Anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of standardized extracts of Tridax procumbens L.

The standardized EtOAc, MeOH and 70% EtOH extracts of Tridax procumbens aerial parts showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema at a medium dose of 200 mg/kg and the EtOAC extract was the most active. These extracts were standardized by HPLC with the help of chemical markers. Further, the extracts were evaluated for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity and EtOAc extract exhibited the highest inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 at 50 μg/mL. Cent aurein, centaureidin and bergenin were isolated as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory principles from the EtOAc extract. The extracts also exhibited antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. The anti-inflammatory activity of T. procumbens aerial parts could be at least in part due to COX-1, COX-2 enzyme inhibition and free radical-scavenging activities which may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenols in the extracts.     

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antifungal furanosesquiterpenoids isolated from Commiphora erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engl. resin

The topical anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging and antifungal activities of essential oils and extracts of Commiphora erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engl. resin were investigated. The hexane extract significantly inhibited oedema when applied topically in Croton oil-induced ear oedema assay in mice. The same extract showed antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay. A bioguided separation of the hexane extract led to the isolation of furanosesquiterpenoids 1 and 2 that showed a weak antifungal activity, while compounds 3-5 resulted to be antioxidant (EC₅₀ 4.28, 2.56 and 1.08 mg/mL, respectively) and anti-inflammatory (30, 26 and 32% oedema reduction, respectively).     

Investigation into the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of alcoholic extracts from defatted marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) residue

The influence of various solvents on the yield of polyphenols from defatted marigold residue, the antioxidant activity of the extracts and the composition of antioxidant compounds in the extracts were investigated. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts was significantly varied with different solvents (P<0.05) and the extract by ethyl alcohol (EtOH)/water (7:3, v/v) has the highest content of total phenolics and flavonoids, 62.33 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 97.00 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by radical (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)) scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the antioxidant activity was well correlated with the content of total phenolics and flavonoids (R2>0.900). Antioxidant components in the extracts were identified by combined on-line HPLC-ABTS·+ post-column assay and HPLC-DAD-MS method. Gallic acid, gallicin, quercetagetin, 6-hydroxykaempferol-O-hexoside, patuletin-O-hexoside and quercetin were the dominant antioxidant compounds in the extracts, and quercetagetin was identified as the strongest antioxidant capacity.     

Antioxidant properties and polyphenol contents of trembling aspen bark extracts

Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) bark was extracted with water and the crude extract fractionated with tert-butyl-methyl ether (TBME), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (BuOH) to obtain four different fractions. The antioxidant properties of the bark hot water extracts and its fractions were determined by three in vitro experiments: DPPH assay, phosphomolybdenum assay and canola oil thermoxidation assay by DSC analysis. Most of the results of the reported tests showed that the crude hot water extract and its fractions exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, higher than the synthetic antioxidant BHT. The results of this study confirm that antioxidant activity is a property that strongly depends on the oxidation conditions used in the particular oxidation test. Among the fractions separated from the aqueous extracts of bark, BuOH, TBME and EtOAc soluble fractions exhibited the best antioxidant efficiency, in phosphomolybdenum assay, DPPH assay and canola oil thermoxidation, respectively. Total phenol, flavonoid and flavanol contents were also evaluated and the results confirmed that the polyphenols contained in the hot water extract of this bark are mainly composed of non-flavonoid compounds.     

Anti-inflammatory,cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, COX-1 inhibitory and antioxidant effects of Dysophylla stellata Benth.

The n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of whole plants of Dysophylla stellata significantly inhibited edema when applied topically at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/ear in TPA-induced ear edema assay in mice. Further, both the extracts were evaluated for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities and showed 85.42 and 57.38%; and 71.79 and 89.27% inhibition at 50 µg/ml, respectively. Chromones (1 and 2) present in these extracts could be responsible for their COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities. The ethyl acetate extract showed antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay where as n-hexane extract found to be inactive.     

