谷胱甘肽提高牛冻精活力及受胎率的研究

冻前于牛稀释精液中添加３２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）做为试验组，对照组冻精中无ＧＳＨ。结果表明：冻精刚解冻后精子活力试验组比对照组高７５％（Ｐ＜００１）；解冻后稀释精液在３７℃水浴中保存３小时后，精子活力和顶体正常精子数量试验组比对照组分别高７８％（Ｐ＜００１）和４４５％（Ｐ＜００５）；３７℃水浴条件下保存时精子寿命试验组比对照组平均延长３２ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜００１）；此外，ＧＳＨ使母牛情期受胎率提高了６２４个百分点（Ｐ＜００５）。     

日粮中添加鸡蛋对哈白公猪精液品质的影响

本文利用在日粮中添加鸡蛋以探讨其对哈白公猪精液品质的影响，结果表明：在配种季节加喂４只鸡蛋，对哈白公猪的精子总数，精液量无影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），可提高精子密度，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），能显著提高精子活率和明显降低精子畸形率（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

血清精青中锌含量与种公羊精液品质的关系

采用原子吸收分光光度法测定２３只种公羊血清，精清中锌的浓度，研究锌和精液品质的相互关系。结果表明，血清，精清中锌的浓度与精子活力，密度有极显著的正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），与精液ｐＨ值有极显著的负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），血清锌与精子畸形率有极显著的负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。而精清锌与精子畸形率有显著的负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。精清中锌的浓度显著高于血清锌的正常值，笔者认为，维持精清和血清中锌的一定浓度对种公     

脱脂初乳与常乳在牛冷冻精液中的应用研究

本试验通过在稀释液Ⅰ液中用脱脂初乳或脱脂常乳部分或全部替代柠檬酸钠液,以研究其对牛精液冷冻效果的影响。试验结果表明：当完全以脱脂初乳或脱脂常乳替代柠檬酸钠液后,虽然各试验组与对照组间冻后精子活力差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）,但精子总存活时间与顶体完整率有显著提高（Ｐ＜００５）,尤以脱脂初乳为最好（Ｐ＜００１）。     

日粮补锌对荷斯坦种公牛精液品质的影响

试验选用６头荷斯坦种公牛,研究了锌对性反射时间、精液品质、精清酶活性及血、精清锌与睾酮浓度的影响。结果表明：添加锌能显著提高精液的鲜精活力、精子密度、冻后精子活力和顶体完整率（Ｐ＜０．０５）;性反射时间明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０１）;鲜精精清中ＡＫＰ和ＧＯＴ活性组间差异不显著,但ＬＤＨ活性２组显著高于１组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;冻后精清ＡＫＰ、ＧＯＴ和ＬＤＨ活性组间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。添加锌能显著提高血清锌浓度（Ｐ＜０．０１）,但对精清锌含量的影响不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）。血清睾酮浓度１组显著高于２组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而精清睾酮浓度组间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

“强精散”提高公羊精液品质的研究

选用２０只种公羊，随机均分为试验、对照两组。正式开始配种时试验组种公羊按每只每天１０ｇ饲喂“强精散”，连用２５ｄ。结果表明，公羊饲喂“强精散”后９～１６ｄ、１７～２５ｄ内精子活力、精子存活率、精子密度、射精量两组间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），停药后８天内精子活力、精子存活率、精子密度、射精量两组间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。但对精子云雾状、ｐＨ值和精子畸形率则无明显作用。     

舍饲条件下小尾寒羊与无角陶赛特及萨福克种公羊精液品质的比较

小尾寒羊６只,萨福克公羊６只,无角陶赛特４只,以配种期饲养标准饲养,研究其在精液品质上的差异,结果表明。小尾寒羊射精量比萨福克、无角陶赛特大,精子活率高,且差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）;精液密度比无角陶赛特大,且差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）;畸形率极显著低于萨福克（Ｐ〈０．０１）。但经冷冻解冻后,小尾寒羊与无角陶赛特、萨福克在精子活率上差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）。     

大麦饲粮添加粗酶制剂对雏鸡增重、甲状腺激素水平及免疫力的影响

选用１４４羽伊莎公雏，７日龄随机均分为４组，分别饲喂玉米基础饲粮（ＣＣ），大麦基础饲粮（ＢＣ）；大麦基础饲粮＋０１％Ａｖｉｚｙｍｅ－１１００酶制剂（ＢＦ）；大麦基础饲粮＋０．１％浙江酶制剂（ＢＺ）。结果表明７～２１日龄雏鸡增重添酶组均高于大麦基础饲粮对照组；采食量增加不显著；而料重比显著降低（Ｐ＜００１）。２１日龄时雏鸡血清Ｔ３水平添酶组亦高于大麦饲粮组，而Ｔ４水平则无多大差异；淋巴细胞转化率２１日龄时ＢＺ、ＢＦ组分别比大麦对照组高２４５７％和３１０１％（Ｐ＜００５），２８日龄时分别高３９５３％（Ｐ＜００５）和７４１５％（Ｐ＜００１）。     

