陕西杨凌某兔场球虫种类与感染情况调查研究

本研究采用家兔粪便检查法和球虫卵曩培养法对杨凌某兔场球虫种类和感染情况进行了调查研究。结果表明,家兔球虫总感染率为67.5%,其中3~4月龄幼兔球虫感染率高达95%,15~16月龄的成年兔感染率为40%;鉴定出兔球虫种类8种,全为多种混合感染。优势种为穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.perforans)、黄艾美耳球虫(E.flavescens)、无残艾美耳球虫(E.irresidua)、斯氏艾美耳球虫(E.stiedai),所占比例分别为28.7%,19.3%,18.0%和16.7%。研究结果为该兔场球虫病的防治提供了参考资料。     

上海市临港地区山羊球虫种类及感染情况调查

为了解上海市山羊体内球虫种类及感染情况,采用卵囊培养法和粪便漂浮法,对上海市临港地区120份山羊新鲜粪便进行球虫检查。结果显示:山羊球虫的感染率为80%;经鉴定在山羊粪便中发现8种艾美耳球虫,分别是克氏艾美耳球虫(E.christenseni)、阿普艾美耳球虫(E.apsherenica)、尼柯雅艾美耳球虫(E.ninakohlyakimovae)、约奇艾美耳球虫(E.jolchijevi)、家山羊艾美耳球虫(E.hirci)、艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijeri)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)和阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)。在2~6月龄山羊的肠内容物中发现大量的克氏艾美耳球虫和山羊艾美耳球虫,说明这2种球虫是上海市临港地区山羊的优势虫种。     

湖北地区山羊球虫感染调查与虫种形态学观察

从湖北省9个地区采集山羊粪便668份,采用饱和食盐水漂浮法和改良麦克马斯特虫卵计数法对采集的样品进行了球虫感染率和感染强度的分析,对山羊球虫种类进行了形态学鉴定。湖北地区山羊球虫总感染率为72.60%,母山羊和公山羊的球虫感染率分别为64.22%和60.06%。大于1岁、6月龄到1岁和小于6月龄山羊的球虫感染率分别为54.70%、62.87%和68.36%,不同性别和不同年龄段山羊的球虫感染率的统计学差异均不显著。天门、咸宁和恩施3个地区的平均OPG(每克粪便卵囊数)分别为2 808、1 107和910。本调查共鉴定出8种羊球虫,即阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)、克氏艾美耳球虫(E.christenseni)、羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprovina)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)、家山羊艾美耳球虫(E.hirci)、约奇艾美耳球虫(E.jolchijevi)和雅氏艾美耳球虫(E.ninakohlyakimovea)。湖北省地区山羊球虫当中的优势虫种是阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)和克氏艾美耳球虫(E.christenseni)。     

西藏谢通门县山羊球虫感染情况调查

为了解西藏谢通门县山羊球虫的感染情况,采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法,对该地区采集的260份山羊新鲜粪便样品进行了显微镜检查,并对球虫种类进行了形态学鉴定。结果:该地区山羊球虫总感染率为81.15%(211/260),共感染12种山羊艾美耳球虫(Eimeria),其中艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)和苍白艾美耳球虫(E.pallida)的感染率分别为52.7%(137/260)和50.8%(132/260),为优势虫种。山羊感染球虫多呈混合感染,混合感染率为61.7%(129/209),并首次在西藏地区发现了斑点、柯察、苍白艾美耳球虫。依据本次调查山羊球虫的结果和艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊特征,制订了山羊球虫检索表。结论:西藏谢通门县山羊球虫的感染情况较为严重,建议积极做好防控措施,减少球虫感染。     

呼和浩特市某养兔场球虫感染情况调查与种类鉴定

采用饱和食盐水漂浮法对呼和浩特市某养兔场1月龄～3月龄共500只兔球虫感染情况进行了调查和种类鉴定,结果表明,该场2006年3月～5月共发生兔球虫病196只,死亡180只,其发病率为39.2%,病死率为91.8%.发病率和病死率在1月龄兔分别为5%和10%,2月龄兔分别为90.0%和98.8%,3月龄兔分别为6%和16.7%;其中2月龄幼兔发病和病死率最高.本次鉴定感染球虫总类共11种,其中以兔松林艾美耳球虫(Eimeria.matsubayashii)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.exigua)、中型艾美耳球虫(E.media)和穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.per foans)为优势种,分别占总感染率的24.5%、15%、14.5%和11.5%.     

