燕山北部不同类型防护林枯落物及土壤水文效应

研究华北落叶松林、山杨-白桦林、华北落叶松-白桦林、油松-华北落叶松林、白桦林5种类型防护林的枯落物和土壤水文效应。研究方法为浸泡法和环刀法。结果表明：1)枯落物蓄积量范围为11.26～17.75 t/hm²,山杨-白桦林最大,油松-华北落叶松林次之,白桦林最小,华北落叶松林、油松-华北落叶松林未分解层蓄积量大于半分解层,山杨-白桦林、白桦林、华北落叶松-白桦林规律相反。2)枯落物最大持水量为31.27～51.75 t/hm²,有效拦蓄量为23.69～27.70 t/hm²,均表现为山杨-白桦林最大,华北落叶松林最小,持水量(率)、拦蓄量(率)半分解层均大于未分解层。枯落物持水量和持水率与浸泡时间分别呈对数函数和指数函数。3)土壤容重为1.18～1.23 g/cm³,总孔隙度为43.75%～58.47%。土壤有效持水量为64.71～131.09 t/hm²,山杨-白桦林最大,白桦林次之,华北落叶松林最小,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈幂函数关系。4) 5种林分水源涵养能力大小排序为山...     

百花山5种典型林分枯落物蓄积量及持水特征

以北京百花山国家级自然保护区5种典型林分类型为研究对象,对其枯落物层的蓄积量及持水特性进行定量分析。结果表明:5种林分枯落物蓄积量中华北落叶松林(15.75t/hm^2)>核桃楸林(9.99t/hm^2)和白杄林(10.27t/hm^2)>蒙古栎林(7.34t/hm^2)>黑桦(7.04t/hm^2),针叶林枯落物层中未分解层蓄积量占比明显高于阔叶林分;枯落物蓄积量总持水量中华北落叶松林(2.91mm)>核桃楸林(2.77mm)>黑桦(1.90mm)与蒙古栎林(1.83mm)>白杄林(1.29mm),针叶林枯落物层中未分解层持水量大于半分解层,而阔叶林枯落物层则表现为半分解层大于未分解层。针叶林未分解层枯落物的蓄积及水文效应高于半分解层,而阔叶林半分解层枯落物的蓄积及水文效应高于未分解层。     

不同林分枯枝落叶物持水能力比较

通过对黑龙江省西部3种主要人工林-樟子松林、落叶松林和小黑杨林的林下枯落物的现存量与持水能力的试验研究,结果表明：3种林分枯落物的储量从大到小的顺序为落叶松林〉小黑杨林〉樟子松林;枯落物的持水量从大到小的顺序为落叶松林〉小黑杨林〉樟子松林。     

阿什河上游小流域主要林分枯落物层的持水特性

在阿什河上游的帽儿山实验林场境内,选取代表性的6种林分类型,测定了各林分枯落物层的蓄积量,采用室内浸泡法对持水能力进行研究。结果表明:6种林分枯落物层厚度为2.8 5.5 cm;枯落物总蓄积量为9.27 39.81 t·hm^-2;最大持水量为25.65 136.83 t·hm^-2;最大拦蓄水量为21.02 87.53 t·hm^-2;总有效拦蓄水深为1.72 6.71 mm。6种林分枯落物层的持水能力排序为:兴安落叶松林>针阔混交林>红松林>蒙古栎林>樟子松林>水曲柳林。对6种林分枯落物的持水量、吸水率随浸泡时间的变化进行了回归拟合,表明枯落物持水量与浸泡时间存在对数关系,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间存在幂函数关系。     

浑河上游水源涵养林的林分结构与功能研究

以浑河上游水源涵养林为研究对象,通过对4种典型林分类型的树种组成、枯落物持水特性和土壤持水特性进行的研究,结果表明:各类型林分的树种组成复杂程度顺序为核桃楸+花曲柳+五角枫混交林冷杉+白桦+五角枫针阔混交林辽东栎+五角枫天然林人工日本落叶松纯林,阔叶混交林和针阔混交林树种结构稳定性更强;不同林分类型枯落物和土壤最大持水量的大小顺序为核桃楸+花曲柳+五角枫混交林(4 003.38thm-2)冷杉+白桦+五角枫针阔混交林(3 838.54t hm-2)辽东栎+五角枫天然林(3 444.15t hm-2)人工日本落叶松纯林(3 208.85t hm-2)。     

