Screening of the entire USDA castor germplasm collection for oil content and fatty acid composition for optimum biodiesel production

Castor has tremendous potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The oil content and fatty acid composition in castor seed are important factors determining the price for production and affecting the key fuel properties of biodiesel. There are 1033 available castor accessions collected or donated from 48 countries worldwide in the USDA germplasm collection. The entire castor collection was screened for oil content and fatty acid composition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Castor seeds on the average contain 48.2% oil with significant variability ranging from 37.2 to 60.6%. Methyl esters were prepared from castor seed by alkaline transmethylation. GC analysis of methyl esters confirmed that castor oil was composed primarily of eight fatty acids: 1.48% palmitic (C16:0), 1.58% stearic (C18:0), 4.41% oleic (C18:1), 6.42% linoleic (C18:2), 0.68% linolenic (C18:3), 0.45% gadoleic (C20:1), 84.51% ricinoleic (C18:1-1OH), and 0.47% dihydroxystearic (C18:0-2OH) acids. Significant variability in fatty acid composition was detected among castor accessions. Ricinoleic acid (RA) was positively correlated with dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) but highly negatively correlated with the five other fatty acids except linolenic acid. The results for oil content and fatty acid composition obtained from this study will be useful for end-users to explore castor germplasm for biodiesel production.     

Exploration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vernonia galamensis</Emphasis> in Ethiopia,and Variation in Fatty Acid Composition of Seed Oil

Vernonia galamensis is a new potential industrial crop with very high content of vernolic acid in the seed oil. The species is known to naturally grow as a weed in fields or in woodlands under a wide range of agroecological conditions of Africa. In order to study the existing variability in Ethiopia, germplasm collection was carried out. Vernonia grows wild in various ecosystems. Ten regions were explored from North, South, East, Southeast, Southwest and Central Ethiopia. A diverse range of habitats having different altitudes and ecological conditions was explored. Altitude of collecting sites varied between 1250 and 2050 m, and soil pH from 5.1 to 8.5. The most common soil type was sandy loam, and the organic matter content varied from 0.2% to 12.9%. At 80 sites, about 480 accessions were collected including different maturity time, plant type, flower color, and branching patterns as well as fatty acid composition. The mean vernolic acid content of the seed oil of the accessions was 74%, and ranged from 34% to 87%. A wide variability in composition of other fatty acids was observed. It was not possible to find Vernonia in some locations that were earlier indicated by herbarium specimens collected since 1840. This could be a sign of change in land use system and environmental degradation and, hence, loss of genetic resources of the species.     

Effects of season and processing on oil content and fatty acids of baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras)

Fatty acid composition, oil content, free fatty acid content, and peroxide value of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) and two processed products (fried fillets and fish burgers) were investigated. The highest oil content of the fillets was found in autumn (10%), at the time when the free fatty acids had their minimum (1.4%). The main fatty acids were oleic (18-23%), palmitic (17%), palmitoleic (8-12%), and docosahexaeneoic (8-10%) acids. The proportion of saturated fatty acids was a constant 23% all year around, whereas mono- and polyunsaturated acids varied from 34 to 39% and 33 to 37%, respectively. During processing the oil content doubled and the fatty acid composition changed to the pattern of the rapeseed oil used for frying. Oleic acid was a major fatty acid in the products comprising over 40% of the total fatty acids. The proportion of n-3 acids decreased during processing but the total amount of polyunsaturated acids remained fairly constant.     

Nondestructive determination of oil content and fatty acid composition in perilla seeds by near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as a rapid and nondestructive method to determine the oil content and fatty acid composition in intact seeds of perilla [Perilla frutescens var. japonica (Hassk.) Hara] germplasms in Korea. A total of 397 samples (about 2 g of intact seeds) were scanned in the reflectance mode of a scanning monochromator, and the reference values for the oil content and fatty acid composition were measured by gravimetric method and gas-liquid chromatography, respectively. Calibration equations for oil and individual fatty acids were developed using modified partial least-squares regression with internal cross validation (n = 297). The equations for oil and oleic and linolenic acid had lower standard errors of cross-validation (SECV), higher R2 (coefficient of determination in calibration), and higher ratio of unexplained variance divided by variance (1-VR) values than those for palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acid. Prediction of an external validation set (n = 100) showed significant correlation between reference values and NIRS estimated values based on the standard error of prediction (SEP), r2 (coefficient of determination in prediction), and the ratio of standard deviation (SD) of reference data to SEP. The models for oil content and major fatty acids, oleic and linolenic acid, had relatively higher values of SD/SEP(C) and r2 (more than 3.0 and 0.9, respectively), thereby characterizing those equations as having good quantitative information, whereas those of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acid had lower values (below 2.0 and 0.7, respectively), unsuitable for screening purposes. The results indicated that NIRS could be used to rapidly determine oil content and fatty acid composition (oleic and linolenic acid) in perilla seeds in the breeding programs for development of high-quality perilla oil.     

