流产布鲁菌ppdk基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性分析

布鲁菌病是由布鲁菌感染引起的呈全球性分布的人畜共患细菌性传染病。布鲁菌是一种兼性胞内菌,感染宿主依赖多种基因的表达和调控。近年来,胞内菌的碳代谢与致病力的关系成为研究的热点。前期研究发现碳代谢相关的丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(ppdk)基因与布鲁菌毒力相关。本研究利用同源重组方法构建流产布鲁菌ppdk基因缺失株,通过环境压力因子耐受性实验、胞内存活实验和动物致病性实验等探讨ppdk基因对布鲁菌毒力的影响。结果显示,ppdk基因缺失能减弱布鲁菌对多粘菌素B和大牛血清的抵抗性,减弱细菌胞内存活的能力和对小鼠的致病力,表明ppdk基因与流产布鲁菌的毒力密切相关。     

深度测序技术分析小鼠巨噬细胞感染布鲁菌16M株的转录组学变化

布鲁菌病是由布鲁菌引起的一种人兽共患性传染病,曾被用作生物恐怖战剂。本研究利用深度测序技术对布鲁菌感染小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264．7的转录组学轮廓进行了描述。在感染后4h,筛选出差异表达基因3576个,其中58％的基因表现上调;在感染后24h,筛选出差异表达基因3962个,其中45％的基因表现上调。并且在感染后24h内,变化显著的基因都是与炎症、免疫、吞噬、凋亡紧密相关的。进而我们分析了在感染后24h内显著变化的代谢途径,这些代谢途径包括内质网代谢途径、溶酶体代谢途径、及与凋亡相关的代谢途径;及被显著富集的信号通路,这些信号通路包括凋亡通路、NOD受体信号通路、Fc γR介导的吞噬通路、溶酶体信号通路、p53信号通路、内质网相关蛋白的通路;并且发现B细胞受体和toll样受体信号通路在感染后24h与感染后4h相比被显著富集。本研究建立的巨噬细胞感染布鲁菌后差异表达基因数据库,将为布鲁菌致病机制的逐步阐述奠定基础。     

深度测序技术分析布鲁菌感染巨噬细胞RAW264.7早期转录组学变化

本研究试图寻找参与布鲁菌胞内感染相关的宿主相关基因,为从感染宿主角度阐述布鲁菌的致病机制奠定基础.布鲁菌感染小鼠巨噬细胞后,利用数字基因表达谱技术筛选小鼠巨噬细胞感染布鲁菌16M株的差异表达基因,并利用荧光定量PCR对差异表达基因进行验证.差异表达基因经GO Term、KEGG分析,识别感染后显著富集的信号通路.在感染后4h,筛选出差异表达基因3 576个,其中58％的基因表现上调.并且NOD凋亡信号通路、溶酶体信号通路、NOD受体信号通路、FcγR-介导的吞噬通路、p53信号通路、内质网蛋白处理相关通路被显著富集.利用数字基因表达谱技术成功分析巨噬细胞感染布鲁菌后转录组学变化,为布鲁菌致病机制的逐步阐述奠定基础.     

布鲁菌S2疫苗株免疫牛与牛种、羊种布鲁菌自然感染牛ELISA鉴别诊断方法的建立

为建立区分猪种布鲁菌S2疫苗株接种奶牛与布鲁菌自然感染奶牛,BLAST比对分析羊种、牛种、猪种、犬种、沙林鼠种和绵羊种6种布鲁菌基因序列,发现repA-related基因是猪种布鲁菌与牛种及羊种布鲁菌的差异基因。设计引物PCR扩增获得repA-related基因片段,克隆并原核表达得到了布鲁菌repA-related融合蛋白,以repA-related蛋白建立间接ELISA检测方法。用repA-related蛋白间接ELISA检测猪种S2疫苗株接种动物血清为阳性,检测牛种和羊种布鲁菌自然感染动物血清为阴性。repA-related蛋白间接ELISA能从试管凝聚实验(SAT)及常规ELISA检测阳性的奶牛血清样本中,区分出S2疫苗接种牛与牛种布鲁菌感染牛。     

