20/15°C for ‘Semillon’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and ‘Cynthiana’, and 30/25°C for ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Chardonnay’. Although 40/35°C reduced number of leaves, shoots, tendrils, and internodes, total leaf area (LA), and total shoot biomass of all the cultivars, the reduction was more pronounced in ‘Cynthiana’ than in the European cultivars. The average reduction in number of leaves at 40/35°C for the European cultivars was 47%, compared with 92% for ‘Cynthiana’. The two types of grapes adapted differently to high temperature. Shoot growth in the European cultivars continued under high temperature, whereas growth ceased in ‘Cynthiana’. Roots of ‘Cynthiana’, however, were less susceptible to the adverse effect of high temperatures than were the shoots. This study shows that the European cultivars were relatively more tolerant to high temperature than the American cultivar and they have a potential for production of wine in the climate of south central Kansas.     

“桂橙一号”的遗传鉴定

＂桂橙一号＂成熟果实风味浓郁,为探明＂桂橙一号＂的亲本,本研究应用倍性检测、形态学标记和AFLP、SSAP等分子标记对其进行遗传鉴定。倍性检测证实＂桂橙一号＂为二倍体。形态学观察表明,其叶形指数、气孔密度、气孔纵径与冰糖橙的差异显著,叶形比冰糖橙更接近椭圆,气孔密度更高。SSAP标记显示,＂桂橙一号＂与冰糖橙相比存在1个多态性位点。通过对差异片段的回收、测序及序列比对结果表明：该差异片段长102bp,与柑桔抗CTV基因同源性高达87%。表明＂桂橙一号＂是不同于冰糖橙的芽变新种质,可以直接作为品种资源加以利用。     

Analysis of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruit water dynamics during growth using an ecophysiological model

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruits exhibit three growth stages associated with distinct biological processes. During these periods, water and carbon accumulate in the fruit, determining quality traits such as fruit size and sugar concentration. We adapted the Fishman-Génard model to blueberry and used it to analyse the effect of fruit load on fruit fresh mass and water dynamics, based on empirical observations of dry mass and sugar content performed throughout the fruit growth period. Different fruit load treatments were imposed during two seasons on ‘Brigitta’ blueberry plants growing under different culture systems. Increasing fruit load significantly reduced the fresh mass of the fruits at harvest, but did not affect sugar concentration, which was simulated and validated with a mean error of 7% for fresh mass and 15% for sugar concentration for the tested conditions. The most sensitive model parameters were those related to cell wall extensibility and sugar uptake. The simulations indicated that larger fresh mass of the fruit was mainly caused by increases in water fluxes rather than pressure differences. The model implementation provides the first estimates of a set of parameters which govern blueberry fruit water dynamics from fruit set to harvest.     

Field performance of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium × corymbosum L.) cv. ‘Herbert’ propagated by cuttings and tissue culture

‘Herbert’ highbush blueberry (Vaccinium × corymbosum L.) plants propagated by softwood cuttings (HT) and obtained by micropropagation (TC) of axillary (AX) and adventitious (AD) shoots of 1-year-old in vitro cultures or 11-year-old cultures (SH) were compared. Propagation methods exerted significant influence on nursery and field performance of blueberries. Cutting-derived HT plants grew more slowly, produced significantly less and shorter shoots and were more variable than micropropagated plants. However, the majority of HT plants developed flowers 1 year earlier, flowered more abundantly, bore significantly larger berries than TC plants. There was no clear difference between AX and AD plants. SH-derived plants had smaller berries with the fewest seeds compared to AX and AD-obtained plants. This reveals that culture age had more significant influence than shoot source for the variation observed among micropropagation systems. The present study underlines the necessity of frequent establishment of in vitro cultures of highbush blueberry and carry them out by limited number of passages.     

‘乾县火柿’常温保鲜贮藏研究

‘柿鲜Ⅰ’药剂处理刚转黄的‘乾县火柿’,不但保持了硬度,而且保持了可溶性固形物和维生素 C 含量.常温下贮藏三个月后,“柿鲜Ⅰ_4一Ⅰ_7”处理的果实硬度都在5.6kg/cm~2以上.可溶性固形物在15%以上.好果率大于86.2%.“柿鲜Ⅰ_7”处理的好果率高达99.2%.常规脱涩后硬柿风味不变.多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶对柿果的软化有直接作用.“柿鲜Ⅰ”的保鲜机理主要是抑制果实内部乙烯产生和减小呼吸强度.抑制 PG 和纤维素酶的活性,从而减缓不溶性果胶和纤维素的水解.     

Splitting Severity Among Rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) Blueberry Cultivars in Mississippi and Louisiana

Abstract

A survey of blueberry growers determined the extent of rain-related splitting fruit on blueberry production in Mississippi and Louisiana. Growers were asked to approximate (1) the number of acres or plants of each cultivar on their farm (2) the severity rating (1 = No splitting-5 = Severe splitting) of each cultivar, and (3) the percent of berries lost to rain-related splitting. Among the 3 most widely planted cultivars, ‘Premier’ exhibited the least splitting (1.2 rating) followed by ‘Climax’ (2.2) and ‘Tifblue’ (3.1) had the most split fruit.     

