外源硒对紫云英硒含量和产量的影响

硒是人体必须的微量元素,它是多种酶的活性成份,硒可防治人类多种疾病和具排毒作用[1-3].     

湖南省稻田硒含量及硒肥施用效果

1957年Schwartz和Scott等人[1-2]相继证实硒(Se)是动物所必需的微量元素,但动物日摄取超过Se 2mg/kg就有中毒的危险[3-4].     

富磷垃圾肥对大豆营养及产量、品质的影响

我国有74%的耕地土壤缺磷,在农业种植中磷素的利用率又极低,当季利用率仅为10%～25%,是作物产量的重要限制因子[1].目前,我国农用磷肥主要是磷矿粉经加工而成,需要大量硫酸,生产成本较高,长期施用不仅造成土壤板结,也会污染环境.磷矿粉如直接施用于土壤时,肥效又受许多因素限制[2].如何在我国磷资源有限的情况下研究和总结一套能在农业生产中应用的生物学途径,以维持土壤的磷供应水平,是广大科研工作者普遍关心的课题.城市生活垃圾在堆肥过程中将产生大量的有机弱酸类物质,其对难溶性磷的溶解能力已在土壤中得到证实[3-5];另外堆肥过程中产生的腐殖酸类物质也可以对难溶性磷有一定的络合能力[6];同时,堆肥过程中微生物的活动也可将一部分磷固定在体内.因此,通过生活垃圾堆肥对难溶性磷进行转化,可使堆肥中形成较多的易矿化的有机态磷及可溶性磷,施用于土壤后可提高磷素的有效性.本研究通过利用生活垃圾堆肥与难溶性磷生产富磷垃圾肥,并进行田间试验,探讨富磷垃圾肥对大豆营养物质的积累、作物产量及质量的影响.     

施磷水平对不同基因型大豆叶片及子粒可溶性蛋白含量的影响

磷以多种方式参与植物体内各种生物化学过程,对促进植物的生长发育和新陈代谢起着重要的作用[1]。可溶性蛋白质是植物所有蛋白质组分中最活跃的一部分,包括各种酶源、酶分子和代谢调节物[2]。磷是作物体内氮素代谢过程中的组成成分之一,与蛋白质的代谢关系极为密切[3-6]。因此,通过测定大豆叶片和子粒可溶性蛋白含量可了解多少施磷量更有利于促进大豆氮代谢。关于大豆可溶性蛋白含量与氮素关系的研究较多[7-11],而有关磷的研究报道较少。为此,本研究探讨不同施磷水平对高蛋白、高油和中间型3种基因型大豆生育期内叶片和子粒可溶性蛋白含量的…     

北方春大豆磷高效基因型的筛选

The selection of spring soybean genotypes with highphosphorus efficiency in Northern ChinaDING Yu-chuan1,2,CHEN Ming-chang1,CHENG Bin1,LI Li-jun1,ZHANG Hai-sheng3(1 Soil and Fertilizer Inst.,Shanxi AAS,Shanxi Key Lab.of Soil Envir.and Nutrient Resou.,Taiy…     

不同大豆品种积累硒的特性及基因型差异

田间试验结果表明 ,在低硒土壤上 ,施硒极显著提高植株、子粒中的积硒量 ,增加幅度植株为夏大豆 秋大豆 春大豆 ,子粒为秋大豆 夏秋大豆 春大豆 ;并筛选出富集硒能力强的品种 10份。在富硒土壤上种植的不同春大豆品种 ,植株、子粒硒积累量也存在显著差异。在不同硒浓度条件下 ,同一大豆品种各生育阶段硒积累量存在差异 ,其大小顺序为成熟期 花期 苗期。施硒浓度以 1 0mg/L单株积累量最高     