新疆北疆地区犊牛球虫感染调查及虫种鉴定

为了解新疆北疆地区奶牛养殖场犊牛球虫的感染情况,对昌吉、石河子、奎屯地区6个大型奶牛养殖场1岁龄以内荷斯坦犊牛的球虫感染情况进行了调查。结果发现,犊牛球虫总感染率达到35.55%,其中0~6月龄犊牛平均感染率达42.25%,7~12月龄犊牛平均感染率达21.74%。经虫种鉴定,共鉴定出5种艾美耳属球虫,分别是邱氏艾美耳球虫(E.zurnii)、牛艾美耳球虫(E.bovi)、椭圆艾美耳球虫(E.ellipsoidall)、柱状艾美耳球虫(E.cylindrica)、亚球形艾美耳球虫(E.subspherica),其中邱氏艾美耳球虫、椭圆艾美尔球虫和牛艾美耳球虫为优势种。本次调查为新疆北疆地区犊牛球虫病的科学防控提供了流行病学资料。     

西藏尼木县山羊球虫感染情况的调查

采用饱和食盐水漂浮法检查尼木县1 200份山羊粪便样本,剖检48只山羊,调查西藏尼木县山羊球虫感染率、球虫种类及危害。结果显示,西藏尼木县山羊球虫年平均感染率91.16%,1 094例阳性病例中混合感染率达100%;1岁龄以下山羊球虫感染强度最高,1岁羊与其他年龄山羊球虫感染强度相比差异极显著(P0.01);经鉴定,感染9种艾美耳球虫(Eimeria),分别为艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)7.24%,雅氏艾美耳球虫(E.ninakohlyakimovae)16.74%,家山羊艾美耳球虫(E.hirci)2.49%,阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)22.17%,约奇艾美耳球虫(E.jolchijevi)15.84%,柯氏艾美耳球虫(E.christenseni)1.13%,阿普艾美耳球虫(E.aspheronica)1.58%,山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)20.36%,羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprovina)12.44%;剖检发现羊只消瘦,被毛粗乱,小肠黏膜上有淡白色卵圆形结节,成簇分布,十二指肠和空肠点状、带状出血。     

杨凌某山羊场球虫种类及感染情况的调查研究

为了解陕西杨凌某奶山羊场山羊球虫的感染状况,采用粪便漂浮法、斯陶尔法和卵囊培养法等对山羊的球虫感染情况进行了初步调查,并对各虫种进行鉴定。结果检获12种艾美耳球虫(Eimeria),即艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.parva)、浮氏艾美耳球虫(E.faurei)、阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、颗粒艾美耳球虫(E.granulosa)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)、羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprovina)、槌状艾美耳球虫(E.crandallis)、克氏艾美耳球虫(E.christenseni)、阿普艾美耳球虫(E.apsheronica)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata)和错乱艾美耳球虫(E.intricata)。山羊球虫平均感染率为95.2%(40/42),羔羊感染率为100%。平均感染强度(每克粪便卵囊数)为1 086OPG,多数羊为2种~6种卵囊混合感染。优势种为阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.parva)、艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata)和错乱艾美耳球虫(E.intricata)。     

福建某獭兔场兔艾美耳球虫感染情况调查及种类鉴定

为掌握福建某规模化獭兔场兔球虫病的流行情况,采用麦克马斯特计数法(McMaster's method)和饱和氯化钠溶液漂浮法,对采集的494份獭兔粪便样品中兔球虫感染情况和卵囊种类进行调查分析。结果显示,该獭兔场兔球虫总感染率和平均每克粪便卵囊数(OPG值)分别为87.45%和2.56×10⁴,各日龄段均有感染,其中以40日龄左右兔和65日龄左右兔感染率最高,分别达98.61%和98.95%;30日龄以下哺乳仔兔感染率和OPG值均最低,分别为19.23%和331,且该场兔球虫卵囊的OPG值分布符合负二项分布。本次调查共检出11种兔艾美耳球虫,均为混合感染,感染球虫种类多为3~7种;其中感染比例最高的4种兔球虫依次为穿孔艾美耳球虫(20.15%)、中型艾美耳球虫(16.79%)、小型艾美耳球虫(13.94%)和大型艾美耳球虫(13.48%)。     