越橘新品种“禾韵1号”选育报告

“禾韵1号”是由美国引入的越橘中选出,属半高丛类型.果实中晚熟,在吉林地区7月下旬至8月上旬成熟,扁圆形,被白色果粉,呈蓝色,平均单果质量1.96 g,品质佳.结果枝条上呈串状结果,果穗紧密.抗病力和抗寒力强,丰产性好.适宜于吉林省土壤pH4.5～5.5、冬季绝对低温不低于-35℃(简易防寒)、无霜期110 d以上、≥10℃年有效积温2 300℃以上的地区引种试栽.     

An Evaluation of Blueberry Cultivars Grown in Plastic Tunnels in Douglas County,Oregon

Abstract

Growing fruits and vegetables in plastic tunnels is known to accelerate maturity and protect quality. There are several studies on highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) that demonstrate the ability of row covers to advance or delay crop maturity depending on how they are manipulated. Accelerating or delaying harvest time can prove to be very lucrative for producers. However, before producers start putting plastic tunnels over their crops it is important to know how blueberry cultivars will behave when grown under plastic. Six cultivars of southern highbush blueberry and eight cultivars of northern highbush blueberry were grown in a high hoop plastic tunnel for two seasons. Blueberry plants were grown under plastic from February 1 until their harvest was completed each year. After harvest, the plastic covering over the hoops was removed to help the blueberry plants develop fruit buds and meet winter chill requirements. On February 1 the plastic covering was returned to the high hoop tunnel after chilling requirements were met. As expected, fruit maturity dates were 1-3 weeks earlier for all the highbush blueberries grown inside the tunnel versus the same cultivars grown outside. The difference in maturity dates between cultivars grown under plastic and outside did change from one year to the next because of variation in the weather. Despite potential for poor pollination of blueberries in plastic tunnels, yields were significantly enhanced for four cultivars when grown under plastic tunnels. ‘Toro’, ‘Nui’, ‘Legacy’, and ‘Misty’ showed yield gains ranging from 1 to 4 times when grown under a plastic tunnel. Seed numbers per fruit were not significantly impacted by growing plants inside our tunnel.     

越冬栽培与冬贮‘潍县青’萝卜的品质比较

为供应早春市场,在山东地区比较了利用不加温日光温室冬季生产的与贮藏的‘潍县青’萝卜肉质根品质。结果表明:温室栽培萝卜的含水量、维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白含量及淀粉酶活性显著高于贮藏的萝卜,且其根长大于30cm的‘潍县青’萝卜营养和风味品质较好;利用不加温日光温室冬季生产‘潍县青’萝卜供应早春市场是可行的,其皮色鲜绿、肉质脆嫩、适口性强,商品性较好,经济效益高。     

成熟度对‘红地球’葡萄氨基酸营养价值的影响

【目的】探明不同成熟度对‘红地球’葡萄氨基酸营养价值的影响。【方法】以不同成熟度(盛花期后88~123 d)的‘红地球’葡萄为试材,测定果实氨基酸含量。同时,以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白,WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,进行氨基酸营养价值评估。【结果】‘红地球’葡萄至少包含18种氨基酸,包括8种必需氨基酸、2种儿童必需氨基酸。氨基酸含量随着采摘期变化而变化,其中必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、儿童必需氨基酸、药用氨基酸、支链氨基酸、增香与着色氨基酸、伯胺基氨基酸、特殊功效氨基酸含量(w,后同)分别为557.3~659.7、1 176.3~1 690.8、326.8~703.8、1 130.0~1 644.1、231.7~285.3、926.1~1 404.8、1 126.0~1 609.0、1 032.9~1 510.7 mg·kg^-1,组间差异显著(p <0.05),在完全成熟期Ⅰ达到峰值;精氨酸、天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸等风味氨基酸含量与其味觉阈值的比值分别介于2.62~6.31、4.50~5.47和4.64~6.09,随着采摘期的延长呈先升后降变化趋势。氨基酸评分、化学评分和氨基酸比值系数分依次为11.33~14.07、18.32~4.43、49.70~57.04。苯丙氨酸等8种氨基酸含量相对不足,赖氨酸和苏氨酸含量相对过剩。【结论】不同成熟度对‘红地球’葡萄氨基酸含量及其营养价值影响显著。     

石榴软籽新品种‘豫农早艳’的选育

‘豫农早艳’石榴是由‘突尼斯软籽’石榴芽变选育出的早中熟软籽石榴新品种。果实近球形,果形指数0.84;平均单果质量300 g,最大单果质量680 g;果皮底色黄绿,着玫红色晕,着色面积超过70%;萼筒较短,萼片开张或半开张;籽粒粉红色。‘豫农早艳’石榴百粒重37.0 g;出籽率62.3%以上,出汁率84.6%;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)17.1%,pH 3.4,维生素C含量12.6 mg·100 g^-1。风味酸甜可口,籽粒易剥离;籽粒硬度3.26 kg·cm~(-2),核软可食。果实生育期120 d左右,在郑州荥阳(东经113.35,北纬34.79)9月中下旬成熟,比‘突尼斯软籽’石榴早熟约10 d。该品种植株长势中庸,树姿半开张;耐旱、耐瘠薄,较抗冻,适应性较强。货架期20 d左右,5℃冷库贮藏60 d左右。适合黄河以南石榴适生区栽培,第2年开花结果,丰产,稳产。     