印度黄檀叶多酚提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

目的]印度黄檀叶含有多酚及类黄酮物质,研究印度黄檀叶多酚及其抗氧化活性,可为其利用提供依据。[方法]以印度黄檀叶为原料,乙醇为提取液,经单因素实验与正交试验设计,检测在不同乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取温度及超声功率120 w时3个因素进行响应面优化试验,确定印度黄檀多酚的提取工艺;同时,鉴定印度黄檀叶乙醇-水提取液对DPPH-自由基的清除能力。[结果]低浓度印度黄檀叶多酚能发挥更强的抗氧化能力,其提取液对清除DPPH自由基的半数抑制质量浓度(IC_(50))约为3.2 mg·L~(-1),略大于Vc的2.5 mg·L~(-1);不过,其还原能力略低于Vc。[结论]印度黄檀叶内富含多酚类物质,具有很强的体外抗氧化活性,可作为天然抗氧化植物资源开发利用。     

Polyphenols from the stems of Morus alba and their inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia

Neuroinflammatory processes are involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders. Microglial cells, the main immune cells of the central nervous system, represent a target of interest to search for naturally occurring anti-inflammatory products. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of polyphenols obtained from the stems of Morus alba. This edible species, known as white mulberry, is frequently studied because of its traditional use in Asian medicine and its richness in different types of polyphenols, some of which are known to be phytoalexins. One new coumarin glycoside, isoscopoletin 6-(6-O-β-apiofuranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) (1) was mainly isolated by CPC (centrifugal partition chromatography) from this plant, together with seven known polyphenols (2–8). Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses including extensive 2D NMR studies. The eight isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells. The absence of cell toxicity is checked by a MTT assay.     

Effects of Pithecellobium clypearia Benth extract and its main components on inflammation and allergy

The ethanol extract of Pithecellobium clypearia Benth (PCE) was characterized to be rich in polyphenols by HPLC analysis, and investigated for its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities. In our assay, PCE showed anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and auto-immune inflammation animal models. Administration of PCE can effectively inhibit the croton oil-induced ear edema and capillary permeability, the carrageenin-induced paw edema, and the liver injury caused by propionibacterium acnes plus lipopolysaccharide. PCE was also found to possess anti-allergic activity in inhibiting the DNFB-induced delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Meanwhile, seven main components (1–7) from PCE were studied for their effect on histamine release stimulated by compound 48/80 from rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. Compound 2 ((−)-epigallocatechin-7-gallate), 3 ((−)-5, 7, 3′, 4′, 5′-pentahydroxyflavan), and 5 ((−)-tetra hydroxyflavan-7-gallate) showed significant inhibition effect on histamine release.     

Pomegranate fruit components modulate human thrombin

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is an important source of polyphenols with assessed antioxidant properties. The aims of this study were: (i) the characterization of the monomeric phenolic variability on each isolated fruit component (endocarp, mesocarp, aril); (ii) the study on the effect of pomegranate fruit components on human thrombin amidolytic activity. Collectively, our data show that pomegranate components contain bioactive metabolites (mainly ellagic acid) and suggest a potential role for the pomegranate extract in the regulation of a number of physio-pathological processes involving thrombin (or thrombin-like proteinase).     

桦褐孔菌提取物体外抗氧化活性评价研究

用不同浓度的乙醇、丙酮和异丙醇提取桦褐孔菌中的活性成分,筛选出高效抗氧化活性成分。分别用苯酚-硫酸法、福林酚法、氯化铝显色法测定粗提物中多糖、多酚和黄酮的含量,并测定粗提物对DPPH·的清除能力和FRAP值。用SPSS软件分析活性成分含量和抗氧化性的相关性,确定高抗氧化活性成分为多糖,与DPPH·清除率和FRAP总还原力的相关系数分别为为0．851和0．706。     

