水稻与基腐病菌互作中的活性氧代谢

对水稻与基腐病菌互作中活性氧及其相关酶系与抗性关系进行了研究。结果表明:超氧阴离子自由基(O2.-)、H2O2、MDA在接种后24 h达到高峰,且抗病品种的含量比感病品种高;SOD在抗感品种接种病菌24 h后活性增加,均达到高峰,然后开始下降,但总趋势为抗病品种低于感病品种;CAT在接种后24 h和96 h,感病品种出现2个高峰,而抗病品种的活性在整个过程中变化不明显。     

Initial function determination for the open reading frame (ORF) region of Pib gene via rice transformation

Three plant binary expression vectors—pNAR501, pNAR502 and pNAR503—were constructed, carrying fragments of exon2-exon3, 5′partial deletion exon1 and 5′partial deletion exon1-exon2-exon3 of Pib gene driven by 35S. These three vectors were transformed into the japonica rice variety Nipponbare through agrobacterium-mediated transformation. More than 30 transgenic rice plants were obtained and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern hybridization and the hygromycin resistance test in seed germination of their progeny. A rice blast resistance test for in vitro leaves of T_o transgenic plants in the tillering stage showed higher resistance to the races of E1, F1 and G1 of rice blast than that of the control Nipponbare. However, results of rice blast resistance test for seedlings of T₁ transgenic plants in the 3-to 4-leaf stage were different. All T₁ transgenic seedlings had a lower level of resistance to E1, F1 and G1 races than that of the control Nipponbare. Translated from Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2006, 29(3): 1–5 [译自: 南京农业大学学报]     

Molecular cloning and characterization of nitrate reductase gene cDNA from non-heading Chinese cabbage

Four non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino) cultivars, Suzhouqing, Xuekeqing, Huangxinwu, Aijiaohuang, were planted to investigate the activity of nitrate reductase (NRA) in leaves. After being induced by KNO₃ at 50 mmol/L for different hours the NRAs of the four cultivars were determined in vivo. The results showed that the NRAs changing trends of these four cultivars were similar. The highest NRAs in leaves reached their maximum at the 4th, 4th, 6th, and the 6th hour of induction, respectively. According to these results, the level of NR mRNA in plants could be enhanced by nitrate inducement. Then, the total RNA was isolated from the leaves of Suzhouqing that was induced by KNO₃ at 50 mmol/L for four hours, and two fragments of NR cDNA were obtained through RT-PCR using specific primers. The products of PCR were cloned and sequenced. They are 1 125 and 438 base pairs, which were named nr₁₁₂₅ and nr₄₃₈, encoding 374 and 135 amino acids, respectively. Finally, nr₁₁₂₅ was accepted and released by GenBank (accession number DQ001901). Translated from Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2006, 29(2): 15–19 [译自: 南京农业大学学报]     

外源硒和耐硒细菌对镉胁迫下水稻生长、生理和硒镉积累的影响

镉是我国农田土壤中毒性最强和最普遍的污染物之一。硒镉间的拮抗作用已被大量研究所证实，但硒的施用量和耐硒细菌对植物硒镉积累的影响尚不明确。本文通过盆栽试验，研究了添加外源硒和接种耐硒细菌Lysinibacillus macrolides DS15菌株对镉胁迫下水稻的生长、生理代谢以及硒镉含量的影响。研究表明，外源硒使水稻株高显著增加，促进了水稻对硒的积累，降低了超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase，SOD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase，CAT）活性。与对照相比，低硒（0.5 mg·kg^-1 Na₂SeO₃）和高硒处理（2.0 mg·kg^-1 Na₂SeO₃）使水稻根际土壤有效镉含量分别下降了32.24%和9.43%，并减少了水稻地上部分对镉的积累和镉向地上部的运输。低硒处理对土壤中镉的钝化以及对镉胁迫的缓解作用均显著优于高硒处理。与对照相比，不接种L.macroides时高硒处理反而造成水稻镉含量显著增加。接种L.macroides使水稻生物量增加了1.79倍，降低了水稻的硒含量，使SOD和CAT活性升高，根际土壤有效镉含量下降了18.46%，降低了水稻对镉的积累和运输。外源硒和接种L.macroides的交互作用对水稻硒、镉积累和运输均有显著影响，低硒、接种处理可以降低水稻镉含量，而高硒、接种处理可减少镉向地上部分的运输。研究表明，适量的硒和接种DS15可以降低土壤中镉的有效性，减少水稻对镉的积累和运输。     