狸獭人工授精的试验研究

对１１只狸獭（Ｍｙｏｃａｓｔｏｒｃｏｙｐｕｓ）用按摩和电刺激相结合的方法人工采精３２只次，成功２７次，成功率８４．４％；射精量为（０．９７±０．１６）ｍＬ，精子密度（７．３４±１．４９）亿／ｍＬ，精子活力０．６５±０．１２，精子畸形率（８．８１±２．５１）％，精液ｐＨ值６．４４±０．１６。对诱排公狸施行输精管结扎术，先后给５只母狸人工输精，每只输精２～３次，在输精后４０～６０ｄ检查，４只受孕，其中有３只顺利产仔，产仔数分别为７只、７只、４只     

梅花鹿瘤胃原虫、pH值年周期变化的研究

为了研究梅花鹿瘤胃内原虫、ｐＨ值年周期变化,选用４头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年梅花公鹿,对它们在生茸期及休闲期瘤胃内原虫数及ｐＨ值的变化作了系统研究与讨论。试验结果表明：生茸期采食前与采食后１小时和３小时之间原虫数变化不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。梅花鹿原虫生茸期与休闲期变化显著,其中夏季极显著地高于秋、冬、春３季（Ｐ＜００１）,冬、春两季显著高于秋季（Ｐ＜００５）。冬、春两季间原虫数变化不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。鹿生茸期不同时间点间ｐＨ值采食前极显著地高于采食后１小时和采食后３小时（Ｐ＜００１）,鹿个体间同一采样时间ｐＨ值均无显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）。鹿瘤胃ｐＨ值季度变化中,春季ｐＨ值显著地高于夏、秋、冬３季（Ｐ＜００５）,夏、秋、冬３季之间变化不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。     

广州地区娟姗种公牛精液品质随月份的变化研究

选择在广州地区亚热带气候条件下2岁～6岁的娟姗公牛5头,观察其精液品质(采精量、原精密度、原精活力以及细管精液产量)在全年不同月份的变化情况.结果表明:娟姗公牛的每次采精量和细管精液产量在气温较高的7～9月份会因为采精频率的减少而增加,10月份会因为周采精频率增加而使每次采精量和细管精液产量有明显减少;娟姗公牛的原精密度在气温适宜的2月份和采精频率较低的8月份会出现两个高峰值;娟姗公牛的原精活力在气温较高的月份会出现明显的下降趋势,2月份气温适宜时原精活力最好.     

Genetic Parameters for Semen Production Traits in Austrian Dual-Purpose Simmental Bulls

Genetic parameters were estimated for semen production traits collected in an Austrian AI centre in the years 2000-2004. In total, 12,746 ejaculates from 301 Austrian dual-purpose Simmental (Fleckvieh) AI bulls were examined considering different effects on ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, percentage of viable spermatozoa in the ejaculate, total spermatozoa per ejaculate and motility. The model for genetic parameter estimation included the fixed effects age of bull, collection interval, number of collections on collection day, bull handler, semen collector, year and month of collection, a random additive genetic component and a permanent environmental effect. Correlations between estimated breeding values for semen traits and male fertility from the routine evaluation were calculated. The fertility trait considered in the routine evaluation is non-return rate 90 for the first insemination. All semen production traits were moderately heritable. Heritabilities for volume, concentration, percentage of viable spermatozoa, total number of spermatozoa and motility were 0.18, 0.14, 0.10, 0.22 and 0.04, respectively. Correlations between breeding values for semen quality traits and routinely estimated breeding values for male fertility were low and ranged from 0.08 to 0.17 indicating that semen production traits are rather poor predictors of male fertility.     

Influence of constant long days on ejaculate parameters of rabbits reared under natural environment conditions of Mediterranean area

Since rabbit bucks are usually housed under constant long daylight in artificial insemination (AI) centers, the main purpose of this study was to investigate whether constant long day influenced ejaculate parameters of rabbits housed in AI centers in the Spanish Mediterranean area. The study was carried out in Murcia, Spain (37° N). Twenty commercial hybrid male rabbits, aged between 14 and 15 weeks, were randomly allotted to two groups and housed under either natural day length (n=10, ND) or a constant 16-h daylight exposure of 16 h (n=10, CLD). Other management conditions, such as air temperature or reproductive handling, were identical for both groups. Two successive ejaculates were collected twice weekly from every male, and the first one was used to monitor ejaculate characteristics. Measurement of semen production, in terms of ejaculate and semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm per ejaculate, and sperm quality, in terms of motility index, viability, morphology and acrosome integrity, was assessed in 783 ejaculates collected during 15 months (from October to December). No differences (P>0.05) in either semen production or sperm quality were shown among ejaculates collected from rabbits housed under ND and CLD conditions. A limited influence of season was observed (P<0.01); semen volume and motility index were highest and lowest, respectively, during summer. The increase of air temperature and humidity index (THI) had a significant detrimental effect (P<0.01) on both sperm production and quality parameters with a lag of 6 and 3 weeks, respectively. On the basis of these findings, annual variations of semen production and sperm quality in male rabbits seems more related to THI than to daylight length under conditions of AI management in the Mediterranean area of Spain.     