Characterization and antioxidant activity of Amazonian woods

The heartwood and sapwood characteristics of 11 Amazonian trees were investigated. Whereas 7 of the specimens had densities greater than 0.7 g/cm³, the heartwood density of ipê amarelo (Tabebuia serratifolia), maçaranduba (Manilkara huberi), cumaru-ferro (Dipteryx odorata), and guarita (Astronium lecointei) exceeded 1.0 g/cm³. Jatobá contained small amounts of Klason lignin and α-cellulose, and large amounts of holocellulose and alkali extract, suggesting that it has a high polysaccharide content that can be dissolved in an alkaline medium. The difference in the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratios of the samples before and after alkali extraction suggests that alkali extracts contain syringyl-type polyphenols. In all of the samples, the heart-wood methanol extracts were larger in volume than the sapwood methanol extracts, and the sapwood alkali extracts were larger in volume than the heartwood alkali extracts. The antioxidant activities of the methanol and alkali extracts were assayed by measuring the levels of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, respectively. The heart-wood methanol extract of jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril) exhibited the highest level of activity (EC₅₀ = 44 mg/l), which exceeded that of α-tocopherol (EC₅₀ = 48 mg/l), and the heartwood alkali extracts of jatobá and ipê amarelo had high SOD-like activity comparable with red wine.     

Psoralea corylifolia L. (Buguchi) — Folklore to modern evidence: Review

Psoralea corylifolia is an important medicinal plant which is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. The plant extracts have been reported to possess antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and immunomodulatory activity. A wide range of chemical compounds including psoralen, isopsoralen, bakuchiol, psoralidin, bakuchalcone, bavachinin, flavones, volatile oils, lipids etc. are found in different parts of the plant. The present review is therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its botany, phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology along with special emphasis given on pharmacological activities of plant P. corylifolia.     

3种核桃副产物多酚提取液的体外抗氧化活性分析

以核桃青皮、核桃粕和核桃壳为原料,用水和不同比例的甲醇、乙醇超声提取,测定了多酚提取率、还原力和提取物对DPPH自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除率。结果表明:使用40%乙醇为提取剂,多酚提取率最高,纯水的提取率最低。3种核桃副产物多酚醇提取物都具有体外抗氧化能力,强弱顺序为:核桃青皮>核桃粕>核桃壳。核桃青皮醇提物具有良好的抗氧化性能,可作为抗氧化剂。     

Anti-diabetic effects of brown algae derived phlorotannins,marine polyphenols through diverse mechanisms

Marine algae are popular and abundant food ingredients mainly in Asian countries, and also well known for their health beneficial effects due to the presence of biologically active components. The marine algae have been studied for biologically active components and phlorotannins, marine polyphenols are among them. Among marine algae, brown algae have extensively studied for their potential anti-diabetic activities. Majority of the investigations on phlorotannins derived from brown algae have exhibited their various anti-diabetic mechanisms such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory effect, glucose uptake effect in skeletal muscle, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP 1B) enzyme inhibition, improvement of insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic db/db mice, and protective effect against diabetes complication. In this review, we have made an attempt to discuss the various anti-diabetic mechanisms associated with phlorotannins from brown algae that are confined to in vitro and in vivo.     

Chemical composition,antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Schinus molle</Emphasis> wood branch growing in Egypt

In the present work, for the first time, the chemical components of essential oils (EOs) and extracts from wood branch (WB) resulted from the tree pruning wastes of Schinus molle L. grown in Egypt were evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. EOs, methanol (ME), dichloromethane (DCME) and water (WE) extracts as antioxidant and antibacterial activities were measured. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as analysis of extracts by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were reported. The major components in EOs were α-elemol, β-pinene, and α-phellandrene, in ME were 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyano-4-(N-benzylpiperazino)-2H-pyran-2-one, and 2-naphthalene methanol, decahydro-α,α,4a-trimethyl-8-methylene, in DCME were 12-methyl-E,E-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol, and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester, and in WE were β-eudesmol, and (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester. The highest total antioxidant activity was found with EOs (90 ± 1.23 %) and WE (86.30 ± 1.40 %). The lowest IC₅₀ values of 13.11 ± 3.00, and 12.66 ± 2.15 μg/mL were found with WE and EOs, respectively. EOs and WE were observed to have good antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Sarcina lutea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Micrococcus luteus. In conclusion, the Schinus molle L. WB EOs and extracts might, indeed, be used as a potential source for pharmaceutical or food industries.     