亚热带地区水稻(Oryza sativa L.)气孔臭氧通量和产量的响应关系

基于开放式臭氧浓度升高O_3-FACE(Free-Air Concentration Elevation of O_3)实验平台,利用前期水稻O_3-FACE试验的基础数据,通过建立水稻产量与不同评价指标(累积气孔O_3吸收通量PODY和O_3浓度指标AOTX)的响应关系,比较了水稻产量损失与各评价指标的相关性差异,通过对暴露剂量、吸收通量相关参数取值与产量损失的观察和分析结果的比较,找出更为合理的农作物臭氧风险评估阈值。结果表明:随着通量阈值Y[0~11 nmol O_3·m~(-2)PLA·s~(-1)(PLA:projected leaf area,投影叶面积)]和暴露浓度阈值X(0~50 n L·L~(-1))的增加,回归分析R~2值逐渐增加,当Y为11 nmol O_3m~(-2)PLA·s~(-1)和X为50 n L·L~(-1)时,气孔臭氧吸收通量POD11和累积暴露剂量AOT50与水稻相对产量的相关性最大,当通量阈值Y为8~13 nmol O_3·m~(-2)PLA·s~(-1)和暴露阈值X为46~58 n L·L~(-1)时,可获得较高的R~2值取值范围,分别为0.70~0.75和0.70~0.745。参考文献发现,目前地表臭氧污染可能引起的水稻产量损失范围为5%~8%,对照圈中POD9~10和AOT40~45产量损失的预测值亦在这区间,但前者R~2值(0.73~0.74)明显高于后者R~2值(0.64~0.69),表明基于气孔臭氧通量的评价指标能更好地反映水稻产量的变化。通过进一步分析发现,当通量阈值Y为9 nmol O_3·m~(-2)PLA·s~(-1)时,能更准确地评估水稻产量损失,且其R~2值(0.73)高于通量指标POD6(0.57)。以上研究结果表明,通量指标POD9更适合评估亚热带地区O_3污染对水稻作物的影响。     

AMF对镉污染条件下水稻抗逆性及根际固定性的影响

为研究丛枝菌根真菌对重金属Cd胁迫条件下水稻生长及生理过程的影响,选用两种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscularmy corrhizal fungi,AMF):摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)和根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradice,GI),接种在不同Cd浓度(0、0.5、1、2、5 mg·kg-1)的污染土壤中,研究两种菌剂对水稻株高、光合作用、抗逆生理过程以及Cd在植株地上及根系分配的影响。结果表明,AMF菌剂的接种显著减轻了Cd胁迫对水稻生长的抑制程度,GM组与GI组水稻株高分别比对照组提高了13.8%和10.3%,且菌剂处理有助于缓解Cd胁迫对水稻光合作用的抑制。在5 mg·kg-1Cd胁迫下,水稻叶片中MDA(丙二醛)含量显著降低,SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性和Pro(脯氨酸)的含量显著提高(P0.05)。两种菌剂处理下水稻对Cd的富集系数与转运系数均低于对照,表明AMF处理有助于缓解Cd对地上部分的毒害,并且促进了水稻对Cd的根际固定化过程,抑制了Cd向地上部分转移的趋势。     

Active oxygen metabolism in the floral buds and leaves of the new cytoplasm male sterile (CMS) line and its maintainer line of non-heading Chinese cabbage