布鲁菌S2疫苗株免疫牛与牛种、羊种布鲁菌自然感染牛ELISA鉴别诊断方法的建立

为建立区分猪种布鲁菌S2疫苗株接种奶牛与布鲁菌自然感染奶牛,BLAST比对分析羊种、牛种、猪种、犬种、沙林鼠种和绵羊种6种布鲁菌基因序列,发现repA—related基因是猪种布鲁菌与牛种及羊种布鲁菌的差异基因。设计引物PCR扩增获得repA-related基因片段,克隆并原核表达得到了布鲁菌repA—related融合蛋白,以repArelated蛋白建立间接EI．IsA检测方法。用repA—related蛋白间接ELISA检测猪种s2疫苗株接种动物血清为阳性,检测牛种和羊种布鲁菌自然感染动物血清为阴性。repA—related蛋白间接EusA能从试管凝聚实验（SAT）及常规ELIsA检测阳性的奶牛血清样本中,区分出s2疫苗接种牛与牛种布鲁菌感染牛。     

布鲁菌感染小鼠RAW264.7细胞对IRG1基因的表达调控作用

针对小鼠RAW264.7细胞IRG1基因设计4个RNA干扰靶位,筛选出最佳干扰序列构建shRNA慢病毒载体质粒并包装获得慢病毒颗粒,进而经嘌呤霉素筛选获得稳转细胞系,实现IRG1基因在RAW264.7细胞基因表达的沉默。并通过布鲁菌16M株及M5株感染基因沉默细胞对IRG1基因在布鲁菌感染中的作用进行研究。结果表明,慢病毒介导的shRNA高效、稳定地沉默了IRG1基因的表达,布鲁菌侵染RAW264.7细胞后IRG1基因表达上调。本试验为IRG1基因及相关调控基因抗布鲁菌病作用研究奠定了基础。     

流产布鲁菌LysR家族转录调控子LTTR8缺失株的构建及其生物学特性分析

布鲁菌是一种重要的人畜共患病病原,兼性胞内寄生,无典型毒力因子,毒力相关基因的研究对阐明布鲁菌持续感染的机制具有重要意义。本研究以流产布鲁菌S2308为亲本株,通过同源重组的方法,构建流产布鲁菌LysR家族转录调控子基因bab＿RS24670缺失株ΔlttR8,基于广宿主质粒pBBR1MCS构建成互补株ΔlttR8-Com。免疫印迹试验表明：ΔlttR8为光滑型菌株;体外培养分析发现lttR8缺失不影响布鲁菌的生长;细胞感染试验发现lttR8缺失不影响布鲁菌黏附、入侵细胞和胞内存活的能力。耐受性试验分析发现：lttR8缺失不影响布鲁菌对过氧化氢（H2O2）和多粘菌素B(polymyxin B)的敏感性。小鼠感染试验分析发现lttR8缺失显著减弱流产布鲁菌的毒力。综上所述,本研究发现一个新的与流产布鲁菌致病性相关的转录调控子,为布鲁菌致病机制研究提供参考。     

野生动物感染布鲁菌的研究进展

布鲁菌病是一种分布广泛的重要人兽共患病,多年来已经证实许多种类的陆地野生动物和海洋哺乳动物存在布鲁菌感染.目前已经鉴定了9种布鲁菌,能感染野生动物并呈现临床病症的致病性布鲁菌种包括羊种布鲁菌(B.melitensis)、猪种布鲁菌(B.suis)、牛种布鲁菌(B.abortus)、犬种布鲁菌(B.canis)、沙林鼠布鲁菌(B.neotomae)等5种,可感染野牛、鹿、羚羊、野兔、海豚和鲸等动物,并具有或潜在具有传播给人类的能力.论文重点对野牛、野羊、野猪、野鹿、野鼠、狐狸、骆驼、北极熊、海豚和海豹等动物布鲁菌感染状况的研究进展进行综述,表明这些动物均能易感并表现不同的布鲁菌病临床病症.野生动物布鲁菌病的发生与家畜和人的布鲁菌病防控密切相关,必须予以关注.     

猪布鲁菌S2omp10基因缺失株的构建及特性

现有的布鲁菌减毒活疫苗存在一定毒力,且野强毒株和减毒活疫苗株间缺少可供鉴别的抗原,导致在血清学检测上自然感染与疫苗接种很难区分,限制了现有的减毒活疫苗的广泛应用.本文拟对布鲁菌的减毒活疫苗株S2进行遗传改造,克服上述缺陷.本研究利用同源重组的方法,得到了布鲁菌S2株omp10基因缺失株.分别用基因缺失株和疫苗株感染小鼠,比较基因缺失株小鼠体内的存活能力.结果成功构建了布鲁菌S2株omp10基因缺失株,动物试验结果表明,基因缺失株仍能在小鼠体内存活,具备作为减毒活疫苗的特性.与原始S2株比较,基因缺失株的感染力进一步减弱.表明omp10基因在布鲁菌的毒力及体内生存方面发挥了作用,为基因标记疫苗的研制奠定了基础.     