宁夏六盘山不同林龄华北落叶松人工林枯落物水文效应

[目的]探究林龄对华北落叶松林枯落物水文效应的影响。[方法]于2017年6月在宁夏六盘山香水河小流域选择4种林龄阶段(16、25、34、43a)的华北落叶松人工林样地,调查林分结构和测量林下枯落物蓄积量、厚度、持水量等指标,分析不同林龄华北落叶松枯落物层持水能力差异。[结果]研究表明:(1)华北落叶松枯落物厚度介于4.5～6.0 cm,总蓄积量在29.08～33.21 t·hm~(-2),且半分解层蓄积量高于未分解层蓄积量,4种林龄枯落物厚度与蓄积量均表现为成熟林近熟林中龄林幼龄林。(2)各龄林枯落物最大持水量介于79.47～110.05 t·hm~(-2),成熟林最大;最大持水率变动在273.32%～341.27%,中龄林最大。(3)各龄林枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间动态变化均类似,枯落物持水过程表现为浸水0.5 h内吸水速率最大,4 h之后吸水速率趋于平缓,10 h后枯落物持水量基本饱和,持水量与浸水时间均呈明显对数关系(R~20.92)。(4)各龄林枯落物有效拦蓄量在43.64～70.52 t·hm~(-2)之间,成熟林拦蓄能力最强。[结论]综合分析4种林龄枯落物水文效应,成熟林枯落物层水文功能最强。     

人工针叶用材林生态系统涵养水源功能的研究

从树冠截留降雨、枯落物持水及土壤蓄水三个方面对辽东山区人工针叶用材林生态系统的涵养水源功能进行了定量研究。结果表明:各人工针叶用材林生态系统树冠的截流率为18.3%~28.5%;枯落物贮量为10.1~19.4 t.hm-2,枯落物最大持水量取决于枯落物贮量及其最大持水率,最大持水率为自身干重的1.5~2.5倍;0~40 cm土层的土壤蓄水量为840~1520 t.hm-2。综合分析表明:6种人工针叶用材林的涵养水源功能主要决定于土壤蓄水量,树冠截留雨水和枯落物持水起辅助和调节作用,其中,长白落叶松林的涵养水源功能最强,其次是华山松林、日本落叶松林、红松林、油松林,而云杉林的涵养水源功能相对最弱。     

泰山景区华山松及栎林涵养水源性能分析

通过对泰山风景区内两种林分（华山松林及栎林）的土壤物理性质、土壤持水状况、土壤渗透性能及地表枯落物持水性能的调查研究，综合评定了华山松林及栎林的涵养水源能力。     

枯落物层对六盘山华北落叶松人工林土壤性质的影响

为探究枯落物层对六盘山华北落叶松人工林土壤物理、水文性质的影响,于2017年通过设置不同密度的华北落叶松人工林枯落物保留/去除样地,调查了枯落物保留/去除样地林下土壤物理和水文性质的差异。结果表明:枯落物层能够增加土壤的孔隙度、土壤蓄水和渗透能力,去除地表枯落物(LR)和保留枯落物(CK)两种林分在0～100 cm土层中平均容重分别为1.38 g/cm~3和1.30 g/cm~3,平均总孔隙度分别为44.88%和49.74%,毛管孔隙度分别为36.33%和42.56%,非毛管孔隙度表现为8.55%和7.19%,LR和CK土壤初渗速率变化为6.25和7.98 mm/min,土壤稳渗速率范围为3.81和5.22 mm/min,土壤平均入渗速率LR和CK分别为4.38和5.64 mm/min。以上结果说明了枯落物层会显著影响华北落叶松人工林的土壤物理水文性质。     