The cytoplasm male sterile (CMS) line and its maintainer line of the newly-bred non-heading Chinese cabbage were taken as experimental materials. The production rate of superoxide anion radical (O₂ ⁻), contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) as well as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were determined in buds of different developmental stages and leaves during vegetative and florescence stages. As showed by the results, there were higher levels of MDA and H₂O₂ contents, higher O₂ ⁻ production rate and higher activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in the buds of the CMS lines than that in the buds of the fertile lines, while the APX activity was different from the other three enzymes above. There were differences in activities of protective enzymes in leaves but no significant differences in MDA contents and O₂ ⁻ production rate, which showed that the differences in metabolism of active oxygen between CMS and its maintainer were mainly apparent in reproductive organs. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2006, 29(1): 18–22 [译自: 南京农业大学学报]     

肠杆菌对蓼科植物镉砷污染土壤修复机理研究

通过盆栽试验研究了接种不同浓度肠杆菌对镉-砷复合污染土壤上蓼科植物水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)和酸模叶蓼(Polygonum lapathifolium L.)生长、镉砷富集及抗氧化酶系统和非酶系统的影响。结果发现:接种肠杆菌显著提高水蓼和酸模叶蓼株高、株质量及叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量。当接种浓度为3.4×107CFU g-1土时,水蓼和酸模叶蓼根际土壤pH降低了0.35个和0.28个单位,根茎叶中的镉和砷含量分别为对照的1.64~2.74倍和1.21~2.51倍。接种肠杆菌还可以提高叶片中SOD、POD和CAT的活性以及GSH和PCs的含量,降低O-2和MDA的含量,缓解重金属的毒害。结果表明,接种肠杆菌能通过提高植株抗氧化酶活性来减轻镉砷富集对水蓼和酸模叶蓼的胁迫,从而提高水蓼和酸模叶蓼对镉-砷复合污染土壤的修复效率。     

Comparative analysis of genomes in Oryza sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana with C 0 t-1 DNA and genomic DNA of cultivated rice

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were applied to somatic chromosome preparations of Oryza sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana with labeled probes of C ₀ t-1 DNA and genomic DNA from cultivated rice. The coverage percentage (%) and size (Mb) of C ₀ t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 47.1 ± 0.16, 38.61 ± 0.13, 44.38 ± 0.13 and 212.33 ± 1.21, 269.42 ± 0.89, 532.56 ± 1.68, respectively. The coverage percentage and size of probe signals with genomic DNA from O. sativa in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 91.0%, 93.6% and 634 Mb, 1 123 Mb respectively, in which there were 365 and 591 Mb in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana which came from O. sativa genomic DNA not from repetitive sequences of O. sativa, and the uncovered genome size in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana was 64 and 78 Mb, respectively. In addition, karyotype analysis was conducted based on the signal bands of C ₀ t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana. The results showed that highly and moderately repetitive sequences in Oryza genus were conserved as the functional genes during the evolution process. The repetitive sequence reduplication might be one of the important causes of genome enlargement in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana; the O. officinalis genome enlarged more slowly compared with O. meyeriana. Based on the above results, it is concluded that O. officinalis and O. meyeriana formed by reduplication, rearrangement and gene selective loss during the evolution process. Translated from Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(6): 1083–1090 [译自: 中国农业科学]     

The allelopathy of Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze, an invasive weed species