库车县规模化场牛球虫感染情况及种类鉴定

为了解新疆库车县牛球虫感染情况,采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对采自库车县2个规模化牛场共98份新鲜粪便样品进行球虫检查和种类鉴定。结果显示:球虫总感染率40.82%(61/98);奶牛和肉牛球虫感染率均随年龄增长而呈递减趋势,不同年龄段牛的球虫感染率差异极显著(P<0.01)。共鉴定出8种艾美耳球虫,分别是椭圆艾美耳球虫(E.ellipsoidalli)、牛艾美耳球虫(Eimeria bovis)、柱状艾美耳球虫(E.cylindrica)、邱氏艾美耳球虫(E.zuernii)、亚球形艾美耳球虫(E.subspherica)、阿拉巴艾美耳球虫(E.alabamensis)、奥博艾美耳球虫(E.auburnensis)和加拿大艾美耳球虫(E.canadensis),以椭圆艾美耳球虫、牛艾美耳球虫、柱状艾美尔球虫和邱氏艾美耳球虫为主要感染种类。     

河南及重庆、安徽部分地区山羊球虫感染情况与种类调查

采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对河南省的8个地区、重庆市的云阳县和安徽省的合肥市共1126份山羊粪便样品进行检查,发现1070份球虫阳性样品,总感染率95．03％。对813份阳性样本中的球虫卵囊进行形态学鉴定,共发现12种艾美耳球虫,分别为阿普艾美耳球虫、阿氏艾美耳球虫、艾丽艾美耳球虫、斑点艾美耳球虫、苍白艾美耳球虫、家山羊艾美耳球虫、柯察艾美耳球虫、克氏艾美耳球虫、妮氏艾美耳球虫、山羊艾美耳球虫、羊艾美耳球虫和约奇艾美耳球虫。山羊最多可同时感染9种球虫,多数为2-4种,混合感染率78．7％;6月龄以下、6-12月龄和1岁以上山羊球虫感染率分别为93．3％、97．1％和96-3％,平均OPG值分别为5282．77、3550．71和1507．88;除奶山羊外,不同品种山羊球虫感染无明显差异;舍饲和放牧山羊球虫感染率分别为95．7％和92．8％,平均OPC值分别为3744．35和1028．62。跟踪调查显示,舍饲山羊球虫感染无明显季节性,但夏秋季节球虫感染强度高于冬春季节。     

简阳大耳羊生长发育规律研究

本研究以简阳大耳羊四世代核心群为试验素材,对简阳大耳羊生长发育规律进行了分析,结果表明:简阳大耳羊个体大、生长发育快,在舍饲条件下,公、母羔羊2月龄断奶平均体重分别为15.21kg、13.39kg,6月龄公、母羊体重达到30.74kg、24.62kg,周岁公、母羊体重分别为48.55kg、37.24kg,成年公、母羊体重分别为73.92kg、50.26kg;简阳大耳羊2月龄断奶,到6月龄公、母羊平均日增重分别为129.42g和93.58g;简阳大耳羊生长发育曲线表明,从断奶至8月龄其体重呈直线上升趋势,8月龄开始生长速度减缓,说明简阳大耳羊具有早期生长快的特点。     

Influence of climatic and management factors on Eimeria infections in goats from semi-arid zones

