不同采收期鸭梨果皮脂氧合酶同工酶的变化及其与果实褐变关系的研究

以鸭梨为试材,采用非变性PAGE研究了急速降温和缓慢降温处理对不同采收成熟度(早采、中采、晚采)的鸭梨贮藏期间果皮脂氧合酶(LOX)同工酶的变化及其与果实褐变的关系。结果表明,采后鸭梨果皮中的LOX同工酶有9条酶带,其中有三条主酶带B、F和H;不同采收成熟度和不同降温方法处理的鸭梨果皮的LOX同工酶带有所差异,其表达量的顺序为:晚采果早采果中采果,急速降温果缓慢降温果。这一结果与果实褐变指数晚采果早采果中采果、急速降温果缓慢降温果的趋势一致,说明采后鸭梨果皮LOX同工酶的表达量与鸭梨果实的褐变关系密切。鸭梨于9月中旬采收结合缓慢降温贮藏,可减少采后果实的褐变,保持良好的品质,延长贮藏期。     

降温方法对不同采收成熟度鸭梨果心PPO活性及褐变影响的研究

研究了急速与缓慢降温对早、中、晚3种不同采收成熟度鸭梨果心PPO活性及褐变的影响。结果表明,在贮藏过程中,中期采收成熟度（9月中旬）的鸭梨果实采用缓慢降温处理方法可较好地抑制果心PPO酶的活性及推迟酶活性高峰的出现,减少果心褐变的发生,提高鸭梨的贮藏效果与商品价值。     

鸭梨内在品质与低O_2高CO_2诱导组织褐变的关系初探

为研究鸭梨可溶性固形物(SSC)等内在品质对其组织褐变发生的影响,进而为鸭梨组织褐变采前防控技术提供理论依据,利用K-BA100R型无损水果糖度检测仪,按SSC高低对鸭梨进行分级,贮于0℃环境中,分别采用1%O2+10%CO2浓度的气体进行诱导褐变处理15 d和30 d,分析鸭梨果实采后品质与其组织褐变的关系。结果表明,诱导处理30 d,鸭梨果皮和果肉褐变指数与SSC分别呈极显著(R=0.999,R=0.992)正相关,与果实单果重呈显著(R=0.965,R=0.959)正相关,与可滴定酸(TA)含量呈显著负相关(R=-0.958,R=-0.966)。随着诱导时间的延长,果实组织褐变程度越重,TA和VC含量下降明显,且鸭梨果皮、果肉和果心组织的细胞膜透性增大。同时,在鸭梨果皮组织中,N、Ca和B元素的含量越高,则果皮无褐变或褐变程度较轻;在果肉和果心组织中,无褐变或褐变相对较轻的果实,其K和B元素含量较高;褐变程度较重的果实,其组织中的Ca含量较低。表明鸭梨果实的TA与VC含量及K、B、Ca等元素含量与其组织褐变关系密切,提高鸭梨果实的内在品质可在一定程度上减少褐变的发生,而SSC含量与高CO2伤害型黑心病的发生程度无明显规律。     

套袋对鸭梨采后生理及贮藏品质的影响

以鸭梨为试材,研究了田间套袋对常温(25±2)℃下鸭梨果实呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率以及果实低温(0±0.5)℃贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,套袋并未推迟或提前常温下鸭梨果实的呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰,但套袋鸭梨的呼吸高峰低于未套袋鸭梨,而乙烯释放高峰无明显差别。采摘时,套袋鸭梨较未套袋鸭梨果实硬度大、可滴定酸含量高,VC含量低;随着贮藏时间的延长,套袋和未套袋鸭梨果实硬度均有所下降,但套袋鸭梨果实硬度下降更为迅速;可溶性固形物含量(SSC)在贮藏过程中整体上升,贮藏后期(210 d)套袋鸭梨果实SSC显著高于未套袋果实(P0.05),而之前两者无显著差异;套袋鸭梨果实TA含量较未套袋鸭梨下降更为迅速;贮藏初期套装鸭梨果实VC含量较低,但在贮藏后期这种差别已不明显;套袋鸭梨果心褐变指数较低,未套袋鸭梨果心总酚含量高且下降更为迅速,其PPO活性显著高于套袋鸭梨(P0.05),相关性分析表明鸭梨果心褐变指数与PPO活性呈极显著正相关(P0.01),说明套袋处理对抑制鸭梨贮藏期间果心褐变具有显著效果。     