Genetic parameters for semen production traits in Swiss dairy bulls

Variance components (VC) were estimated for the semen production trait ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and sperm motility in the Swiss cattle breeds Brown Swiss (BS), Original Braunvieh (OB), Holstein (HO), Red‐Factor‐Carrier (RF), Red Holstein (RH), Swiss Fleckvieh (SF) and Simmental (SI). For this purpose, semen production traits from 2,617 bulls with 124,492 records were used. The data were collected in the years 2000–2012. The model for genetic parameter estimation across all breeds included the fixed effects age of bull at collection, year of collection, month of collection, number of collection per bull and day, interval between consecutive collections, semen collector, bull breed as well as a random additive genetic component and a permanent environmental effect. The same model without a fixed breed effect was used to estimate VC and repeatabilities separately for each of the breeds BS, HO, RH, SF and SI. Estimated heritabilities across all breeds were 0.42, 0.25 and 0.09 for ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and sperm motility, respectively. Different heritabilities were estimated for ejaculate volume (0.42; 0.45; 0.49; 0.40; 0.10), sperm concentration (0.34; 0.30; 0.20; 0.07; 0.23) and number of semen portions (0.18; 0.30; 0.04; 0.14; 0.04) in BS, HO, RH, SF and SI breed, respectively. The phenotypic and genetic correlations across all breeds between ejaculate volume and sperm concentration were negative (?0.28; ?0.56). The other correlations across all breeds were positive. The phenotypic and genetic correlations were 0.01 and 0.19 between sperm motility and ejaculate volume, respectively. Between sperm motility and sperm concentration, the phenotypic and genetic correlations were 0.20 and 0.36, respectively. The results are consistent with other analyses and show that genetic improvement through selection is possible in bull semen production traits.     

Technical note: Artificial vagina vs a vaginal collection vial for collecting semen from rams.

The time required to train rams to an artificial vagina (AV) makes collecting semen from large numbers of rams difficult. To manage this problem, we developed a glass, round-bottomed, 1.9-cm i.d. x 9.8-cm long vaginal collection vial (VCV). Three experiments were conducted to determine whether the VCV affected 1) semen volume per collection, 2) percentage of motile spermatozoa, 3) forward progressive motility score before and after extension and after freezing and thawing, and 4) our ability to collect semen from untrained rams. A soft rubber cap with a hole in the center was used to cover the VCV. A VCV was inserted into the vagina of an estrual ewe, and a monofilament line attached to the VCV was clipped to the wool near the vulva. Rams were joined with unrestrained ewes in a pen until they ejaculated into the VCV. In Exp. 1, five rams trained to an AV were used in a switchback design with four collection periods. During each period (1 d), semen was collected with an AV and a VCV. Immediately after collection, semen volume and sperm motility were quantified. Semen was extended with an aloe vera gel-based diluent at a 1:4 dilution rate, motility was quantified again, and semen was frozen. At 1 h after freezing, semen was thawed and sperm motility was quantified. Ejaculate volume (mean = 0.7 mL) and all measures of motility after collection were similar (P > 0.05) for the two collection methods. In Exp. 2, 10 rams trained to an AV were used in a switchback design with five collection periods (period = 3 d). On d 1 and 3 of each period, an AV and a VCV were used to collect semen. Collection method did not affect (P > 0.05) ejaculate volume (mean = 1.0 mL), percentage of motile cells, or forward progressive motility score. In Exp. 3, 51 untrained rams were used in a switchback design with a single collection period (2 d). Semen was collected with an AV and a VCV. Ability to collect an ejaculate and time required for collection were recorded. The likelihood of collecting semen from untrained rams was greater (P < 0.01) using a VCV (mean = 31.4%) than using an AV (mean = 9.8%). Collection method did not affect (P > 0.05) ejaculate volume (mean = 0.8 mL), percentage of motile cells, or forward progressive motility score. We concluded that a VCV could be used to collect semen from rams that are not trained for semen collection without decreasing ejaculate volume or sperm motility.     