越橘新品种‘北春’

 ‘北春’是由美国引入的越橘中选出, 属半高丛类型。果实中早熟, 在长春地区7月中旬成熟, 球形, 被白色果粉, 呈蓝色, 平均单果质量112 g, 品质佳。结果枝条上呈串状结果, 果穗紧密。抗病力和抗寒力强, 丰产性好。     

越橘新品种‘瑞蓝’

 越橘新品种‘瑞蓝’是从美国引入的试材‘北青’中发现的无性系变异类型。中早熟, 在长春地区7月中下旬成熟。果实扁圆形, 呈蓝色, 被白色果粉。平均单果质量2.1 g, 鲜食品质佳。自然坐果率高, 果穗较紧密。抗病力和抗寒力强, 丰产性好。     

ABA对“茉莉香”葡萄果实着色及品质的影响研究

以“茉利香”葡萄品种为试材,在果实转色期分别喷施0、500、1 000、1 500 mg/L不同浓度的ABA,以期研究ABA对葡萄果实着色及品质的影响.结果表明:ABA处理对“茉利香”葡萄果实重量、体积有影响,但影响不大;对果实可溶性固形物、滴定酸、还原糖和花色苷含量的影响较为显著,说明ABA处理可促进“茉利香”葡萄果实着色和果实品质的提高,喷施浓度以1 000 mg/L为最佳.     

Rootstock influence on ‘delicious’ and ‘golden delicious’ apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.     

早熟油蟠桃新品种‘中油蟠5号’的选育

‘中油蟠5号’是通过多代杂交聚合选育的早熟黄肉油蟠桃新品种,其母本为单株‘99-7-14’油桃,父本为优系‘砧1-3’油蟠桃。该品种果实扁平,平均单果质量130 g,大果200 g;果实无茸毛,果皮底色黄色,果面全红;果肉黄色,硬溶质,黏核;肉质细腻,可溶性固形物含量14.0%。花为蔷薇型,花粉多,自花结实,丰产稳产;在郑州地区果实6月底成熟,果实生育期85~90 d。     

高温气候下圆黄梨采前黑心病因初探

本文开展了对高温胁迫条件下圆黄梨采前黑心情况的调查,从果实乙醇、呼吸和乙烯代谢、Vc和电导率、种子颜色观察、感官品尝以及N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Fe、Cu、Mn和Zn元素含量等各项指标综合分析,初步认为发生在河南郑州和武陟圆黄梨采前果实黑心为生理衰老造成。     

An efficient adventitious shoot regeneration system on excised leaves of micropropagated lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)

Summary

An efficient system to regenerate shoots in vitro on excised leaves of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) was developed. Leaf explants from shoot-proliferating cultures produced multiple shoots without an intermediary callus phase on zeatin (ZN)-containing shoot induction media within 3–4 weeks of culture initiation. Cultivars Regal and Splendor, and one clone from a natural stand in Estonia (ECL1), were used in the first experiment. Young expanding leaves with the adaxial side touching the culture medium, and maintained for 7 d in darkness, produced the best results. There were significant genotypic differences in adventitious shoot formation. A second experiment studied the effects of ten concentrations of three cytokinins: ZN at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 μM; 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl) urea (thidiazuron, TDZ) at 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 μm; and 6-(γ-γ-dimethylallylamino) purine (2ip) at 25 μM were compared with leaf segments of different polarity in ‘ECL1’. Zeatin was found to be more effective than TDZ or 2iP as an inductive signal for regenerating many vigorous shoots. Zeatin induced multiple shoot formation at all concentrations tested, but maximum morphogenic response was observed at 20 to 30 μM. The media containing TDZ generally promoted more callus formation and suppresed shoot elongation. In a third experiment with the lingonberry cultivar Erntedank and the clone ‘ECL1’, a new medium developed for lingonberry shoot culture proved more effective than the modified Murashige and Skoog medium for regenerating shoots on leaf explants. Elongated shoots were excised and rooted directly on a 2 peat:1 perlite (v/v) medium after dipping in 0.8% indole-3-butyric acid. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized under greenhouse conditions to evaluate somaclonal variation.     

朝天椒新品种朝天椒8号的选育

朝天椒8号是以细胞核雄性不育系ZHB1为母本,以自交系ZHA4为父本配制而成的干鲜兼用大果型朝天椒一代杂种.中熟,全生育期180 d(天)左右,株型紧凑,生长势强,连续坐果能力强.果实指形,单生向上,果长6～8 cm,果肩宽1.5 cm左右,果肉厚1.2 mm左右,单果质量6.4 g左右;青熟果绿色,老熟果鲜红色,辣椒...