外源硒矿粉对玉米硒累积及矿质元素吸收的影响

【目的】通过生物强化的方法获得生物安全形态的有机硒,是实现人体科学补硒的重要途径。研究外源硒矿粉在生产中的合理施用量及其对作物的影响,可为富硒农产品生产提供理论与技术指导。【方法】以玉米为试材,以湖北恩施的富硒矿粉(总硒含量为180 mg/kg)为硒源进行田间试验,研究了玉米对外源硒的吸收与转化及施硒对玉米矿质元素吸收的影响。设5个施硒处理: Se 0 (CK)、 750 (Se1)、 1500 (Se2)、 2250 (Se3) 和3000 g/hm2 (Se4)。于玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期取样,测定玉米不同部位总硒含量以及玉米籽粒中总硒、 有机硒及矿质元素含量。【结果】土壤施用富硒矿粉对玉米籽粒产量和总生物量没有显著影响,但可显著增加玉米籽粒及各器官硒含量。随硒施用量由0增加到3000 g/hm2,玉米籽粒中硒含量由14.2 μg/kg 增加到350.3 μg/kg。除Se2处理外,玉米根系中的硒含量在收获期高于抽穗期,而玉米茎和叶中的硒含量在收获期低于抽穗期。玉米不同器官对硒的富集能力依次为根叶籽粒茎,而玉米对硒的转移系数大小顺序亦为叶籽粒茎。与对照相比,施硒使玉米籽粒中有机硒含量显著增加,不同施硒处理玉米籽粒中有机硒含量范围为12.9~302.6 μg/kg,随土壤施硒量增加,有机硒占总硒的比例从86.87%增加到90.84%,不同处理之间有机硒所占比例差异不显著。玉米籽粒总硒、 有机硒与各器官硒含量之间均表现出显著的相关性,其中籽粒中有机硒与不同生育期根中硒含量达到极显著相关水平。施硒可显著抑制玉米籽粒对Na的吸收,对K、 Ca、 Mg、 Fe 的吸收无显著影响,一定的施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。【结论】施用外源硒矿粉对玉米生物量与籽粒产量无显著影响。随施硒量增加,玉米籽粒中总硒含量和有机硒含量与对照相比显著增加,但对玉米籽粒中的有机硒与总硒的比例没有显著影响。一定施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。以纯硒施用量为750~1500 g/hm2作为硒矿粉在富硒玉米生产中的推荐施硒量。     

烤烟硒积累及其与土壤和气候关系

在我国南北主产烟区的7省11县采用统一栽培模式,研究了烤烟Se含量及其与环境的关系。结果表明,在烤烟各器官中,含Se量为根系>叶片≈烟杈(烟花)>茎;烟叶Se含量为下部叶<中部叶<上部叶。在烟株生长发育过程中,叶片含硒量差异不大,累积量成“S”形曲线增加,积累速率呈单峰曲线变化;就地域而言,南方烟叶的Se含量与北方基本一致。此外,烟叶Se含量的变异系数较大,说明环境条件影响烟叶中的Se含量。在气象因素中,烟叶Se含量与日均气温、日均10.cm地温呈显著正相关,与降雨量(或相对湿度)呈显著负相关。在土壤因素中,烟叶Se含量与pH、土壤含Se量呈正相关,与土壤速效磷、有机质呈负相关。     

Macronutrient accumulation dynamics in apple fruits

In this study, we assessed the macronutrient levels of apple fruits cv. “Golden Smoothee” by monitoring their fruit absorption rates (mg fruit^?1 day^?1) and accumulation patterns (mg fruit^?1) throughout fruit development. Nutrient accumulation was a continuous process throughout the growing season, with patterns of absorption rates varying according to the nutrients concerned. Calcium was chiefly absorbed by the fruit during the first developmental stage, while the greatest absorption rates of other macronutrients occurred later in fruit development (from the end of shoot growth until harvest). From these patterns, it would be desirable to reduce the supply natural calcium (Ca) antagonists, such as potassium (K), ammonium (NH⁴⁺), and magnesium (Mg), during the first part of fruit development in order to achieve a good Ca balance with other nutrients and, consequently, an optimum fruit quality. Knowing these nutrient absorption and accumulation patterns is essential for planning optimum nutrient supply and improving their influence on fruit quality.     

不同施肥对滴灌大豆磷素积累与分配的影响

采用节水滴灌方式,研究肥料用量和施肥时期对滴灌大豆磷素积累、分配、利用及产量的影响,目的是探索节水灌溉与施肥相结合的灌溉施肥新模式。结果表明,在滴灌条件下前期种肥的供给对大豆磷素积累及产量的形成非常重要,T1（1/2种肥）、T2（种肥）、T3（3/2种肥）、T4（1/2种肥+花期1/2滴肥）、T5（1/2种肥+结荚期1/2滴肥）处理的滴灌大豆磷素积累量大,吸收利用率较高（种肥为尿素75 kg/hm2、磷酸二铵150 kg/hm2、硫酸钾90 kg/hm2,滴肥为尿素127.5 kg/hm2、磷酸二氢钾为133.5 kg/hm2）;综合产量因素,在种肥用量为尿素37.5 kg/hm2、磷酸二铵75 kg/hm2、硫酸钾45 kg/hm2的基础上,在结荚期再滴施尿素63.75 kg/hm2、磷酸二氢钾66.75 kg/hm2,这种滴灌施肥方式效果最佳。     