Sperm Production and Sperm Morphology of Swedish Warmblood Stallions

The present study investigated daily sperm output and sperm morphology of fresh semen in eight Swedish Warmblood stallions aged 5–8 years. They were used for artificial insemination, and their fertility during the breeding season of semen collection exceeded 60% per cycle. One ejaculate of semen was collected daily for 10 consecutive days from each stallion. The gel-free volume was measured, and the sperm concentration was assessed with a Bürker chamber. The volume of gel-free fraction was multiplied by the sperm concentration to give the total number of spermatozoa (TSN). Sperm morphology was examined in ejaculates collected on days 2, 5 and 10. An aliquot from each ejaculate was fixed in 1 ml formol–saline immediately after collection and examined under a phase-contrast microscope (magnification 1000×) to assess morphological abnormalities. Furthermore smears were prepared and stained according to Williams (carbolfuchsin–eosin) for a more detailed examination of the sperm heads under a light microscope (magnification 1000×). Analysis of variance was applied to data. Total spermatozoa number decreased progressively during the first 8 days of collection, and daily sperm output (DSO) was calculated as mean TSN of collections on days 8–10, being 6.4 × 10⁹ spermatozoa. The overall percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa in ejaculates collected on days 2, 5 and 10 were above 70%, being significantly lower in ejaculate 2 (68.6%) compared with ejaculates 5 and 10 (72.9% respectively 75.3%).     

Effect of ejaculation intervals on semen quality in cats

The relationship between ejaculation intervals and semen quality in 4 male cats aged 3-5 years was investigated in this study. Semen was collected 10 times at intervals of every day, every other day, and every three days using an artificial vagina. Semen was collected consecutively twice on the day of semen collection, and the semen quality was examined. In semen collected every day, the number of sperm in the first collection decreased, and the frequency of immature sperm rapidly increased after the 4th day. In semen collected every other day and every three days, although the semen volume markedly varied among the animals on both first and second collections, the volume remained stable for each animal, the number of sperm was similar in the first and second collections, but was clearly larger in the first collection (p<0.01). Sperm motility and abnormality were stable among the various intervals and between the first and second collections in each animal.     

广州地区娟姗公牛与荷斯坦公牛精液品质的比较研究

本试验选择亚热带气候条件下广州地区的娟姗公牛和荷斯坦公牛各5头,比较两个品种公牛的精液品质(采精量、原精密度、原精活力、细管精液产量、冻后活力、低渗膨胀率及穿透率)。研究表明,荷斯坦公牛每次采精的采精量(16.14±0.06 mL)和细管精液产量(189.17±3.11支)都极显著地高于娟姗公牛(4.74±0.05 mL,158.46±2.64支)(P<0.01);娟姗公牛的原精密度(8.95±0.08亿/mL)极显著地高于荷斯坦公牛(8.32±0.07亿/mL;P<0.01);娟姗公牛原精活力(0.731±0.004)高于荷斯坦公牛(0.729±0.003),但两者差异不显著(P<0.05);娟姗公牛精液的冻后活力(0.355±0.003)极显著高于荷斯坦公牛(0.339±0.003;P<0.01);娟姗公牛冷冻精液的低渗膨胀率(34.50%±0.49%)显著高于荷斯坦公牛(31.21%±0.59%;P<0.01);娟姗公牛冷冻精液对去透明带仓鼠卵的穿透率(84.51%±13.83%)显著高于荷斯坦公牛(81.52%±6.13%;P<0.05)。     

黑猩猩精液冷冻和优选研究

对精液进行有效的冷冻保存和解冻优选是人工授精顺利开展的重要步骤。本研究在黑猩猩上做了尝试,分别用人工按摩采精、电刺激采精、附睾采精进行6次精液采集,所测精子活率为0.65～0.90,密度为1.69×10~（10）～6.64×10~（11）（个/L）。用自配精液冷冻液,采用CL-8800程序降温仪成功对所采集的精液进行冷冻保存。在冷冻后的10～400 d,分别对6次冻精解冻,并用人用精液优选试剂盒对其后3次进行解冻后优选。结果显示,解冻后精液活率为0.35～0.7;优选后精液活率为0.85～0.9,密度为4.5×10~（11）～5.0×10~（11）（个/L）,基本可以满足人工授精的需要。     

气候因素对公犬采精量及精液品质的影响

随机选取南方某犬场使用的德国牧羊犬种公犬16头,对该批种公犬在2011年度所采集的精液量及精液品质进行统计,发现当地的气候(气温、降雨量)变化对公犬采精量及精液品质有直接影响。结果表明,公犬精液品质会随着采精月份及季节的不同而发生一定变化,夏季高温环境对公犬精液品质影响较大,精液品质下降;精子活力、精子密度及精子畸形率与气温的变化呈中等相关(P<0.1),射精量与气温变化的相关不明显(P>0.1),而射精量与降雨量的变化呈中等相关(P<0.1),与其它性状相关不明显(P>0.1)。