A survey of Eimeria infections was performed in dairy goats and kids (<6 months old) of six farms from a dry desert area of Gran Canaria Island (Spain). The number of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) was determined by a modified McMaster technique over a total of 2,616 individual faecal samples taken from the rectum in monthly intervals. Eimeria oocysts were found in 96.1% of the samples with OPG ranging from 1 x 10(2) to 1.4 x 10(6). Kid goats had significantly (P < 0.001) higher OPG counts (46,496 +/- 5,228) than dairy females (2,225 +/- 287). Eight Eimeria species were identified, with Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae (30.0%), Eimeria arloingi (28.6%) and Eimeria alijevi (20.5%) being the most frequent species followed by Eimeria caprina (9.1%), Eimeria christenseni (4.5%), Eimeria jolchijevi (3.4%), Eimeria caprovina (3.2%) and Eimeria hirci (0.7%). Although significant differences were observed among goat groups and herds, the eight species were present in the six farms in both dairy goats and kids. The intensity of oocysts shedding was related to some factors such as the size of the herd and was further influenced by the prevailing climatic conditions of the area. The highest OPG counts were recorded during the hot season in dairy goats and close to weaning time in kids reared in small farms having no prophylactic treatments against eimeriosis.     

Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from asymptomatic adult goats to mice and goat kids.

An experimental study was carried out in neonatal goat kids to examine the infectivity of Cryptosporidium oocysts, pattern of oocyst shedding and morphological changes in the intestine during the infection. Cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from adult asymptomatic goats, and identified as C. parvum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used in this study. Of three 4-day-old goat kids, two were orally infected with C. parvum oocysts (10(5) oocysts in 10 ml PBS/kid). One goat kid given 10 ml PBS only by the oral route served as a control. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the faeces of one infected kid on day 3 post-inoculation (pi) whereas in the other 6 days pi. The faecal oocyst counts gradually increased and the peak counts in the two kids were 2 x 10(6)g(-1) (on day 12 pi) and 3.2 x 10(6)g(-1) (on day 14 pi). The increase in faecal oocyst output coincided with diarrhoea in an infected kid from days 10-17 pi. Although the oocyst excretion declined gradually after the peak, both infected kids excreted oocysts until euthanized on days 20 and 22 pi. Light and scanning electron microscopic investigations of the ileum revealed the endogenous stages on the brush border of the enterocytes, infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells into the lamina propria, atrophy, stunting and fusion of villi. For purposes of comparison, goat Cryptosporidium oocysts were inoculated orally (10(3) oocysts/mouse) to eight, 1-week-old mice. All experimental mice excreted oocysts from day 3 pi, and four infected mice continued to excrete oocysts up to day 42 pi. The experimental infection described in goat kids resembled the natural disease in terms of oocyst excretion, clinical signs and intestinal pathology. The ability of oocysts excreted by asymptomatic goats, to infect goat kids and mice is likely to have a major impact on the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in livestock and man.     

尧山白山羊肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解河南省尧山白山羊肠道寄生虫感染情况,本试验采用离心沉淀法、卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对河南省鲁山县某羊场尧山白山羊的63份新鲜粪便样品进行检查。结果共查出17种肠道寄生虫,总感染率为98.4%,分别为艾美耳球虫(9种)、隐孢子虫、贾第虫、阿米巴原虫、圆线虫、细颈线虫、鞭虫、莫尼茨绦虫和吸虫,其中以球虫感染率最高,为95.2%。对检出球虫进行种类鉴定,发现9种艾美耳属球虫,多呈混合感染,最多可达5种。结果表明,该品种羊肠道寄生虫较为普遍,且存在人兽共患寄生虫,应加强其综合防控措施。     

A longitudinal study of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in two dairy goat herds

A longitudinal study was conducted on two dairy farms to investigate the pattern of shedding of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in goats. Faecal samples were taken from 20 goat kids once weekly during the first 4 weeks of life and then once every month for the next 5 months of life, and from 18 replacement animals and 15 adults once every month for 12 months. The proportion of samples containing VTEC was higher for replacement animals and adults (85.7% and 78.7%, respectively) than for goat kids (25.4%). About 90% of the VTEC colonies isolated from healthy goats belonged to five serogroups (O33, O76, O126, O146 and O166) but the most frequent serogroups of these isolates, except one, were different in the two herds studied. E. coli O157:H7 was found in three goat kids on only one occasion. None of the VTEC isolates, except the three E. coli O157:H7 isolates, was eae-positive. The patterns of shedding of VTEC in goat kids were variable, but, in contrast, most of the replacement animals and adults were persistent VTEC shedders. Our results show that isolates of VTEC O33, O76, O126, O146 and O166 are adapted for colonising the intestine of goats but that, in contrast, infection with VTEC O157:H7 in goats seems to be transient.     