缙云山两种典型林分枯落物保水功能

通过对重庆缙云山两种典型林分（灌木林和常绿阔叶林）枯落物储量调查分析和枯落物持水特性的研究,得到不同林分类型下枯落物储量、最大持水量、最大吸水速率等水文特征参数.结果表明：灌木林枯落物储量大于常绿阔叶林（32.42 · hm-2＞25.48 ·hm-2）,灌木林最大持水量大于常绿阔叶林（2.30 mm＞1.36 mm,5.76 mm＞2.96 mm）,灌木林平均吸水速率大于常绿阔叶林（1.60 mm ·h-1＞0.86 mm ·h-1,4.02 mm· h-1＞1.61 mm· h-1）,灌木林日均蒸发量小于常绿阔叶林（0.22 · hm-2＜0.47 · hm-2）.灌木林和常绿阔叶林枯落物的保水性能均比较好,但灌木林要高于常绿阔叶林.     

The productivity of salt marsh vegetation at Tollesbury,Essex, and Stiffkey,Norfolk, England

This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m^-2 yr^-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m^-2yr^-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production.     

东莞蕨类植物区系研究

采用野外调查与查阅标本相结合的方法,对东莞蕨类植物区系及其分布特点进行研究,结果表明:东莞市有蕨类植物37科66属125种,其区系特点为:①分布区类型在科、属、种的水平上皆以热带、亚热带性质为主,占各自总数的64.87%、75.76%与61.60%。②科与属的分布区类型显示出东莞蕨类植物区系从热带向亚热带过渡的性质,与温带蕨类植物区系的联系较弱;在种的水平上,温带成分占总数的28.80%,呈现出热带蕨类植物区系向温带蕨类植物区系过渡的特点。③在种的水平上热带亚洲分布及东亚分布类型构成了东莞蕨类植物区系的主体,各占38.40%和20.80%。④与周边4个地区的比较中,与深圳的相似性为最高,与乐昌的相似性为最低;总体上,东莞蕨类植物区系与周围地区关系较为密切。     

Plant communities, species diversity, richness, and regeneration of a traditionally managed coastal forest, Kenya

The Kenyan coastal forests make up one of the World 25 Biodiversity Hotspots. They consist of over 140 fragments (the majority with areas less than 0.5 km²) of the once extensive Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland moist forest. The over 60 known Mijikenda sacred Kaya forests and groves scattered along the coastal hinterland form the greater part of this ecosystem. The forests are of biological and cultural significance, and this has been recognized nationally and internationally, with some now listed as World Heritage Sites. The forests are protected by councils of Kaya elders who regulate use of their resources. Increasing human population and subsequent rise in demand for forest products and land for settlement has put a strain on these relic forests. Farm encroachment and extraction of forest products in different Kaya forests have affected the vegetation ecology at varying levels. This study investigated the spatial species distribution, association and regeneration potential of commonly utilized plants in one of these traditionally managed ecosystems. A modified nested plot method was used to collect data in the field.Using TWINSPAN multivariate, and indicator species analysis, two plant communities (Asteranthe and Bridelia) and an undifferentiated vegetation type were identified. Species association in Asteranthe consisted largely of forest dependant species, with a significant presence of woody climbers. It was comprised of two sub-communities namely Manilkara and Scorodophloeos. In contrast the second plant community, Bridelia, was dominated by light demanding species. It comprised one sub-community (Catunaregam) and a seral stage (Keetia). The species diversity and richness was higher in the Asteranthe community compared to Bridelia. Some of the forest species commonly utilized by the local people were observed to regenerate both in open and closed forest habitats while others had seedling recruitment confined to closed forest.Despite some coastal forests showing physiognomic similarity, detailed study shows intra-variation linked to topography, exposition, type and intensity of human perturbation both currently and in the distant past. Clearly, vegetation patterns of coastal forests of eastern Africa change at fairly short intervals.Recruitment of forest specialists is likely to decline if closed forests are opened up by farm encroachment, however their less specialized counterparts can pioneer in re-colonization of disturbed sites if conservation is strengthened. There is need to invigorate traditional management systems of forests with cultural significance by recognizing and giving increased legal mandates to the local custodians.     