山东省沂水县羊群布鲁菌病基线调查

布鲁菌病(以下简称布病)是由布鲁菌感染动物和人,造成生殖系统损害为主、可能伴随骨胳和多器官损坏的一种人兽共患传染病。该病可以动物中以牛羊感染常见,猪、犬等多种动物均可感染,以羊种布鲁菌对人造成的感染最为严重[1],布病的流行不仅会对养殖业造成巨大损失,而且具有非常重要的公共卫生意义。     

Brucella: a pathogen without classic virulence genes

The first species of Brucella was isolated and characterized almost 120 years ago and recently the complete nucleotide sequences of the genomes of a number of well-characterized Brucella strains have been determined. However, compared to other bacterial pathogens relatively little is known about the factors contributing to its persistence in the host and multiplication within phagocytic cells. Also, many aspects of interaction between Brucella and their host remain unclear. Molecular characterization of intracellular survival process of Brucella is important as it will provide guidance for prevention and control. One of the features that distinguish Brucella is that they do not express classical virulence factors. Thus identification of virulence factors has been elusive and some of the identifications are putative. Disruption of putative virulence genes and studying their effect on attenuation in cell lines or mouse models is a widely used method. However, in most cases it is not apparent whether the mutated genes encode virulence factors or merely affect metabolic pathways of the pathogen. In addition, some mutations in Brucella can be compensated by redundancy or backup mechanisms. This review will examine known virulence genes (real and putative) identified to date and the mechanisms that contribute to the intracellular survival of Brucella and its ability to establish chronic infection.     

多浪羊与小尾寒羊皮下脂肪组织转录组分析

旨在探索多浪羊（D组）与小尾寒羊（X组）皮下脂肪组织中的特异性表达基因,并研究其潜在的作用,为理解绵羊脂肪组织发育规律以及对脂代谢相关疾病的预防和治疗研究提供依据。本研究选取脂肪沉积能力存在差异、健康无病、体况良好、种内个体体重相近（约50 kg）的雌性成年多浪羊和小尾寒羊为试验材料,分为D组（试验组）和X组（对照组）,每组3个重复,采集位于背最长肌的皮下脂肪组织,应用RNA-Seq技术和生物信息学方法进行转录组测序并对结果进行分析。以|Fold change|≥2,P adjust≤0.05为标准筛选差异表达基因,通过对差异表达基因进行GO功能注释和KEGG通路富集分析,得到与脂肪沉积和脂代谢有关的差异基因。为了验证测序数据的可靠性,本研究随机选取了6个差异表达基因进行qRT-PCR验证。结果显示,在6个样本中共检测到38 672个已知的mRNAs,新的mRNAs为1 606个,在两组中共有839个差异表达基因,其中有320个差异基因在多浪羊组中上调表达,有519个差异基因在多浪羊组中下调表达。通过GO功能注释分析发现,差异表达基因主要参与脂质分解代谢过程、脂质生物合成过程、脂质分解代谢负调控过程、MAPK级联反应调控、对甘油三酯的反应等生物学过程。KEGG通路富集结果显示,差异表达基因显著富集到了PI3K-Akt、MAPK、胰岛素以及PPAR等信号通路中。qRT-PCR结果与测序结果一致,表明测序结果可靠。通过对多浪羊和小尾寒羊皮下脂肪组织进行转录组测序以及生物信息学分析,筛选到与脂肪沉积和脂代谢相关的差异表达基因,这些基因主要参与脂质生物合成、脂质代谢等过程,其中COL1A1、AKT2、SCD、LPL、PCK1与PPP2R5A可能在多浪羊与小尾寒羊的皮下脂肪组织的沉积与代谢中发挥重要作用。     

Arginine metabolism and its functions in growth,nutrient utilization,and immunonutrition of fish

Fish have limited ability in endogenous biosynthesis of arginine. Arginine is an indispensable amino acid for fish, and the arginine requirement varies with fish species and fish size. Recent studies on fish have demonstrated that arginine influences nutrient metabolism, stimulates insulin release, is involved in nonspecific immune responses and antioxidant responses, and elevates disease resistance. Specifically, arginine can regulate energy homeostasis via modulating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, and also regulate protein synthesis via activating the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway. The present article reviews pertinent knowledge of arginine in fish, including dietary quantitative requirements, endogenous anabolism and catabolism, regulation of the endocrine and metabolic systems, and immune-regulatory functions under pathogenic challenge. Our findings showed that further data about the distribution of arginine after intake into specific cells, its sub-cellular sensor to initiate downstream signaling pathways, and its effects on fish mucosal immunity, especially the adaptive immune response against pathogenic infection in different species, are urgently needed.     