In vitro antioxidant and in vivo photoprotective effect of pistachio (Pistacia vera L., variety Bronte) seed and skin extracts

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) nuts are a rich source of phenolic compounds, known for their high antioxidant activity, and contained not only in the seeds but also in the skin. A pistachio cultivar of high quality is typical of Bronte, Sicily, Italy. The purpose of our study was to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of two polyphenol-rich extracts from skins (TP) and decorticated seeds (SP) of Bronte pistachios, and to verify the potential use of these extracts for topical photoprotective products.Chemical analysis showed that the TP and SP extracts contain high levels of phenolic compounds, but the TP extract is about ten times richer in phenols than the SP extract, being anthocyanins the most abundant compounds found in the TP extract. Both these extracts, and especially the TP extract, possess good radical scavenger/antioxidant properties, as shown in a series of in vitro assays carried out using homogenous and non-homogenous chemical environment. Furthermore both the TP extract and, although at a lower degree, the SP extract reduce, when topically applied, UV-B-induced skin erythema in human volunteers. These findings suggest that extracts from Bronte TP and SP could be successfully employed as photoprotective ingredients in topical cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.     

‘鲁赫’刺蔷薇籽成分分析及抗氧化、抗炎活性研究

以‘鲁赫’刺蔷薇籽为原料对其营养成分及活性成分含量进行分析,并对提取物进行抗氧化活性和抗炎活性研究。结果表明:‘鲁赫’刺蔷薇籽的营养成分中总糖含量最高,达(24.78±0.65)%,其次是蛋白质,占(15.47±0.16)%。‘鲁赫’刺蔷薇籽中原花青素含量达(12.84±0.65)mg/g,含量较为丰富,总多酚含量次之,为(6.08±0.55)mg/g,总黄酮含量最少,为(1.13±0.11)mg/g。‘鲁赫’刺蔷薇籽具有优异的体外抗氧化能力,对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除率可分别高达(88.87±1.25)%和(89.86±0.90)%。‘鲁赫’刺蔷薇籽对透明质酸酶和白蛋白变性的抑制率分别高达(83.18±0.28)%和(93.29±0.36)%,具有很强的体外抗炎性。‘鲁赫’刺蔷薇籽具有丰富的营养成分和活性物质并具有较强的体外抗氧化、抗炎活性,应用潜力巨大。     

Pycnogenol: A blend of procyanidins with multifaceted therapeutic applications?

Great interest is currently centred on the biologic activities of pycnogenol a standardized plant extract obtained from the bark of the French maritime pine Pinus pinaster (formerly known as Pinus maritima), Aiton, subspecies Atlantica des Villar (Pycnogenol®, Horphag Research Ltd., UK, Geneve, Switzerland), which grows in the coastal southwest France. The quality of this extract is specified in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP 28). Between 65% and 75% of Pycnogenol are procyanidins comprising of catechin and epicatechin subunits with varying chain lengths. Other constituents are polyphenolic monomers, phenolic or cinnamic acids and their glycosides. As many studies indicate, pycnogenol components are highly bioavailable. Uniquely, pycnogenol displays greater biologic effects as a mixture than its purified components do individually indicating that the components interact synergistically. Pycnogenol is now utilized throughout the world as a nutritional supplement and as a phytochemical remedy for various diseases ranging from chronic inflammation to circulatory dysfunction, including several impaired psycho-physiological functions. Owing to the basic chemical structure of its components, the most obvious feature of pycnogenol is its strong antioxidant activity. In fact, phenolic acids, polyphenols, and in particular flavonoids, are composed of one (or more) aromatic rings bearing one or more hydroxyl groups and are therefore potentially able to quench free radicals by forming resonance-stabilized phenoxyl radicals.     

Flavonol-rich fractions of yaupon holly leaves (Ilex vomitoria, Aquifoliaceae) induce microRNA-146a and have anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects in intestinal myofibroblast CCD-18Co cells

Polyphenolics extracted from yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria, Aquifoliaceae) (YH) leaves were investigated in human colon cells for their chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory activities. An activity-guided fractionation allowed the selection of YH flavonol-rich fraction due to its preferential inhibition of HT-29 colon cancer viability over the normal CCD-18Co colon cells. Quercetin and kaempferol 3-rutinosides, main components identified in this fraction, protected CCD-18Co cells against reactive oxidative species (ROS) in part due to increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, up-regulation of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) known as a negative regulator of pro-inflammatory NF-κB activation was the underlying molecular mechanism that protected CCD-18Co from inflammation.