不同生育期大豆品种氮素积累特性研究

为研究不同生育期大豆品种的氮素积累特性,以10 个在黑龙江省哈尔滨地区生育期不同的大豆品种为试验材料,利用15N 示踪技术,在框栽条件下分析大豆植株全氮累积规律,以及不同氮素来源,即土壤氮、肥料氮和根瘤氮的积累和分配规律。结果表明:不同生育期大豆品种全株和各器官的全氮积累量,除了根部,均表现为晚熟品种＞中熟品种＞早熟品种,不同生育期品种间差异显著;不同生育期大豆品种土壤氮和肥料氮占全氮比例与生育期负相关,即早熟品种＞中熟品种＞晚熟品种,不同生育期品种营养器官中土壤氮和肥料氮比例高于荚皮和籽粒;不同生育期大豆品种根瘤固氮量和占全氮比例与生育期正相关,即晚熟品种＞中熟品种＞早熟品种,根瘤氮主要积累在大豆荚皮和籽粒中,分配到籽粒中的根瘤氮占全株根瘤氮积累量的76.38% ～ 92.25%。本研究为丰富不同生育期大豆品种氮素积累特性及氮肥调控提供数据支持。     

大豆锰营养研究进展

根据国内外研究进展，从锰营养的生理过程、作用及对大豆产量、品质的影响和施用方法等方面综述大豆锰营养的研究现状。     

Temporal dynamics of fungal communities in soybean rhizosphere

Purpose

Many biotic and abiotic factors influence the structural and functional diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere. This study aimed to understand the dynamics of fungal community in the soybean rhizosphere during soybean growth and directly compare the influence of abiotic and biotic factors in shaping the fungal communities across different growth periods.

Materials and methods

High-throughput sequencing based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, quantitative PCR, and statistical analysis approaches were used to measure the fungal community structure, abundance, and dynamic changes of 63 rhizosphere soil samples which were taken from different fertilization regimes and rhizobium inoculation treatments during three soybean growth stages.

Results and discussion

Among the taxa examined, more than 16 fungal classes were detected from the 21 soil samples. Sordariomycetes was the most abundant class, followed by Dothideomycetes, Agaricomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes. Soybean growth stage was the most important factor determining the diversity patterns of the fungal communities. Fungal community diversity was closely related to the base-fertilizer application, and fungal community richness was associated with rhizobium inoculation. Beta diversity of the fungal community based on the Bray-Curtis distance was significantly related to plant growth stage. Network analysis showed that mutual cooperation among fungal taxa became more intimate during the plant growth.

Conclusions

Compared with edaphic properties, plant growth stage was the dominant factor in determining soil fungal community dynamics. Base-fertilizer and rhizobium inoculation affected the alpha diversity of the soil fungi.

     

硒和硫相互作用对烟草硫吸收与积累的影响

以第四纪红色粘土为母质的红壤和下蜀黄土为母质的黄褐土为供试土壤 ,进行盆栽试验 .结果表明 ,施硫可提高烟草各部位硫含量 ,烟叶硫含量高于根部 .施硒对烟草中硫含量影响不明显 ,但对硫积累量的影响比较明显 .红壤施低硒 (Se<3.71 μg/ g)时烟草地上部积累增加 ,高硒 (Se >3.71 μg/ g)时有降低趋势 ;黄褐土上则随施硒增加而下降     

Amendment of sulfate with Se into soils further reduces methylmercury accumulation in rice

Purpose

Both selenium (Se) and sulfate could largely affect methylmercury (MeHg) dynamics and phytoavailability in soil-rice systems, while their combined effects are less understood. Here, we aimed at exploring the potential effects of sulfate on MeHg accumulation in rice in the presence of Se.

Materials and methods

Rice was cultivated in inorganic Hg-spiked soils amended with Se only (selenite/selenate, “Se treatments”) or Se and sulfate (“Se?+?Sulfate treatments”). Soil parameters (e.g., pH and redox potential (Eh)), MeHg concentrations in soils, as well as MeHg or Se accumulation in rice plants were quantified during the rice growth period.

Results and discussion

Soil MeHg concentrations were generally comparable between Se?+?Sulfate and Se treatments. However, MeHg uptake by rice plants in Se?+?Sulfate treatments was 9–31 % lower than those in Se treatments, possibly due to the increased soil pH and formation of iron sulfides, which may reduce MeHg phytoavailability under sulfate amendment. Furthermore, sulfate input enhanced Se accumulation in root (especially in the presence of selenate), which could be responsible for the increased MeHg distribution in root and thus lower MeHg distribution in grain. Consequently, the reduced plant uptake of MeHg together with the decreased MeHg distribution in grain resulted in decline of grain MeHg concentrations in Se?+?Sulfate treatments (8–31 % lower compared to Se treatments).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that sulfate input with Se could further reduce MeHg accumulation in rice, which improved mechanistic understanding of MeHg behaviors in soil-rice systems.