布鲁氏菌胞内存活机制与巨噬细胞极化关系研究进展

布鲁氏菌（Brucella）是一种兼性胞内寄生致病菌,虽无典型的毒力因子却有很强的致病力,且常导致慢性持续感染。布鲁氏菌病被列入世界上严重的人兽共患病之一,直接对畜牧业造成重大经济损失,严重威胁人类健康和公共卫生安全。布鲁氏菌感染的靶细胞主要是巨噬细胞,其发展了更高的策略逃逸宿主免疫细胞的杀伤,甚至在细胞内大量繁殖,削弱巨噬细胞的功能,使巨噬细胞的杀伤作用和抗原递呈功能部分丧失,从而能在宿主细胞内长期持续性感染。文章围绕布鲁氏菌胞内存活机制进行探讨,分析了不同极化类型的巨噬细胞在布鲁氏菌感染过程中的调控作用,以及相关炎症通路对机体炎症发展的作用;揭示了布鲁氏菌胞内生存不仅可适应持续感染期间不同的免疫微环境,也可适应感染期间靶细胞营养物质利用率的差异;证实了在慢性感染的过程中免疫逃避和与宿主细胞代谢的相互作用起关键作用;解释了NF-κB通路是调节M1/M2型巨噬细胞亚型平衡状态的关键因素。布鲁氏菌在宿主细胞中持续感染是国内外学者所面临的巨大难题,其免疫逃逸机制和致病机制仍需进一步研究。     

Update on the role of innate immune receptors during Brucella abortus infection

The innate immune system constitutes an efficient defense mechanism against invading microbial pathogens. Recent studies have revealed the intracellular signaling cascades involved in the TLR-initiated immune response to Brucella spp. infection. However, there is a piece of the puzzle missing that is the role of non-TLR receptors in innate immunity. The involvement of TLR receptors in brucellosis has been investigated by different research groups. It was demonstrated that TLR2 clearly does not play any role in controlling Brucella abortus infection in vivo, whereas TLR9 has been shown to be required for clearance of this bacterium in infected mice. The participation of adaptor molecules, such as MyD88 and TRIF has also been discussed. Recently, we and others have reported the critical role of MyD88- and not TRIF-mediated signaling in dendritic cell maturation and in vivo resistance during B. abortus infection. However, the relationship between specific Brucella molecules and non-TLR receptors and signal transduction pathways needs to be better understood. It is now clear that the interaction between TLRs and recently identified cytosolic innate immune sensors is crucial for mounting effective immune responses. Finally, this review discusses the mechanisms used by Brucella to escape detection by the host innate immune system.     

Snail家族基因功能研究进展

Snail家族基因编码具有锌指结构的转录因子,通过结合下游基因参与了多个生理水平的调控,在上皮-间质转化、胚胎发育、免疫调节、癌细胞迁移等方面具有广泛的生物学功能。Snail家族基因参与了脂肪的生成和脂代谢过程,同时也是肌生成决定因子(MyoD)的下游靶基因,也可能参与了肌肉发育调控。因此,Snail家族基因在脂肪生成、肌肉发育及脂代谢等方面发挥了重要作用,是影响哺乳动物特别是农业动物产肉性能和肉品质的一类重要候选功能基因。作者介绍了Snail家族基因及其蛋白结构和基本生物学功能,简述了Snail家族参与Wnt/β-catenin、Notch 等信号通路的调控作用方式,总结了Snail家族基因在哺乳动物脂肪生成和肌肉发育中的作用和调控方式。然而,目前关于Snail家族基因在协同参与哺乳动物脂肪生成和肌肉发育中扮演的角色仍待深入研究。另一方面,一般认为发挥转录抑制作用的Snail家族近年来也被发现具有转录激活作用,这种作用是如何实现的仍未知。因此,Snail家族基因在调控动物脂肪生成和肌肉发育过程中的协同作用、脂肪生成和脂肪水解过程的动态调控及其转录激活作用的发挥是今后研究的方向,为解析Snail家族基因在肉质性状形成过程中的遗传调控机理奠定基础。     