Role of goats in epizootiology and epidemiology of Q fever

Numerous data show that the epizootics of Q fever in goats can be particularly related to cases of this disease in humans. The aim of the study was to examine 98 goat serum samples from the farm where abortions, early parturition and parturition of weak goatlings were noted. The microaglutination method was used in this study. Serum dilution 1:8 was defined as a positive titre. The study revealed that 79.6% of serum samples were positive and numerous high titres suggested an acute form of infection. It could be supposed that Q fever was the reason of abortions in the herd. The results obtained point to the necessity of examinations for Q fever in goats, because of the possibility of infection in people who have a contact with these animals. Goats seem to be the animal species especially sensitive to C. burnetii infection. Q fever should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of the goat diseases, when abortions occur.     

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in goats in selected locations in three agroclimatic zones of Sri Lanka

The prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the faeces of 1020 goats in three age categories was examined during 1999 in selected locations of three agroclimatic zones of Sri Lanka. The oocysts were demonstrated using the Sheather's sucrose flotation method followed by staining with the modified Ziehl Neelsen technique. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in animals from all agroclimatic zones with the highest prevalence of infection in the dry zone (33.6%) compared with 24.7 and 21.7% in the intermediate zones and wet, respectively (P<0.001). Overall, Cryptosporidium oocyst counts were significantly higher in goats of <6 months and 7-12 months of age groups compared with goats of >12 months of age (P<0.001). Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 291/1020 (28.5%) animals, while 194/1020 animals (19%), 84/1020 animals (8.2%) and 13/1020 animals (1.3%) excreted low (1-1000 oocysts per gram of faeces), moderate (1000-5000 oocysts per gram of faeces) and high (>5000 oocysts per gram of faeces) counts, respectively. The mean Cryptosporidium count was 383 oocysts per gram of faeces. The majority of the infected goats were asymptomatic. These animals are likely to play an important role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in goat kids and humans.     

Sarcocystis capracanis and Toxoplasma gondii infections in range goats from Texas

Specimens of tongues, esophagi, diaphragms, or abdominal muscles of 115 range goats from San Angelo, Tex, were examined for Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma gondii infections. Sarcocystis spp zoites were found microscopically in pepsin digests of muscles of 60.8% goats and sarcocysts of S capracanis were found in histologic sections of 27.8% goats. Sarcocysts were more common in sections of tongue (19.1%) than in those of other muscles (9.9% to 10.7%). A dog fed Sarcocystis-infected tissues shed sporocysts in feces, whereas 2 cats fed the same tissues did not shed sporocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was neither seen in histologic sections of goat tissues nor found by bioassays in mice or cats. Mice inoculated with pepsin digests of muscles did not develop T gondii infection and 2 cats fed goat tissues did not shed oocysts. Also, antibody to T gondii was not found in serum samples from goats. The low prevalence of T gondii infection in range goats may be because of the relative absence of domestic cats on Texas ranges.     

Efficacy of amprolium for the treatment of pathogenic Eimeria species in Boer goat kids

This study evaluated the efficacy of two different doses of amprolium in goats heavily infected with pathogenic Eimeria species. Forty Boer goat kids ranging from 3 to 5 months of age with naturally occurring coccidiosis were randomly divided into 2 groups and treated orally with amprolium at doses of 10mg/kg daily for 5 days (n=20) or 50mg/kg daily for 5 days (n=20). The Eimeria oocyst per gram concentrations were significantly reduced on day 7 in the kids that received amprolium at 50mg/kg, however oocyst concentrations were not significantly reduced in goats that received the 10mg/kg dose. Out of 100 Eimeria oocysts identified from a pooled fecal sample, E. christenseni was the most frequently identified (52%) coccidial species present. The results of this trial indicate that amprolium can be an effective treatment for pathogenic Eimeria species in goat kids, however higher and extralabel doses (50mg/kg) should be used.