Anesthesia of growing pigs with tiletamine-zolazepam and reversal with flumazenil

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine/zolazepam and the effect of flumazenil on the recovery from tiletamine/zolazepam anesthesia in the pig. Six Landrace and Yorkshire cross-bred pigs (three females and three males, 3-4 months old) weighing 35.8 ± 1.7 kg were used in this study. Pigs were given tiletamine/zolazepam intramuscularly at a dose of 4.4 mg kg(-1) (2.2 mg kg(-1) tiletamine and 2.2 mg kg(-1) zolazepam) of body weight. Twenty minutes after the administration of tiletamine/zolazem, the pigs were given saline solution (control, Group TZ) or given flumazenil intravenously at a dose of 0.08 mg kg(-1) of body weight (Group TZF). Anesthesia and recovery times, scores of anesthetic effects and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded for each pig. There was a significant difference between the duration of tiletamine/zolazepam anesthesia with and without the antagonist. Flumazenil significantly shortened the recovery time. A significant difference in blood gas variables was observed between the two groups. The anesthetic effects induced by tiletamine/zolazepam could be reversed successfully and safely by flumazenil alone. Therefore, flumazenil administration could be considered in cases in which quick recovery is required in pigs.     

Intramuscular anesthesia of bonito and Pacific mackerel with ketamine and medetomidine and reversal of anesthesia with atipamezole

OBJECTIVE: To determine anesthetic effects of ketamine and medetomidine in bonitos and mackerels and whether anesthesia could be reversed with atipamezole. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 43 bonitos (Sarda chiliensis) and 47 Pacific mackerels (Scomber japonica). PROCEDURE: 28 bonitos were given doses of ketamine ranging from 1 to 8 mg/kg (0.5 to 3.6 mg/lb), i.m., and doses of medetomidine ranging from 0.2 to 1.6 mg/kg (0.1 to 0.7 mg/lb), i.m. (ratio of ketamine to medetomidine, 2.5:1 to 20:1). Doses of atipamezole equal to 1 or 5 times the dose of medetomidine were used. The remaining 15 bonitos were used to determine the anesthetic effects of ketamine at a dose of 4 mg/kg (1.8 mg/lb) and medetomidine at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg (0.2 mg/lb). The mackerels were given ketamine at doses ranging from 11 to 533 mg/kg (5 to 242 mg/lb) and medetomidine at doses ranging from 0.3 to 9.1 mg/kg (0.1 to 4.1 mg/lb; ratio of ketamine to medetomidine, 3:1 to 800:1). Doses of atipamezole equal to 5 times the dose of medetomidine were used. RESULTS: I.m. administration of ketamine at a dose of 4 mg/kg and medetomidine at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg in bonitos and ketamine at a dose of 53 to 228 mg/kg (24 to 104 mg/lb) and medetomidine at a dose of 0.6 to 4.2 mg/kg (0.3 to 1.9 mg/lb) in mackerels was safe and effective. For both species, administration of atipamezole at a dose 5 times the dose of medetomidine reversed the anesthetic effects. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that a combination of ketamine and medetomidine can safely be used for anesthesia of bonitos and mackerels and that anesthetic effects can be reversed with atipamezole.     

Complications and survival associated with surgical compared with medical management of horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Based on clinical observation, it is hypothesised that horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ) that are treated surgically have a shorter duration, smaller volume, and slower rate of nasogastric reflux (NGR) compared to horses treated medically, are more likely to develop diarrhoea than medically managed cases, and have a higher incisional infection rate than a sample population of horses undergoing abdominal exploration for gastrointestinal disease other than DPJ. OBJECTIVES: To compare: 1) duration, volume and rate of NGR and the percentage of horses with diarrhoea between medically and surgically treated DPJ cases; and 2) incisional infection rate in horses with DPJ undergoing abdominal exploration to a sample population of horses undergoing abdominal exploration for gastrointestinal disease other than DPJ. METHODS: Medical records of cases with DPJ diagnosed 1995-2006 were reviewed. Information obtained included subject details, presenting clinical findings, treatment category (medical/surgical), complications (diarrhoea, incisional infection), and outcome (survival/nonsurvival). Data were analysed using a Chi-squared test and a mixed model analysis of variance. Level of significance was P<0.05. RESULTS: Compared to medical cases, surgical cases had significantly decreased survival, a longer duration and larger total volume of NGR, and were more likely to develop diarrhoea. The incisional infection rate for horses with DPJ undergoing abdominal exploration was 16% compared to 7% for the sample population of horses. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of horses with DPJ did not lead to resolution of NGR faster than medical treatment. Surgical cases were more likely to develop diarrhoea and did not have a significantly higher incisional infection rate than the sample population.     