Oil and squalene in amaranthus grain and leaf

Amaranthus grain of 104 genotypes from 30 species was investigated for oil and squalene contents and fatty acid profiles. The overall average oil content in Amaranthus grain was 5.0%, ranging from 1.9 to 8.7%. Squalene concentration in extracted oils ranged from trace to 7.3%, with an average concentration of 4.2%. The average contents of three major fatty acids in Amaranthus grain were 22.2, 29.1, and 44.6% for palmitic, oleic, and linoleic, respectively. The average fat content in dried mature leaves of 45 Amaranthus genotypes was 1.63%, ranging from 1.08 to 2.18%. The squalene concentration in leaf lipid extracts averaged 0.26%, ranging from trace to 0.77%, which is much lower than that from seeds. The major fatty acids of leaf extracts were linolenic, linoleic, and palmitic. Linolenic ranged from 56.5 to 62.0% of total fatty acids; linoleic, from 15.5 to 24.7%; and palmitic acid, from 13.5 to 15.5%. As for the fatty acid compositions at different growth stages, fatty acid content in leaf lipid was lower in mature leaves than in young leaves. The saturated/unsaturated ratio decreased when the leaf grew to maturity. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on compositional characteristics of grain. The first two components accounted for 70% of the total variance (38.3 and 21.7%, respectively). There was a positive correlation between oil content and squalene yield, and a negative correlations were found between linoleic and either of the other two major fatty acids, palmitic and oleic. The taxonomic relationship among the species was also elucidated by PCA.     

Influence of harvest date and crop yield on the fatty acid composition of virgin olive oils from cv. Picual

In this study was analyzed the effect of crop year and harvesting time on the fatty acid composition of cv. Picual virgin olive oil. The study was carried out during the fruit ripening period for three crop seasons. The mean fatty acid composition of Picual oils was determined. The oils contained palmitic acid (11.9%), oleic acid (79.3%), and linoleic acid (2.95%). The content of palmitic acid and saturated fatty acids decreased during fruit ripening while oleic and linoleic acids increased. The amount of stearic and linolenic acids decreased. The amount of saturated acids, palmitic and stearic, and the polyunsaturated acids linoleic and linolenic was dependent on the time of harvest, whereas the amount of oleic acid varied with the crop year. The differences observed between crop years for both palmitic and linoleic acid may be explained by the differences in the temperature during oil biosynthesis and by the amount of summer rainfall for oleic acid content. A significant relationship was observed between the MUFA/PUFA ratio and the oxidative stability measured by the Rancimat method.     

Variation in the seed and oil yields and oil quality in the Indian germplasm of opium poppy Papaver somniferum

The variation in the seed shape, colour and yield, and content, yield and fatty acid composition of seed oil of 109 accessions of opium poppy Papaver somniferum, (majority of them Indian land races), was investigated. The seeds were white, pale yellow or light brown in colour, reniform or round in shape and varied in size up to three fold. The oil content, seed and the oil yield varied between 26 to 52%, 1.0 to 7.4 g/plant and 0.4 to 2.7 g/plant, respectively. The % content of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid in the seed oil ranged between 9.3 to 40.0%, 7.5 to 58.4% and 0.7 to 72.7%, respectively. On average basis, the levels of major fatty acids in the seed oil were: oleic (37.1%) > palmitic (27.3%) > linoleic acid (17.2%). The palmitoleic, stearic and linolenic acids were present in the oils of only some of the accessions. Two of the accessions yielded linoleic acid rich seed oil of about the same quality as soybean and maize oils, and in four accessions, the proportion of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids was roughly equal. The palmitic acid was relatively less and linoleic acid more in the seed oil from accessions rich in oil content. The oil that contained higher amount of oleic acid also contained higher amount of palmitic acid and relatively lower amount of linoleic acid. The correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between seed yield and oil yield (r = +0.81), oil yield and oil content (r = +0.54) and oleic acid and palmitic acid content in the seed oil (r = +0.49), and a weak positive relationship between oil content and linoleic acid content of oil (r = +0.24), and a negative correlation was observed between oil content and palmitic acid content (r = –0.32), palmitic acid and linoleic acid (r = –0.55) and oleic acid and linoleic acid contents of oil (r = –0.68). The observations have permitted selection of accessions that are high seed and oil yielding and/or rich in linoleic, palmitic and oleic acids or containing palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids in about equal amounts.     

