山东省不同年代玉米杂交种主要农艺性状演变规律的研究

通过对山东省70年代至90年代玉米杂交种主要农艺性状的分析,认为玉米杂交种产量的提高,主要是由于选育了紧凑型品种而增加了密度、公顷粒数和提高了子粒千粒重,其次是增加穗行数和穗粒数;山东省70年代至90年代玉米杂交种主要农艺性状的演变规律分为逐渐上升型(有产量、公顷株数、公顷穗数、公顷粒数和千粒重等性状)、逐渐下降型(小斑病病级)和平稳发展型(有株高、穗粒高、穗长、穗粒数、穗行数、大斑病和生育期等性状)三种类型。     

1970s～2000s玉米主栽品种灌浆与脱水速率研究

1970s推广玉米单交种,标志着我国利用玉米杂种优势育种从选育双交种转向选育单交种为主的阶段。不同年代玉米单交种的灌浆与脱水速率随着年代的更替所呈现的变化规律尚未引起关注。试验于2013年在中国农业科学院试验基地进行,以1970s~2000s大面积推广的14份单交种为试验材料,对不同年代玉米单交种各个时期的子粒、苞叶、穗轴含水量进行分析,计算和分析子粒、穗轴和苞叶的脱水速率及子粒灌浆速率。结果表明,2000年以后审定的新品种子粒灌浆速率快于以前的老品种;新品种的子粒百粒干重高于老品种;新品种的穗轴、苞叶和子粒的含水量均高于老品种。穗轴脱水速率则老品种明显快于新品种;子粒、苞叶脱水速率在不同年代品种之间并无明显差异。     

山东省玉米育种研究进展综述

山东省玉米育种研究进展综述王建革（山东省农业科学院科技情报研究所济南２５０１００）１研究进展山东省的玉米育种自陈启文在１９４５年于胶东解放区开展以来,已经走过几十年的路程,山东的玉米育种经历了农家种、品种间杂交种、顶交种、双交种、三交种、单交种的育种...     

浅谈我国紧凑型玉米育种

浅谈我国紧凑型玉米育种王建革，贾世锋（山东省农科院玉米所２５０１００）按现在常用的玉米紧凑型标准衡量５０、６０年代选育的一些自交系，虽然其中也不乏紧凑型的优良材料，但我国紧凑型玉米品种的大面积推广应用是在优良自交系黄早四选育成功以后。１９７４年北京市...     

新疆南疆玉米品比试验

玉米是新疆主要的粮食作物之一 ,历年播种面积 4 0万ｈ 左右 ,占粮食播种面积的 2 0 %～ 30 % ,仅次于小麦 ,居第二位 ,而南疆玉米播种面积又占全疆的 76 %左右。要发展新疆玉米生产 ,实现高产、优质、高效栽培 ,必须重视新品种的选育与更新。新疆自 80年代初期 ,种植从南斯拉夫引进单交种ＳＣ70 4 ,获得大面积的增产。但该品种由于使用过久 ,已表现出品种混杂 ,后期早衰、生育期缩短 ,不抗玉米螟等缺点。国内玉米单交种一般 5～ 7年更换一次 ,而ＳＣ70 4从引进到推广种植已近 2 0年。为此 ,我们从区内外新引进 10个玉米品种 ,与ＳＣ70 4对…     

中国爆裂玉米育种三十年

回顾中国爆裂玉米的育种研究历程,对中国爆裂玉米育种的起步、发展经历、育种成果及品种水平进行概述。80年代伴随我国的改革开放和经济发展,中国爆裂玉米育种研究应运而起。1986年我国第一个爆裂玉米综合种"黄玫瑰"问世,1997年第一个单交种"沈爆2号"诞生,2003年首批国审爆裂玉米单交种育成,2018年我国第一个球形花爆裂玉米新品种通过国家审定。从综合种到省审单交种、国审单交种,品种单产跨越了两个增产10%的台阶,近年新育成的品种单位面积产量比初期的综合种增产1倍以上。目前,我国爆裂玉米育种已经发展到品质育种阶段,由过去的混合花型发展到球形花和典型的蝶形花型,整体的品种水平已经达到或超过进口玉米。分析和讨论目前中国爆裂玉米研究和产业发展存在的主要问题。     

从区试结果谈山东省玉米育种现状

1995～1997年区域试验结果表明,目前山东省以高产、大穗、中晚熟、紧凑型玉米育种为主,矮秆育种初见成效,早熟育种滞后,抗病毒病育种有待加强,     

紧凑型高产玉米新品种鲁单818

鲁单818（LD8050）是山东省农业科学院玉米研究所新育成的紧凑型玉米单交种,具有高产、稳产、耐密、抗病、抗倒等优点。2010年3月通过山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号：鲁农审2010005号。     

我国青贮玉米育种现状和遗传改良策略

分析我国2004~2017年28个国审青贮玉米品种的杂种优势群和杂优模式,采用系谱分析法可将其分为6个杂种优势群、8种杂优模式,其中,温热Ⅰ群×瑞德黄、旅大红骨×温热Ⅰ群、瑞德黄×热带种质、温热Ⅰ群×高油4种杂优模式最具代表性,其中,归为温热Ⅰ群的有16个系,有14个品种含有其血缘,占28个品种的50%;有13个品种达品质一级标准。生物产量和纤维品质是青贮玉米遗传改良的两大目标,以青贮专用型、粮饲通用型为主,饲草型为辅是青贮玉米育种的方向。建立现代遗传改良技术平台,拓宽种质资源遗传改良基础是青贮玉米育种重要技术手段。采取"高大严选、逆境鉴定"的选系方法,以单交种为主、三交种和双交种为辅的组配方式,完善各级品种试验程序,有利于取得青贮玉米遗传改良的重大突破。     

山东省玉米种质基础及杂种优势模式分析

对山东省的主要玉米自交系种质类群及主要玉米杂交种的杂种优势模式进行了分析,将主要亲本自交系划分为改良Reid、Lancaster、四平头、旅大红骨及其它种质5个杂种优势群,其中改良Reid和四平头杂种优势群在玉米育种中起着主导作用.杂种优势利用模式,80年代以四平头×其它种质、改良Reid×四平头和四平头×Lancaster为主,进入90年代以来,改良Reid×四平头成为主导模式.     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.