双齿锤角叶蜂生物学特性及药剂防治

双齿锤角叶蜂（Odontocimbex svenhediniMalaise）是近年发生于甘肃天水刺五加（Acanthopanax senticosus）的一种食叶新害虫,其寄主刺五加是首次报道。该虫1年发生1代,翌年4月上旬越冬预蛹开始化蛹,4月中旬成虫羽化,下旬开始产卵,卵产于叶背面或正面主脉周围叶表皮下,卵期9~11 d;幼虫食叶为害,共5龄,6月上旬至7月中旬为猖獗为害期,6月下旬幼虫开始老熟,老熟幼虫于寄主或周围非寄主植物枝条结茧越夏越冬。5月中下旬3龄前幼虫期,用25%灭幼脲悬浮剂1 500倍液,防效达95%以上。用3%高渗苯氧威乳油或1.8%阿维菌素乳油5 000 倍液,防治3龄后幼虫,防效达92%以上。     

绿柳突瓣叶蜂生物学及防治

绿柳突瓣叶蜂(Nematus ruyanus Wei)是发生在甘肃天水柳树上的一种新害虫。严重危害旱柳、垂柳、金丝柳等多种柳树,1年发生6代,非越冬茧结于叶背,越冬茧结于1-5 cm表土中,以预蛹在越冬茧内越冬。幼虫食叶危害,每年3月下旬至10月下旬是该虫的猖獗危害期。用25%灭幼脲,1.8%阿维菌素乳油,40%氧乐果乳油2000倍液防治3龄前幼虫防效达95%以上;用2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油,3%高渗苯氧威乳油4000倍液喷冠防治3龄后大幼虫防效可达90%以上。     

杨梅小细蛾在慈溪市的发生与防治

调查结果表明,杨梅小细蛾在慈溪市1a发生2代,世代重叠明显,以幼虫在叶部泡状斑中越冬。其发生分布与为害以树体下部叶片为主,在9～10月主治第二代幼虫是防治的关键,可选用20%杀灭菊酯2000倍或50%辛硫磷乳油1000倍液喷洒树冠下部,防效良好。     

3种药剂防治山楂桃小食心虫的应用效果

桃小食心虫是为害山楂的重要害虫。选择3种常用杀虫剂,在山楂园进行桃小食心虫防治试验,比较各处理防效与净增收益,以筛选适用于当地防治该虫的药剂。结果表明,20%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂、10%阿维·除虫脲乳油和3%甲维·氟铃脲乳油500倍、1 000倍、1 500倍液对山楂上桃小食心虫的防效均达86%以上,与清水对照相比净增收益均在400元/667m~2以上。综合防效与净增收益,以20%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂500倍液的应用效果最优。     

桂北地区银杏大蚕蛾研究

银杏大蚕蛾是银杏重要害虫。在桂北一年发生一代，以卵在银杏树干上越冬，卵期１３７－１７６天；幼虫６齿，４－６月为幼虫为害期。幼虫在３龄前抗药性差，容易防治，用４０％氧化乐果乳剂１０００倍液域８０％敌敌畏乳油１２００倍液或２．５％敌杀死乳油２５００倍液喷酒树冠，有良好的防治效果。     

龙泉驿区桃蛀螟发生规律与防治

桃蛀螟是为害龙泉驿区桃树和枇杷的一种重要虫害,为明确其发生规律,2006—2010年利用虫情测报灯和性诱剂对龙泉驿区桃蛀螟幼虫的生物学特性及成虫发生规律进行了研究。研究表明,该虫在龙泉驿区一年发生3代,以老熟幼虫在桃、梨、枇杷的粗裂皮缝里或玉米秆的残株内结茧越冬,主要以幼虫为害桃果实和枇杷花穗,应采取成虫和幼虫防治相结合的综合措施。     