To identify the allelopathic effect of Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze (F. bidenti) on other plants, the effects of different extracts from F. bidentis on the growth of several plants were studied by bioassay. Results showed that the water extracts inhibited the growth of corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), cotton (Gassypium Hirsutum L.), soybean (Glycine hispida L.), peanut (Arachi shypogaea L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) and rigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), with the most reactive indexes found in root and stem of cotton at −0.85 and −0.88, respectively, at a concentration of 0.2 g·mL⁻¹. However, the water extracts accelerated the growth of rice. In addition, the reactive indexes of the extracts of petroleum ether chloroform, ethyl acetate, acet and alcohol were higher than that of the water extracts, and that of the acet extracts was the highest. The melting point of the refined acetone extract ranged from 192.5°C to 193.5°C, and its maximum absorbing wavelength was 220 nm. This extract was found to be herbicide-active and played an inhibitory role in the growth of crabgrass and rigweed at concentrations of 1000, 500, 100 and 50 mg·L⁻¹. __________ Translated from Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 2007, 30(6): 63–67 [译自 : 河北农业大学学报]     

Effect of Glomus versiforme inoculation on reactive oxygen metabolism of Citrus tangerine leaves exposed to water stress

In a potted greenhouse experiment, Citrus tangerine Hort. ex Tanaka was inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch, or non-AM fungus as control. Arbuscular mycorrhizal and non-AM seedlings were grown under well-watered or water-stressed conditions after 97 days of acclimation. The reactive oxygen metabolism of C. tangerine leaves was studied in order to elucidate whether AM symbiosis affects enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The results showed that water stress caused a decrement of 33% for the colonization of G. versiforme on C. tangerine roots. Under well-watered and water-stressed conditions, G. versiforme inoculation increased the leaf phosphorus (P) content by 45% and 27%, and decreased the leaf malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents by 25% and 21%, and 16% and 16%, respectively, compared with the control. Inoculation with G. versiforme enhanced the activities of leaf superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, and increased the contents of leaf soluble protein, ascorbate and total ascorbate notably, regardless of soil moisture conditions. Under water-stressed conditions, G. versiforme inoculation decreased the leaf superoxide anion radical (O ₂ ^·− ) content by 31%. It is concluded that drought resistance of C. tangerine leaves is enhanced due to the improvement of reactive oxygen metabolism after G. versiforme inoculation. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(4): 825–830 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Directional transduction of male sterile gene rfv 1 of NIAN type in wheat

A new method for producing a NIAN type wheat maintenance line with the male sterile gene rfv ₁ was described. That is the variety Xinong Fp1, a 1BL/1RS translocation line, as the acceptor and Triticum macha var. subletschchumicum, a non-1BL/1RS translocation line, as the donor, a directional substitution backcross was made and confirmed by chromosome of root tip preparations and SDS-PAGE analysis. The male sterile gene rfv ₁ of Triticum macha var. subletschchumicum was transferred to the genome of Xinong Fp1. A new NIAN type wheat maintenance line with the male sterile gene rfv ₁ was bred. The method described was successful in breeding a new male sterile type for hybrid wheat production. __________ Translated from Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2008, 28(1): 21–24 [译自: 麦类作物学报]     

Characteristics of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from winter-fallowed paddy fields in hilly areas of South China

With closed static chamber and modified gas chromatograph (HP5890II), the in situ measurements were made on the CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O emissions from winter-followed paddy fields in the hilly areas of South China. Gas samples were taken simultaneously from the fields with and without rice stubble. The results showed that both of the fields had the peak value of CO₂ flux in the later afternoon. In the fields with and without rice stubble, the CH₄ flux was positive in the day time while negative in the night, and the N₂O flux in the day time was 1.79 and 1.58 times as much as that in the night, respectively. The diurnal average CO₂ flux in the plot with rice residue was significantly higher than that of bare plot (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated that CO₂ flux in the winter-fallowed paddy fields had significant correlations with soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm, above-ground temperature and air temperature, suggesting that temperature was the main factor affecting CO₂ emission from rice fields after harvesting. During the observation time (from November 10, 2003 to January 18, 2004), the average CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes in the field with rice residue were (180.69 ± 21.21) mg/m²·h, (−0.04±0.01) and (21.26±19.31) μg/m²·h, respectively. Compared with bare fields, the CO₂ flux in the field with rice residue was 13.06% higher, CH₄ absorption increased by 50%, while N₂O flux was 60.75% lower. It was concluded that the winter-fallowed paddy field in hilly areas of South China was the source of atmospheric CO₂ and N₂O, and the sink of atmospheric CH₄. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(1): 57–62 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Suitable condition of enzymatic reactivity for determining the digestibility of feedstuffs phosphorus in vitro by dialysis tube method