Responses of swamp bay,Persea palustris,and avocado,Persea americana,to various concentrations of the laurel wilt pathogen,Raffaelea lauricola

Laurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and transmitted by the exotic ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, has killed members of the Lauraceae plant family throughout the southeast United States. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of inoculum concentration on the development of laurel wilt in swamp bay, Persea palustris, and avocado, Persea americana. In each experiment, host plants were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of 10², 10³, 10⁴ or 10⁵ conidia of R. lauricola, and plants were rated periodically for external symptom development (wilting and foliar dieback). At the end of experiments, plants were rated for internal symptoms of the disease (discoloration of sapwood) and assayed for R. lauricola on a semi‐selective medium. Symptom severity in swamp bay was significantly lower for the 10² treatment than at higher (10³–10⁵) concentrations, whereas 10² and 10³ conidia caused less disease than 10⁴ and 10⁵ conidia in avocado. At the lowest inoculum concentration, 67% of the swamp bay plants and 20% of the avocados died by the time the respective experiments were terminated. The pathogen was recovered from a high proportion of the symptomatic sapwood of swamp bay (100%) and avocado (94%), and sapwood discoloration and recovery of R. lauricola from inoculated stems of swamp bay were highly correlated with recovery of the pathogen and symptom development in roots. Clearly, swamp bay and avocado are very sensitive to R. lauricola. The ability of only 100 conidia of this pathogen to kill these hosts suggests that few individuals of X. glabratus or other ambrosia beetles that carry low levels of the pathogen would be sufficient to transmit conidia that infect and lead to disease development. The results are also relevant to the development of disease‐tolerant host selections, as they indicate levels of the pathogen appropriate for use in screening plants for disease resistance.     

Chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar,cypress, fir,and spruce and characterization of charcoal

 Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques have been applied to investigate the thermal degradation characteristics and chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar, cypress, fir, and spruce. The decomposition of the components could be modeled by an Arrhenius kinetic expression. The kinetic parameters were extracted from the thermogravimetric data using least-squares techniques. The heating rates used for the analyses were 10°, 5°, and 0.33°C/min; and the activation energy and reaction order of the above woods were 7.54, 8.39, 2.87, and 7.88 kJ/mol and 0.71, 0.64, 0.44, and 0.63, respectively. Finally, carbonization was done to produce charcoal from these woods under various operating conditions, and the charcoal was characterized in respect to yield, heating value, electrical conductivity, and X-ray diffraction. The quality of the charcoal from fir was the best among the four types of wood. The charcoal produced is inferior to binchotan (white charcoal) in respect to electrical conductivity and crystalline structure. Received: February 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 12, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Professor Yoshida of Applied Chemistry in Tokyo Metropolitan University for performing the TG/DTA in his laboratory and for his valuable suggestions about the analyses.     

Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA

We summarized the status of wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows (Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow (S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (<80 cm). We identified terrain and other features that may contribute to the perceived risk of wolf predation, by elk for a given site. Although alternative mechanisms are discussed, changes in willow communities over time following wolf removal and their subsequent reintroduction were consistent with a top-down trophic cascade model involving nonlethal and possibly lethal effects. If similar top-down effects upon vegetation hold true in other regions of North America and other parts of the world where wolves have been extirpated, wolf recovery may represent a management option for helping to restore riparian plant communities and conserve biodiversity.     

Ethno-medico-biology of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India

We carried out an ethno-medico-biological investigation in the interior of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of traditional plants/animals by local inhabitants. The villagers and rural people used plant and animal species as medicine. We recorded therapeutic use of 18 plant species of 13 families and 12 animal species of seven taxonomic categories. Different plant/animal parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root, whole plant, oil, blood, milk, urine and flesh were reported as used in raw or cooked form against 17 specific diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant/animal remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, epilepsy, jaundice, malaria, skin disorder and rheumatism. This study provides a better database for future studies.