瓜蒌主要害虫的防治技术

瓜蒌是一种药用植物 ,以果皮、根 (天花粉 )、种子(瓜蒌仁 )入药。瓜蒌仁经配料加工成小吃 ,其味独特 ,营养丰富 ,是 1种不可多得的药膳食品。但是 ,瓜蒌上有多种害虫为害 ,如不注意防治 ,常造成严重损失。现将瓜蒌上主要害虫防治技术简述如下。1　黄守瓜成虫、幼虫均能为害。成虫食叶、花和幼瓜 ;幼虫咬食根或蛀入根中 ,引起腐烂。防治方法 :①瓜蒌与芹菜、莴苣等间作套栽可明显减轻受害 ;②在植株周围撒施石灰粉、草木灰、锯末、稻糠等物 ,可防止成虫产卵 ;③在成虫盛发期喷施 80 %敌敌畏乳油 1 0 0 0倍液。幼虫为害时 ,用 90 %敌百虫晶体…     

榆近脉三节叶蜂生物学与防治技术研究

榆近脉三节叶蜂(Aprocers leucopoda Takeuchi)是近几年发现的一种新害虫,中国新记录种。该虫严重危害榆树,分布于甘肃天水海拔1 720~1 950 m之间,1年发生4代,以预蛹越冬。非越冬茧结于叶背;越冬茧结于2~5 cm表土中。幼虫食叶危害,每年5月上旬至8月下旬为猖獗危害期。以25%灭幼Ⅲ号胶悬剂和40%氧乐果乳油1 500倍液防治3龄前幼虫,防效达95%以上。     

香梨优斑螟的发生规律及综合防控措施

香梨优斑螟是梨树的主要蛀干害虫,在新疆阿克苏地区一年发生3代,以老熟幼虫在树干的翘皮、裂缝、树洞中结灰白色长形薄茧越冬,也有在为害蛀食处或苹果、梨的果实内越冬。越冬代幼虫于翌年3月下旬开始化蛹,4月上中旬为化蛹盛期,同时成虫开始羽化,羽化盛期在4月下旬。第一代和第二代成虫羽化高峰期分别在6月上中旬和7月中下旬,10月幼虫逐渐进入越冬状态,世代重叠严重。防治应以监测、预防为基础,以农业防治、生物防治、物理防治措施为主,在害虫发生高峰期,适当辅以化学防治,将其为害控制在较低水平。     

陕西南部松阿扁叶蜂发生规律及防治

在研究松阿扁叶蜂在陕南的发生危、害、生活史、主要习性及发生规律的基础上,从不同防治方法、不同药剂中筛选出了该虫几种防治方法和防治有效药剂,采用树盘垦复,防效达85%;用40%氧化乐果乳油机动喷烟防治3龄前幼虫,防效达95%;用40%氧化乐果乳油1000～1500倍液、2.5%敌杀死乳油2000～3000倍液喷雾防治1～3龄幼虫防效均达93%;在郁闭度0.7以上的林分,用18 kg/hm2敌马烟剂、林丹烟剂防治1～3龄幼虫,防效达90%.     

桑皱鞘叶甲生物学特性及综合防治

桑皱鞘叶甲是桑树春叶期的重要害虫，在江西修水县2年发生1代，以成虫和中等大小的幼虫在桑园土下15－60cm深处的土室内越冬，越冬成虫于次年4月下旬至5月上旬大量出土并繁殖为害，为害高峰期为4月底到6月中旬。幼虫分布范围为土下10－65cm，其中以30－50cm最多。当年孵化的幼虫至11月中下旬开始越冬，次年3月中下旬继续取食和生长，9月上旬至10月中旬化蛹，9月下旬至11月底羽化并静伏于土室内过冬。在自然条件下各虫态发育历期为：卵期9－10d，幼虫期15－16个月，蛹期16－19d。成虫寿命8－9个月，其中土下蛰伏6－7个月，出土生活2－3个月。可用昆虫病原线虫压低土中幼虫密度及成虫高峰期施用杀虫剂，并辅以人工防治的方法防治该虫。     

蒙古土象生物学及防治研究

作者于1986—1990年在河北省秦皇岛、唐山两市对蒙古土象进行研究,结果表明,该虫食性非常复杂,成虫为害严重。成虫集中在表土层产卵,卵期10—19天。幼虫经17龄,在50cm 以上土层中活动。幼虫期跨3个年度。蛹期15—20天。3年完成1代,以成虫和幼虫越冬。防治措施以治成虫为主,采取杨树枝诱集,小果树套塑料薄膜袋。大田播种时施毒土,是压低下一代虫口密度的关键。出苗后喷药防治成虫,效果良好,经济效益显著。     

Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of the insect growth regulator fenoxycarb in environmental and biological samples

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for fenoxycarb was adapted for quantitative detection of this insect growth regulator in various environmental, agricultural, food and biological matrices. Environmental samples were taken from soil and surface waters in Hungary. The ELISA enabled fenoxycarb detection in surface waters in the 1.1-125 ng ml(-1) concentration range without sample cleanup. In contrast, soil produced a strong matrix effect due to humic acids and other soil components. Several fruit homogenates and commercial fruit juices (eg apple, pear, grape) were analyzed by the ELISA. The assay was found to be suitable for analysis of fenoxycarb in fruit juices diluted 1:40. Biological samples included insect, fish and bovine tissues. The ELISA was applied to detect fenoxycarb in various biological matrices from larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The assay proved useful for the analysis of haemolymph diluted 1:10 or at higher dilutions. Fat body and whole body homogenates, however, caused severe matrix effects. Fenoxycarb was detected in liver homogenates (diluted 1:40) from fish treated with various doses of fenoxycarb, and the concentrations determined correlated with the applied doses. The method was used to analyze spiked bovine urine samples diluted 1:10 or at greater dilutions. Fenoxycarb content determined by the ELISA in water and fruit juice samples was validated using GC-MS with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sample preparation. The results of these studies demonstrated both the value and limitations of the assay when used for monitoring fenoxycarb in environmental, food and biological samples.     

Activity of spinosad on stored-tobacco insects and persistence on cured tobacco stripst

Every year raw tobacco and manufactured tobacco products are lost to two major storage pests, the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F) and the tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella (Hiibner). Post-harvest management of both insects is achieved through sanitation, insect monitoring and fumigation with phosphine. However, insect resistance to phosphine and control failures have been reported, and fumigants are under constant regulatory pressure. Here we report the evaluation of spinosad, a bioinsecticide derived from the fermentation of the soil micro-organism Saccharopolyspora spinosa Mertz & Yao. Spinosad was first registered in 1997 and is now widely used as a field pest control agent on many crops, including tobacco. The insecticidal activity of the fermentation product (technical spinosad, TS) was measured by diet incorporation assays against L serricorne and E elutella larvae. Mortality levels were determined on newly hatched larvae and over the whole insect life cycle. For both species, no emergence of adult insects was observed in cured tobacco sprayed with 50mg TS kg(-1) and inoculated with eggs or newly hatched larvae. These results indicated that spinosad has potential for the control of both species in stored tobacco, since 100% control of both pests could be achieved at 50 mg TS kg(-1), and with almost full control (90-95%) at 10 mg kg(-1). We also monitored the stability of the product on cured tobacco. The original concentration of the main active component of TS, spinosyn A, did not change significantly over 18 months, indicating no loss of spinosad during a typical leaf storage period of time. Bioassays against larvae confirmed that the bioinsecticidal activity of spinosad was retained.     

Effects of seed potato tuber treatment with imidacloprid on some soil and foliar insects in Croatia

The treatment of seed potato tubers by imidacloprid, as well as the standard granular insecticides applied in the furrow, did not, in four years of trials, sufficiently prevent damage from wireworms, noctuid larvae and mole crickets to potato tubers. The main reason for this failure is the spatial and temporal distance between the application of insecticides and the moment when their action is needed. On the other hand, the effects of imidacloprid applied as seed tuber treatment on the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle was very good: depending upon conditions, it lasted from at least 55, to 70 days at the most. It protected the foliage from any substantial damage from the entire first generation, and ensured high yields. Therefore a decision on seed tuber treatment with imidacloprid in Croatia should primarily depend upon the cost/benefit calculation based on damage expected from the CPB (or aphids), and not from soil insect pests.     