In order to develop a new method for determining the phosphorus (P) digestibility in vitro in feedstuffs by dialysis tube, a L₃₂(4⁹) orthogonal experiment with eight factors (4 levels for each factor) and a single factor experiment on the enzymatic reactivity were carried out. The sequence of significance of the eight factors on sample-P dialyzability was as follows: trypsin digestion for 6 h, dialyzing solution at 100 mL, pH of pepsin solution at 2.5, pepsin concentration at 2000 U·mL⁻¹ pepsin digestion for 100 min, at temperature of 35°C, trypsin concentration at 1625 U·mL⁻¹, and pH of trypsin solution at 6.5, respectively. And in vitro dialyzabilities of P in soybean meal, barley, sorghum, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal were (36.91 ± 0.58)%, (27.28 ± 0.94)%, (26.95 ± 0.58)%, (30.51 ± 0.83)%, and (20.82 ± 1.09)%, respectively. __________ Translated from Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2007, 28(3): 85–89 [译自: 华南农业大学学报]     

The application of asymmetric PCR-SSCP in gene mutation detecting

The advantages and disadvantages of asymmetric PCR-SSCP and the traditional PCR-SSCP were compared in this study. The mutations in 3′UTR of Smad4 gene of Luxi cattle and the Holstein cow were analyzed by asymmetric PCR-SSCP and one insert “T” mutation and one G/A mutation in this region were found. The G/A mutation created a HhaI restriction enzyme digestion position and the frequencies studied by asymmetric PCR-SSCP and HhaI-RFLP in 116 Luxi cattle and 75 Holstein cows were all the same. The asymmetric PCR-SSCP had fewer, clearer and more stabile bands than traditional PCR-SSCP. This indicates that the asymmetric PCR-SSCP is suited for mutation detection. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition), 2007, 35(6): 15–18, 23 [译自: 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)]     

假结核耶尔森氏菌rpoS基因的抗胁迫功能

为探讨食源性病原微生物假结核耶尔森氏菌的抗逆机制,采用同源重组原理进行双交换以获得rpoS基因突变株。分别在5mmol/L H_2O_2和pH 3.5两种胁迫下测定野生型菌株、rpoS基因突变株和互补菌株的存活率,并以2′,7′-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐(DCFH-DA)为荧光探针,测定两种胁迫下细菌胞内活性氧水平。结果显示,在5mmol/L H_2O_2和pH3.5胁迫下,假结核耶尔森氏菌rpoS基因突变株存活率明显降低,这种降低能够在互补菌株中得到恢复;突变株中胞内活性氧自由基水平明显高于野生型菌株和互补菌株。说明:rpoS基因具有帮助假结核耶尔森氏菌抗氧化胁迫和酸胁迫的功能,且这一功能的发挥是通过调节胞内活性氧水平实现的。     