阶段降温处理对冷藏南果梨褐变调控效应的影响

以南果梨为试材．研究了阶段降温处理对冷藏期间南果梨果实褐变指数、呼吸强度、乙烯生产量及衰老与褐变因子的影响。结果表明,阶段降温处理可增加果实呼吸强度和乙烯生成量;提高果实总酚含量和膜相对透性及PPO和SOD活性．延缓果实贮藏后期SOD活性的下降,抑制膜脂过氧化产物MDA的积累及果实褐变的发生率;同时,经阶段降温处理后的南果梨果实成熟度高于对照组,出库时风味更好．商品价值更高。     

不同采收成熟度黑宝石李冷藏期间品质变化的研究

对3种不同采收成熟度黑宝石李果实在冷藏期间的品质变化进行了研究。结果表明,贮藏过程中随着果实成熟度的增加,果实硬度逐渐降低,花青素和可溶性固形物（TSS）含量增加,果肉褐变度和腐烂指数增加;中等成熟度的果实在贮藏期间能保持较高的硬度和TSS含量,贮藏后期腐烂指数较低,风味品质最佳,是适宜贮藏的最佳采收成熟度。     

不同降温方式对薄皮甜瓜贮藏品质的影响

以"日本甜宝"甜瓜为试验材料,采用急速与缓慢两种降温方式降至6℃贮藏,定期测定与甜瓜果实贮藏品质相关的指标,分析比较不同降温方式对薄皮甜瓜贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:在贮藏前期(0～4 d),急速降温的果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量下降缓慢;在贮藏16～20 d,缓慢降温的果实硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量高于急降果实,乙烯释放量低于急降果实。缓慢降温甜瓜果皮亮度高、色泽好,贮藏末期酯类物质含量较高;且在贮藏12～16 d保持了较高的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性。贮藏20～28 d,急速降温果实MDA含量、腐烂率高于缓慢降温果实。因此,缓慢降温较急速降温更适于甜瓜的贮藏保鲜。     

赤霉素处理对鸭梨果实乙烯代谢和贮藏品质的影响

测定了赤霉素（GA3）处理对鸭梨果实组织乙烯生物合成和贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,10mg／LGA3处理就可抑制鸭梨果实组织圆片乙烯的产生。添加1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）实验表明,GA3处理能抑制鸭梨果实组织转化ACC形成乙烯的能力。采后100mg／LGA3处理能有效地抑制20℃贮藏鸭梨果实乙烯释放量,使果实保持较高的硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量。100mg／LGA3处理还将0℃贮藏鸭梨果心褐变率和褐变指数分别降低了44．8％和51．2％。研究结果为改善鸭梨果实品质和控制生理病害提供了依据。     

缓慢降温对石榴果实冷害发生及生理变化的影响

对缓慢降温处理后石榴果实在冷害温度下的生理反应进行了研究,旨在为石榴果实采后保鲜提供理论依据。以新疆大籽石榴为试材,研究了0℃低温胁迫及缓慢降温对石榴果实采后生理的影响结果表明,与0℃的低温相比,缓慢降温处理减缓石榴果皮细胞膜透性的升高以及膜脂质过氧化物丙二醛的积累,抑制了多酚氧化酶活性的增加及减少了酚类物质的氧化,明显推迟和减轻石榴果实冷害症状的发生,减轻了果皮的褐变,保持果实品质。     

1-MCP对南果梨冷藏防褐保鲜作用的初探

以南果梨为试材,在冷藏条件下,采用1-MCP处理技术对南果梨果实不同部位褐变底物及相关酶的变化规律进行研究。结果表明,1-MCP处理可显著地抑制果实呼吸强度,明显地抑制果实中酚类物质变化,抑制了果实中多酚氧化酶活性、脂氧合酶活性、丙二醛含量、果皮相对电导率上升,延缓果皮叶绿素含量、果皮褐变指数的变化进程。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...