猪氟烷基因型的PCR检测及杂合子氟烷阳性猪的发现

对１４７头猪进行了氟烷测验,测得氟烷阳性猪３头,阳性率为２．０４％。运用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ分析法对氟烷阳性猪及其同胞进行了基因型检测,结果４头被测猪中有２头为隐性纯合子,２头为杂合子。结合氟烷测验结果,２头隐性纯合子表现为氟烷阳性,符合一般规律;而２头杂合子中发现１头为氟烷阳性,此前尚未见报道,这一结果证明了氟烷表现与基因型并非完全对应     

Treatment of canine pyoderma with ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin--fluoroquinolones with different pharmacokinetic profiles

Dogs with superficial or deep pyoderma (n = 228) presented to first opinion veterinarians (n = 20) were treated orally with either ibafloxacin, at a dosage of 15 mg/kg, or marbofloxacin, at a dosage of 2 mg/kg, once daily for 3-16 weeks. On initial presentation, 35% of the cases were classified as having recurrent pyoderma and 40% as having deep pyoderma. Staphylococci (mainly Staphylococcus intermedius) were isolated from over 90% of the cases. The average treatment periods were 41 +/- 26 and 38 +/- 21 days in the ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin groups, respectively. One week after the cessation of treatment, 74 and 81% of dogs (P > 0.05) in the ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin groups, respectively, were classified as having responded to treatment. One month after the cessation of treatment, 70% of the dogs in each group were still classified as cured or improved, and 3 and 11% (P < 0.05) in the ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin groups, respectively, were classified as having relapsed. Despite having different pharmacokinetic profiles, ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin produced similar results when used under field conditions at the recommended dosages.     

清宫散对患子宫内膜炎奶牛血液流变学指标的影响

采用椎板式血液粘度仪检测了中药方剂-清宫散对患子宫内膜炎奶牛治疗前后血液流变学指标的影响。结果表明:患子宫内膜炎奶牛的全血粘度、全血低切/高切还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞刚性系数显著或极显著高于健康牛,经清宫散治疗后上述指标显著或极显著下降;空白对照组奶牛首次采血时的血液流变学参数与试验组奶牛治疗前的参数无显著差异(P>0.05);各组奶牛红细胞压积无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:清宫散能改善患牛微循环障碍,降低血液粘度,进而达到活血化瘀之功效。     

Association of disease with isolation and virulence of Rhodococcus equi from farm soil and foals with pneumonia

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether isolation and virulence of Rhodococcus equi from soil and infected foals are associated with clinical disease. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and case-control study. SAMPLE POPULATION: R equi isolates from 50 foals with pneumonia and soil samples from 33 farms with and 33 farms without a history of R equi infection (affected and control, respectively). PROCEDURE: R equi was selectively isolated from soil samples. Soil and clinical isolates were evaluated for virulence-associated protein antigen plasmids (VapA-P) and resistance to the beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G and cephalothin. Microbiologic cultures and VapA-P assays were performed at 2 independent laboratories. RESULTS: VapA-P was detected in 49 of 50 (98%) clinical isolates; there was complete agreement between laboratories. Rhodococcus equi was isolated from soil on 28 of 33 (84.8%) affected farms and 24 of 33 (72.7%) control farms, but there was poor agreement between laboratories. Virulence-associated protein antigen plasmids were detected on 14 of 66 (21.2%) farms by either laboratory, but results agreed for only 1 of the 14 VapA-P-positive farms. We did not detect significant associations between disease status and isolation of R equi from soil, detection of VapA-P in soil isolates, or resistance of soil isolates to beta-lactam antibiotics. No association between beta-lactam antibiotic resistance and presence of VapA-P was detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: On the basis of soil microbiologic culture and VapA-P assay results, it is not possible to determine whether foals on a given farm are at increased risk of developing disease caused by R equi.     