Physiological analysis on pre-harvest sprouting in recombinant inbred rice lines

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in rice production is usually caused by high temperature and humidity or continuous rains. It frequently happens in F₁ in hybrid rice seed production. The PHS or “Physiologically germinated” seeds are of lower quality, by which the hybrid rice seed production is badly affected every three years at a loss of 20% or even 50% yield in seed production over the vast Yangtse River Valley and Southwest China. It is estimated that PHS causes an average decrease of seed activity by 10%. A recombinant inbred line population including 304 lines, derived from a cross between Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Zhong-156 and Gumei-2, was used to study the PHS physiology. Based on the data of sprouting rate in panicles and sprouting rate in grains, two kinds of lines, namely easy-to-sprout lines and hard-to-sprout lines, were selected to investigate their physiological differences when PHS happened. The experiment was conducted in a special field with a microclimate of higher temperature and humidity. The results indicated that it was easier to produce PHS from the female parent GM-2 than the male parent ZH-156, besides, the GA₁ content and amylase activity in GM-2 grains were higher than those in ZH-156. However, the abscisic acid (ABA) content in GM-2 grains was lower than that in ZH-156. Higher temperature and higher humidity facilitated the GA₁ increment from milk ripe stage to yellow ripe stage. GM-2 and the easily-sprouting lines showed an even higher increase in GA₁ than ZH-156 and the hardly-sprouting lines, which enhanced the amylase activity and induced pre-harvest sprouting. This may be the physiological basis for pre-harvest sprouting induced by higher temperature and higher humidity, and these special characteristics must be inherited from their parents. __________ Translated from Acta Agronomoca Sinica, 2006, 32(5): 728–733 [译自: 作物学报]     

Effect of ecological environments on subspecies characteristics and economic traits in filial generations of cross between indica and japonica rice

Two recombinant inbred lines (RILs) populations, RILSA derived from the cross between “Zhongyouzao8” (indica) and “Toyonihiki” (japonica) rice cultivars, and RILSB derived from the cross between “Qishanzhan” (indica) and “Akihikari” (japonica) rice cultivars, were grown in Liaoning and Sichuan Provinces, China to understand the effects of ecological environments on the subspecies characteristics and economic traits in filial generations of cross between indica and japonica. The results showed that both the subspecies characteristics and economic traits changed significantly. The effects of ecological environments on Cheng’s index and six subspecies characteristics were different on the basis of populations or characteristics. The distribution of Cheng’s index in RILSA was japonicalinous in Liaoning and Sichuan. The distribution of Cheng’s index in RILSB approached to normal distribution in Liaoning, but it was japonicalinous in Sichuan. As a whole, the two populations were more japonicalious in Sichuan than in Liaoning. The panicle number, seed setting rate and per-thousand-grain weight were decreased significantly in Sichuan. The grain number per panicle showed no significant change. A significant positive correlation was found between Cheng’s index and the economic traits, including six subspecies traits. It suggested that the reason that the filial generation of cross between indica and japonica in northern China showed japonicanous subspecies characteristics might be the artificial selection by breeders on the economic traits. In addition, indica-japonica differentiation and the relationship with ecological environments were discussed. __________ Translated from Progress in Natural Science, 2007, 17(8): 42–47 [译自: 自然科学进展]     

Integration of C4-specific PPDK gene of maize to C3 rice and its characteristics in relation to photosynthesis

Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) is a key enzyme in photosynthesis in some plants that exploit the C₄ photosynthetic pathway for the fixation of CO₂. The C₄-specific PPDK encoding pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase was introduced into C₃ plant, a rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. indica IR64) mediated by biolistic and Agrobacterium transformation. The C₄-PPDK gene of maize was integrated to indica IR64 with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Southern blotting. The total nitrogen of flag leaves of transgenic IR64 was analyzed with Kjeldahl method for quantitative determination of nitrogen, indicating that the total nitrogen of flag leaves of most transgenic IR64 was higher than that of non-transgenic control IR64 formants in the greenhouse. The maximum value of total nitrogen of flag leaves was 3.61% among transgenic IR64 plants, 1.07% higher than that of non-transgenic control IR64 formants. The total nitrogen of flag leaves of transgenic IR64 was increased by 42.1%. The factors for yield of transgenic IR64 plants were analyzed, indicating there was a greater difference in yield-forming factors among transgenic IR64 plants in the greenhouse, i.e. dried plant weight, harvested index and so on. Thus, it could help rice breeders select different materials for breeding. Translated from Molecular Plant Breeding, 2006, 4(6): 797–804 [译自: 分子植物育种]