家蚕类胰岛素肽的结构及信号传导与作用

胰岛素(insulin)及其信号传导途径具有多种生物学效应,在调节生物的生长、代谢、生殖以及衰老等过程中起到非常重要的作用。国内外学者的研究表明:家蚕素(bombyxin)是无脊椎动物中首个被鉴定的类胰岛素肽,分子质量5kD,为异二聚体分子,与人胰岛素的氨基酸组成约有40%的同源性,家蚕素基因为基因组多拷贝基因,已发现的32个家蚕类胰岛素肽家族基因都无内含子,分成7个亚族,集中在基因组的3个片段,并以3种特有的基因排列模式排列;家蚕素基因主要在脑组织表达,在其他组织的表达量较低;家蚕素由脑中央背部的4对大型神经分泌细胞合成,通过神经轴突运送至对侧的咽侧体,然后释放到血淋巴液中,是一种由超日振荡放电节律所控制的分泌模式;家蚕素参与了糖代谢调控,有促进翅芽和造血器官细胞增殖,调控前胸腺分泌活性等作用。家蚕素信号通路的Pi3k60、Pdk、InR和Akt同源基因已相继被克隆,其中Akt编码的蛋白保守性最强,并能被商业化供应的抗哺乳动物丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶(AKT)和磷酸化AKT抗体识别,为家蚕素信号系统研究提供了便利。鉴于家蚕变态和能量代谢等诸多特点,以家蚕作为模式生物研究胰岛素及其信号传导途径具有独特优势。     

家蚕类胰岛素信号通路及其功能的研究进展

胰岛素(insulin)及其信号传导途径在细胞中发挥调节糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢,影响生物的生长、代谢、生殖、衰老等功能[1]。自首个昆虫类胰岛素—家蚕素(Bombyxin)在家蚕体内被发现以来,其结构、分布、调控基因、分泌控制及其在生理学上的功能已部分被阐明。家蚕素一级结构与人胰岛素大约有40%的同源性,主要在家蚕脑组织中表达,其代谢调控作用等相关研究已取得较大进展。本文将在相关文献基础上对家蚕素信号通路及其在调控家蚕代谢、生长及发育的研究进展上做一综述。     

Identification of Brucella abortus strain 19 by decreased ability to utilize erythritol as determined by gas liquid chromatography

A method to identify Brucella abortus strain 19 by erythritol utilization using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was developed. A total of 69 strains of B. abortus (41 virulent field strain isolates and 28 strain 19 isolates) were tested. Following incubation of the isolate with a standard amount of erythritol, the erythritol present in the cell suspension was acetylated and measured by GLC. Field strains of B. abortus utilized an average of 90.9% of the erythritol, whereas vaccine strains utilized an average of 42.4%. This difference in erythritol utilization will allow a more rapid identification of B. abortus strain 19.     

Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes related to triglyceride metabolism between intramuscular fat and abdominal fat in broilers

ABSTRACT

1. Lipid metabolism is an indispensable process in an organism, though little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of fat deposition in different types of adipose tissues.

2. The differentially expressed genes related to triglyceride (TG) metabolism between abdominal and intramuscular fat (IMF) of Beijing-You chickens were investigated in this study.

3. TG content in abdominal fat (AF) (349.7 mg/g) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the breast and thigh (12.3 mg/g and 24.8 mg/g, respectively).

4. Using Agilent chicken gene-expression profiling in adipose tissues between AF and muscle (breast and thigh), certain representative genes related to fatty acid metabolism, lipoprotein catabolism and esterification reactions were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

5. Genes involved in fatty acid oxidation or carbohydrate utilisation were significantly up- or downregulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), including those involved with highly enriched pathways of lipid metabolism (PPAR, Wnt pathway and inositol phosphate metabolism), cell junctions (focal adhesion and regulation of actin cytoskeleton) and muscle contraction.

6. Overall, higher TG levels were observed in AF tissue than in adipose tissues of breast and thigh, which could be regulated through gene expression of pathways related to lipid metabolism (PPAR, Wnt pathway and inositol phosphate metabolism), cell junctions (focal adhesion and regulation of actin cytoskeleton) and muscle contraction. These results provide clues to understanding the molecular mechanisms of TG metabolism between abdominal and IMF.