板栗抹茶发酵酸奶的研制

[目的]以牛奶、板栗、抹茶为主要原料,探究板栗抹茶酸奶的加工工艺。[方法]通过单因素试验,确定抹茶、板栗浆、菌种和蔗糖的最佳添加量,采用四因素三水平进行正交试验,并以感官评价、酸度相结合为综合指标,得出最佳配方。[结果]板栗浆添加量30%,菌种接种量0.3%,抹茶添加量0.03%,蔗糖添加量6%,稳定剂添加量0.3%,在42 ℃发酵至发酵终点,再后熟24 h可得到组织细腻、口感良好的酸奶。此时的综合评分也最高,为89分,酸度为83 °T。[结论]该酸奶营养丰富,有良好的饮用价值和保健功能,为扩充市售酸奶的品种提供依据。     

Immobilization of mink (Mustela vison) with medetomidine-ketamine and remobilization with atipamezole

Four groups of mink were immobilized with medetomidine-HCl (MED) 0.1 mg/kg + ketamine (KET) 5 or 7.5 mg/kg at different ambient temperatures. The induction time, degree of immobilization and analgesia, rectal temperature, heart and respiration rates were recorded at intervals throughout the immobilization period. The animals were then given atipamezole-HCl (ATI) 0.5 mg/kg for reversal at different times after injection of MED/KET and the effects of the antagonist were evaluated.Subcutaneous administration of MED/KET induced complete immobilization in all 20 animals, and the highest dose was considered suitable for major surgery. Prolonged immobilization at low ambient temperatures (–10 to +5°C) caused severe hypothermia in all animals. The mean rectal temperature had dropped to 37.8°C and 32.1°C at 15 and 85 min, respectively, after injection of MED/KET, significantly lower than the corresponding values for animals immobilized at room temperature.Intramuscular administration of ATI 20 or 40 min after injection of MED/KET rapidly remobilized the animals without apparent side-effects. Administration of ATI to animals recovering spontaneously 90 min after injection of MED/KET induced thermogenesis (shivering) in animals immobilized at a low ambient temperature, while no such effect was seen in animals immobilized at room temperature. One hour after injection of ATI, the rectal temperatures of all treated animals had returned to normal and there were no signs of abnormal behaviour.     

产粘乳酸球菌的筛选与鉴定

采用发酵乳粘丝法初筛与发酵乳综合品质对比法复筛相结合的方法,从我国西北部三种不同来源的发酵制品中筛选了三株产粘性能良好的乳酸菌。经鉴定其中两株为嗜热链球菌,一株为乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种。选取两株嗜热链球菌与保加利亚乳杆菌进行复配发酵试验,以市售酸奶做对照,筛选出使发酵乳粘性好、乳清析出少、感官评价好的菌株,命名为Streptococcus thermophilus ST-1。     

米果酸乳的研制

本文介绍了一种新型产品一米果酸乳。通过考察全蛋粉添加量、大米的制作工艺以及添加量、稳定剂的添加比例和数量,确定了产品配方,优化了制作工艺。     

Treatment of canine generalized demodicosis associated with hyperadrenocorticism with spot-on moxidectin and imidacloprid

Background

Canine generalized demodicosis associated with hyperadrenocorticism is often problematic and might be intractable. The aim of this study was to report the efficacy of a weekly application of spot-on moxidectin/imidacloprid in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and secondary generalized demodicosis.

Methods

Dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and secondary generalized demodicosis were included. The condition of hyperadrenocorticism was treated and stabilized with trilostane before and throughout the study period in all dogs.

Results

Average total live adult mite counts before treatment and after four, eight and 12 weeks of spot-on moxidectin/imidacloprid (2.5/10 mg/kg) applications were 20.1 ± 6.3 (range, 13–33), 0.5 ± 0.7 (range, 0–2; 6/11 were negative), 0.2 ± 0.4 (range, 0–1; 9/11 were negative), 0.2 ± 0.4 (range, 0–1; 9/11 were negative) and 0.1 ± 0.3 (range, 0–1; 10/11 were negative) respectively; this difference was significant (P < 0.001). Ten of 11 dogs (90.1%) achieved clinical remission, as demonstrated by the absence of demodectic mites at any life stage at monthly scrapings for eight consecutive weeks, and maintained remission throughout the 12-month follow-up period.

Conclusion

The weekly application of spot-on moxidectin/imidacloprid appeared to be effective and safe against generalized adult onset canine demodicosis associated with hyperadrenocorticism.     