Variability of fat content and fatty acids profiles in seeds of a Polish white lupin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus albus</Emphasis> L.) collection

The paper assess the variability of fat content and fatty acids profiles in seeds of a white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) domestic collection. The initial material comprised 371 accessions originated from 30 countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, North- and South America and Australia. According to data given by accession donors the material is divided into four classes of origin: wild lines, landraces, lines created by man and cultivars. Variability of fat content and fatty acids composition were estimated in seeds of each accession. The average fat content for analyzed collection is 9.81%. The broadest range of fat content was noticed for landraces and cultivars as compared to narrowest represented by lines created by man. Fat content ranged from 6.9% (induced mutant Wt 95497) to 14.1% (Polish cultivar Wt 95420 and the landrace Wt 95212 from Jordan). From a dietetic point of view, oil quality is more important than oil quantity in lupin seeds. On average the fatty acid (FA) in examined accessions ranked in following order of abundance: oleic acid (C_18:1) > linoleic acid (C_18:2) > linolenic acid (C_18:3) > palmitic acid (C_16:0) > eicosenoic acid (C_20:1) > stearic acid (C_18:0) ≈ erucic acid (C_22:1). In respect to unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), monounsaturated oleic acid in each of estimated classes of accessions was predominant and most abundant (55.7%) in broad range of minimum–maximum values from 41.2 to 66.2%. The second examined monounsaturated fatty acid was erucic acid (1.74%) found in seeds of almost all studied accessions. An exception were four accessions defined similarly to rapeseeds as “zero erucic” forms. In seeds of few accessions a content of erucic acid exceeded 3%. Among polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic FA (ω?6) dominated followed by linolenic FA (ω?3). Both FA were in the range 13.7–33.2% and 5.6–12.8% with mean values on the level 19.6 and 10.1%, respectively. As a consequence, the examined white lupin seeds showed a very favourable ω?3/ω?6 FA ratio (0.51), ranging from 0.21 to 0.87, much higher than that of most vegetable oils. Fat content was positively correlated with stearic and oleic fatty acids and negatively with palmitic, linoleic, linolenic and erucic acid.     

Metabolism of triacylglycerol species during seed germination in fatty acid sunflower (Helianthus annuus) mutants

Sunflower mutant lines with high saturated fatty acid content (palmitic or stearic) in the oil have a completely different set of triacylglycerols (TAG), some of which were not found in standard sunflowers. For optimum seed germination, all of these new TAG species must be effectively catabolized. The behavior of the TAG composition during germination in cotyledons of all these mutant lines showed two different phases: an initial phase (between 0 and 2 days after sowing) with a higher catalytic activity and a preference for TAG containing at least two oleic acid molecules and a second phase with lower TAG degradation rate and a low preference for TAG containing two saturated fatty acids usually accompanied by linoleic acid. Despite the elevated content of saturated fatty acids in some TAG species, the total TAG degradation rate and germination process were similar in these lines, suggesting that sunflower seed lipases do not show a marked preference for any TAG species.     

Variability for the fatty acid composition of the seed oil in a germplasm collection of the genus Brassica

A germplasm collection consisting of 1475 entries from 21 species of Brassica, including 36 lower taxa, was evaluated for the fatty acid composition of the seed oil. A total of 358 entries representing the taxonomic variability in the collection were selected and analysed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The remaining 1117 entries were analysed by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), after developing multi-species calibration equations. The results demonstrated that NIRS is an effective technique to assess variability for oleic, linoleic, linolenic and erucic acid in intact-seed samples of multiple Brassica species, provided that calibration equations be developed from sets containing large taxonomic and chemical variability. Some fatty acid ratios were used to estimate the efficiency of the different biosynthetic pathways. Two well-defined patterns were observed. The first one was characterised by high elongation efficiency and accumulation of high levels of erucic acid. The highest erucic acid content (>55% of the total fatty acids) was found in the cultivated species B. napus L., B. oleracea L., and B. rapa L., and in the wild species B. incana Tenore, B. rupestris Raf., and B. villosa Bivona-Bernardi, the three latter belonging to the B. oleracea group (n=9). The second pattern was characterised by high desaturation efficiency, resulting in the accumulation of high levels of the polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acid (up to more than 55%). The highest levels of these fatty acids were found in samples of B. elongata Ehrh., especially of the var. integrifolia Boiss. The utility of the reported variability for plant breeding is discussed.     