Effects of seed potato tuber treatment with imidacloprid on some soil and foliar insects in Croatia

The treatment of seed potato tubers by imidacloprid, as well as the standard granular insecticides applied in the furrow, did not, in four years of trials, sufficiently prevent damage from wireworms, noctuid larvae and mole crickets to potato tubers. The main reason for this failure is the spatial and temporal distance between the application of insecticides and the moment when their action is needed. On the other hand, the effects of imidacloprid applied as seed tuber treatment on the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle was very good: depending upon conditions, it lasted from at least 55, to 70 days at the most. It protected the foliage from any substantial damage from the entire first generation, and ensured high yields. Therefore a decision on seed tuber treatment with imidacloprid in Croatia should primarily depend upon the cost/benefit calculation based on damage expected from the CPB (or aphids), and not from soil insect pests.     

二点委夜蛾越冬虫态及其在越冬场所的空间分布调查初报

为了明确二点委夜蛾越冬虫态及其空间分布,为二点委夜蛾的预测预报提供科学依据,通过对模拟大田自然环境观测区和大田环境下不同类型作物田二点委夜蛾越冬情况的系统调查,明确了二点委夜蛾是以休眠的老熟幼虫结一土茧或叶茧越冬,在空间分布上主要是在地表,占越冬幼虫的77％以上,部分叶茧在覆盖物中越冬.棉田、花生田、豆田、药材田、杂草地等多种田块的残留秸秆枝叶覆盖地为其越冬场所.棉田、豆田、杂草地的越冬存活率研究表明,棉田越冬存活率相对较大,秸秆覆盖厚度对存活率影响不显著.     

橡胶黑团孢属叶斑病及其防治的研究

橡胶黑团孢属叶斑病,国内外均有发生。该病为我省垦区橡胶苗圃和成龄树冬梢的主要病害之一。作者通过对病菌的分离培养和试验观察鉴定,初步认为病原菌为 Peri-conia heveae Stevenson and Imle。1980年以来,先后在两个冬季病害流行期,对西双版纳垦区(景洪、大勐龙、打洛)和红河垦区(金平农场)的实生苗圃和大林地中进行调查,对高海拔(1200～1400米)橡胶试种点(勐海、南糯山、大渡岗)病叶也诱发得到该菌。同时对病原菌的生物学特性及其防治等进行了初步研究。现报道如下:     

斯氏线虫对黄曲条跳甲田间种群的控制作用

在广州,深圳等多个地点的田间试验结果表明,土壤施用斯氏线虫(Steinernema carpo-capsae)Agriotis 品系的侵染期线虫悬浮液来控制黄曲条跳甲(Phyllotreta striolata)幼虫的种群数量,当线虫剂量为100万条/m~2时,线虫的寄生率为40%—70%,有效虫口密度下降38%～84%;以50万条/m~2剂量的线虫与低浓度(1∶1000)的敌百虫混合施用,对跳甲的作用效果和前一种处理所取得的效果相接近。线虫施进土壤后15—20天内对跳甲幼虫尤其是三龄幼虫种群数量控制作用较好,超过这段时间其作用明显下降。因此,在蔬菜移栽至收割期间,施用二至三次100万条/m~2剂量的线虫悬液或50万条/m~2剂量的线虫与1000倍的敌百虫混合液,对黄曲条跳甲可取得较好的防治效果。     

二点委夜蛾越冬场所调查初报

为了明确二点委夜蛾的越冬场所,为预测预报和防治提供科学依据,对玉米田、豆田、花生田、棉田、甘薯田等作物植株、地表和0~5 cm表土进行调查,记录二点委夜蛾幼虫的分布部位和数量。结果表明,在玉米植株苞叶、玉米田的麦秸和杂草下、豆田、棉田、花生田、甘薯田、冬瓜田植株下或落叶下、桃园、田边地头和废弃农田杂草下均发现有二点委夜蛾幼虫,以植株密度大、落叶多、地表覆盖程度高的棉田、豆田和花生田虫口密度高。说明二点委夜蛾食性杂,越冬场所复杂, 棉田、豆田、花生田和玉米田等多种作物田以及田间杂草均可为其越冬场所。