Treatment of eight dogs with nasal tumours with alternating doses of doxorubicin and carboplatin in conjunction with oral piroxicam

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in the treatment of canine nasal tumours. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study PROCEDURE: Eight dogs with histologically confirmed nasal tumours were staged by means of complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, cytological analysis of fine needle aspirate of the regional lymph nodes, thoracic radiographs and computed tomography scan of the nasal cavity. All dogs were treated with alternating doses of doxorubicin, carboplatin and oral piroxicam. All dogs were monitored for side effects of chemotherapy and evaluated for response to treatment by computed tomography scan of the nasal cavity after the first four treatments. RESULTS: Complete remission was achieved in four dogs, partial remission occurred in two dogs and two had stable disease on the basis of computed tomography evaluation. There was resolution of clinical signs after one to two doses of chemotherapy in all dogs. CONCLUSIONS: This chemotherapy protocol was efficacious and well tolerated in this series of eight cases of canine nasal tumours.     

Association of hyponatremia and hyperglycemia with outcome in dogs with congestive heart failure

Objective: To evaluate plasma sodium and glucose concentrations in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) prior to treatment and evaluate the differences between survivors and non‐survivors. Design: Retrospective study. Animals: Fifty‐nine dogs with CHF prior to receiving cardiac medication. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: The mean plasma sodium concentration in dogs with CHF was below the reference range (144–156 mmol/L) and significantly lower (P=0.009) in non‐survivors (141±6 mmol/L) compared with survivors (147±4 mmol/L). The mean plasma glucose concentration was above the reference range (76–117 mg/dL) and significantly higher (P=0.004) in non‐survivors (128±52 mg/dL) compared with survivors (100±13 mg/dL). Forty‐four percent of non‐survivors had concurrent low plasma sodium and high plasma glucose concentrations, whereas no survivors had both abnormalities (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Lower plasma sodium and higher plasma glucose are associated with a worse outcome in dogs with CHF.     

Reversal of pentobarbital anesthesia with 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine in cats pretreated with acepromazine and xylazine

In 2 separate experiments, groups of atropinized cats (6 cats/group) were given acepromazine (0.25 mg/kg of body weight) or xylazine (2.2 mg/kg) IM and anesthetized with pentobarbital. The mean dose of pentobarbital was decreased approximately 36% by acepromazine, and approximately 80% by xylazine, compared with published doses. Anesthetized cats were given IV saline solution (control groups) or were given the antagonists 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 0.5 mg/kg), yohimbine (0.4 mg/kg), or 4-AP + yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively). In acepromazine-treated cats, 4-AP + yohimbine was the most effective antagonist; arousal and walking occurred in an average of 10.4 minutes and 91.7 minutes, respectively. Yohimbine enhanced the antagonistic effects of 4-AP. In xylazine-treated cats, yohimbine was an effective antagonist; arousal and walking occurred in an average of 2.8 minutes and 12.8 minutes, respectively. Yohimbine did not enhance the antagonistic effects of 4-AP. Mean respiratory rates were decreased by acepromazine, but were increased by xylazine. Thus, respiratory rate depression by pentobarbital was not as marked with xylazine as it was with acepromazine. Changes in mean heart rate were not remarkable with either sedative, and cardiac irregularities were not palpated or auscultated. In healthy cats, the duration of pentobarbital anesthesia can be controlled by 4-AP + yohimbine (acepromazine-pretreated cats) or by yohimbine alone (xylazine-pretreated cats).     

Neurohormonal and circulatory effects of short-term treatment with enalapril and quinapril in dogs with asymptomatic mitral regurgitation

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of 2 angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on neurohormonal and circulatory variables in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) with asymptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR). Ten CKCSs with mild to severe untreated MR were treated with 2 ACE inhibitors, quinapril and enalapril (each at 0.5 mg/kg PO q24h for 7 days), in a double-blind, crossover study with a washout period of 7 days between treatments. Blood samples were drawn and echocardiography was performed on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Both treatments reduced ACE activity (P < .001) and increased renin activity (P < .001) and atrial natriuretic peptide concentration (P < .005). The ACE inhibitors had no effect on the concentrations of nitrate and nitrite (NOx) or asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). On day 0, a lower NOx concentration (P = .02) was found in samples taken in the clinic as compared to samples taken in the homes of the dogs. Quinapril caused a significant reduction in more variables that reflect the severity of MR (eg, jet size and left ventricular end diastolic diameter) than did enalapril. However, in terms of specific variables, no significant difference was identified between the effects of the 2 treatments on MR. These results suggest that ACE inhibitors do not affect NOx and ADMA concentrations in asymptomatic dogs, but exercise, stress, or some combination may influence NOx concentrations in these dogs.