Fatty acid composition of lipids in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) berries of different origins

The oil content and fatty acid composition of berries from two subspecies of sea buckthorn (Hippopha? rhamnoides L.) were investigated. The berries of subsp. rhamnoides contained a higher proportion of oil in seeds (11.3% vs 7.3%, p < 0.01), berries (3.5% vs 2.1%, p < 0.001), and seedless parts (2.8% vs 1.7%, p < 0.01) than the berries of subsp. sinensis. Linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acids (18:3n-3) comprised about 70% of seed oil fatty acids. Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), practically absent in the seed oil, comprised 12.1--39.0% of oil in pulp/peel and 8.9--31.0% of that in the whole berries. More linoleic acid (40.9% vs 39.1%) and less alpha-linolenic acid (26.6% vs 30.6%) was found in the seed oil of subsp. sinensis than in the seed oil of subsp. rhamnoides (p < 0.05). The proportion of palmitoleic acid was higher in the oil of berries of subsp. rhamnoides than the berries of subsp. sinensis (26.0% vs 21.5%, 0.05 < p < 0.1), but was vice versa with alpha-linolenic acid (8.8% vs 11.2%, 0.05 < p < 0.1). The proportions of alpha-linolenic acid correlated inversely with oleic and linoleic acids in the seed oil. In the oil of whole berries, the proportion of palmitoleic acid correlated negatively with the proportions of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids.     

EMS诱发大豆脂肪酸组成优良突变的研究

本文采用0.2％甲烷磺酸乙酯(EMS)溶液(pH7)处理大豆稳定系LF81-9903和F_1(合交77-153×哈80-3249)种子,研究大豆油主要脂肪酸的变异,以探求改善大豆油品质的有效技术方法。试验表明,经EMS处理后,大豆油中脂肪酸含量发生遗传改变,其方差明显提高,较未处理对照提高1.2～6倍。广义遗传力、遗传进度发生一定程度的变化。出现一些亚麻酸含量明显下降、亚油酸含量降低较少甚至增加的优良突变体,如518-1,643-3等。现正进行抗病性、丰产性的培育。0.2％EMS对诱发大豆脂肪酸有益突变是有效的。     

Nutritional composition of Sanchi (Panax notoginseng) seed and its potential for industrial use

Sanchi (Panax notoginseng) root has been widely used as traditional herb to stanch blood, disperse gore and reduce pain in China for centuries. However, the nutritional information about its seed was unknown. Sanchi seeds obtained from Yunnan Province were analyzed for their nutritional composition, fatty acid, amino acid profile and sugar contents. Sanchi seeds were abundant in fats (46.35 %) and proteins (23.90 %). Notably, seven fatty acid compositions were determined and abundant in unsaturated fatty acid (99.56 %), containing 95.71 % oleic acid. Sanchi seed proteins were rich in glutenin, globulin and albumin (28.63, 27.83 and 26.81 %, respectively). Sanchi seed contain 17 kinds of amino acids, of which nine were essential amino acids, accounting for 41.30 %. These nutritional compositions indicate that Sanchi seed has the potentiality to be exploited as human edible oil, industrial use, new medicine or healthcare products for diabetes patients due to low sugar content.     

Phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of the essential oil of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) leaves and its composition

The chemical composition of the essential oil of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) was examined by GC-MS. Fifty-eight components were characterized from H. cannabinus with (E)-phytol (28.16%), (Z)-phytol (8.02%), n-nonanal (5.70%), benzene acetaldehyde (4.39%), (E)-2-hexenal (3.10%), and 5-methylfurfural (3.00%) as the major constituents. The oil was phytotoxic to lettuce and bentgrass and had antifungal activity against Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Colletotrichum accutatum but exhibited little or no algicidal activity.     

Carica candicans Gray (Mito), an alimentary resource from Peruvian flora.

In addition to some histological observations, the chemical composition of Carica candicans Gray (Caricaceae) fruit and seeds, a plant common in Peruvian nutritional habits, was determined. The fruit contains high amounts of total proteins (8.2% on dry weight basis) and carbohydrates (70.1%) and appreciable contents of vitamin C and minerals. The oil extracted from seeds is in high amount (41. 6%). The fatty acid composition, with a prevalence of oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids, suggests a possible use of this oil in alimentation.     

Fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and phytosterol composition in six Tunisian olive varieties

The physicochemical and stability properties as well as the fatty acid, triacylglycerol, sterol, and triterpenic dialcohol compositions of Tunisian olive oil varieties were analyzed. On the basis of our results, we classified all of the monovarietal oils into the extra virgin category. Oleic and linoleic acids were the most useful fatty acids to discriminate three cultivars, Neb Jmel, Chétoui, and Ain Jarboua, from the others. Of the six monovarietal virgin olive oils analyzed, the main triacylglycerols were OOO, POO, PLO plus SLL, and OLO, which was expected given the high oleic acid and low linoleic and linolenic acids content observed in total fatty acids. In total, these accounted for more than 80% of the total HPLC chromatogram peak area. The main sterols found were beta-sitosterol, Delta5-avenasterol, and campesterol. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between oil samples, and the obtained results showed a great variability in the oil composition between cultivars, which is influenced exclusively by genetic factors.     

Late season deficit irrigation for water-saving: selection of rapeseed (Brassica napus) genotypes based on quantitative and qualitative features

ABSTRACT

To select and introduce the best rapeseed genotypes under withholding irrigation, two field experiments were carried out in seasons 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 in Iran. Factorial arrangement of treatments was set up as RCBD with three replications. The experiment factors were two irrigation treatments (normal irrigation during the growing season and withholding irrigation from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season) and 17 genotypes of rapeseed. Grain yield, oil content and fatty acid contents were measured. The results revealed that oleic acid (62.15%) was the highest followed by linoleic (19.28%), linolenic (5.65%), palmitic (5.24%) and stearic acids (2.44%). ODR (oleic desaturation ratio) and LDR (linoleic desaturation ratio) were significantly affected by genotypes and irrigation treatments. The biosynthetic pathway of fatty acids affected by drought stress. This means that linoleic acid increases under withholding irrigation condition, while linolenic acid decreases in such a water deficit stress condition. The highest performance of qualitative and quantitative was detected in HL3721 genotype due to high values of grain yield (3892.45 kg ha^?1), oil content (437.05 g kg^?1), unsaturated fatty acids (87.63%) and low values of saturated fatty acids (7.98%), and it could be used under withholding irrigation in arid and semi-arid climates.     

Effect of Lipid Oxidation on Dough Bleaching

The effect of lipid composition and oxidation on dough bleaching has been determined. At >2.25% (flour basis), pure linoleic acid was very efficient in degrading β‐carotene in dough, unlike colza, corn, peanut, soy, or sunflower oil, which were mainly characterized by different polyunsaturated fatty acids content. In a very oxidized state, as determined by a peroxide index of >15 meq/kg of oil, sunflower oil (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids) had a major bleaching activity on β‐carotene when compared with colza oil (less polyunsaturated), especially in combination with long mixing times. A combination of lipase (815 U), slightly oxidized oil (peroxide index of 2–5 meq/kg of oil), and linoleic acid (90 mg/100 g of flour) significantly degraded flour pigments (P < 0.05).     

Oil and tocopherol content and composition of pumpkin seed oil in 12 cultivars

Twelve pumpkin cultivars (Cucurbita maxima D.), cultivated in Iowa, were studied for their seed oil content, fatty acid composition, and tocopherol content. Oil content ranged from 10.9 to 30.9%. Total unsaturated fatty acid content ranged from 73.1 to 80.5%. The predominant fatty acids present were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. Significant differences were observed among the cultivars for stearic, oleic, linoleic, and gadoleic acid content of oil. Low linolenic acid levels were observed (<1%). The tocopherol content of the oils ranged from 27.1 to 75.1 microg/g of oil for alpha-tocopherol, from 74.9 to 492.8 microg/g for gamma-tocopherol, and from 35.3 to 1109.7 microg/g for delta-tocopherol. The study showed potential for pumpkin seed oil from all 12 cultivars to have high oxidative stability that would be suitable for food and industrial applications, as well as high unsaturation and tocopherol content that could potentially improve the nutrition of human diets.     

Variability of oil content and of major fatty acid composition in almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) and its relationship with kernel quality

Oil content and fatty acid composition were determined for two years in the kernel oil of eight cultivars and 47 advanced self-compatible almond genotypes developed in an almond breeding program. Considerable variation between genotypes was found for all parameters. Oil content ranged from 48% to 67% of the total kernel dry weight but was consistent over the two years. Fatty acid composition was also very variable, with significant differences between genotypes, even in genotypes of the same progeny. Oleic acid, ranging from 63% to 78%, and linoleic acid, ranging from 12% to 27%, were the major fatty acids, showing higher values in some selections than in their parents. The large variability observed for all fatty acids and the presence of selections with higher oil and fatty acid contents than the commercial cultivars represents a very promising base to obtain new almond cultivars with oil of higher quality, satisfying the industrial and consumer sectors.