黄嘌呤氧化酶传感器的研制及其对鱼鲜度的检测

将黄嘌呤氧化酶以共价连接法固定于二醋酸纤维素薄膜上，制成的酶膜与极谱式氧电极共同组成对次黄嘌呤进行定量测定的黄嘌呤氧化酶传感器。该传感器测定范围为１０～１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ，响应时间１０ｓ，不同浓度次黄嘌呤标准溶液对传感器１０ｓ响应值的相关系数为γ＝－０．９９６６，次黄嘌呤标准溶液重复测定６０次（１０ｓ响应值）的变异系数为ＣＶ＝０．３０３％。应用该传感器与分光光度法对鱼体次黄嘌呤含量进行了测定比较，二者具有良好的相关性。     

口服补液盐在养鸡生产上的应用

称取氯化钠3．5克、氯化钾1．5克、碳酸氢钠2．5克、葡萄糖20克，混合均匀制成白色粉剂，溶解于1000毫升蒸馏水中。     

生物传感器的研究进展

生物传感器研究和开发的目的是向社会提供采用生物传感器原理的新仪器和分析控制方法。Clark和Lyons最先提出生物传感器的设想，到现在为止国际上研究成功的酶传感器有几十种，如葡萄糖、乳酸、胆固醇和氨基酸等传感器。唐芳琼等研制的纳米增强葡萄糖传感器，开辟了制备直接电子传递第3代生物传感器的新途径和纳米颗粒应用的新领域。     

鸡新城疫和减蛋综合征异源二联灭活疫苗研究

将鸭源新城疫（ＮＤ）病毒Ｄ＿（１０）株和减蛋综合征（ＥＤＳ－７６）病毒ＧＣ＿２株于同一鸭胚同时增殖，用甲醛灭活后加入１０号白油制成ＮＤ和ＥＤＳ－７６异源二联灭活疫苗，简化了生产工艺，降低了成本，克服了鸡胚苗潜伏带毒的危险。经２０余万只鸡试用，表明该疫苗可有效预防ＮＤ和ＤＥＳ－７６。     

“塑料袖套过桥法”运用于治疗牛瘤胃积食

１９９７年１０月我站９４６９号西门塔尔种公牛因偷食过量干花生稿，于１０月３０日发现其被毛粗乱，食欲不振，左腹臌胀，诊断为患瘤胃积食。期间，特邀江西农大动科院戴清文教授和金牛集团刘知难高级兽医师等，在实施牛瘤胃切开、掏除瘤胃积食术中，应用“塑料袖套过桥法”使治疗获得成功。１症状（略）２治疗２．１１０月３０日～１１月５日，病初。治疗原则：排除瘤胃内容物，促进瘤胃蠕动，恢复瘤胃运动机能。治疗方案：①静脉注射：５％葡萄糖生理盐水１０００ｍＬ、５％葡萄糖５００ｍＬ、１０％ＮａＨＣＯ３溶液５００ｍＬ、１０％…     

奶牛焦虫病的诊断和治疗

１临床表现患畜精神不振，眼角流泪，有浑浊的分泌物附着，体温升高４１℃～４２℃，排血尿。经检查，在饲草中和畜体后肢下腹部找到微小牛蜱。据此确诊患畜因感染焦虫而发病。２治疗方法该病病源是牛双芽焦虫，因此治疗该病首选黄色素，并配合硫酸亚铁和维生素B１２进行治疗。２．１将黄色素按每１kg体重３～４mg（极量２g）稀释于５００mL５％的葡萄糖中，静脉注射。２．２将结晶硫酸亚铁２～１０g和２０mL（含维生素B１２１０００μg）的维生素B１２稀释于５００mL５％的葡萄糖中，静脉注射。根据临床用药观察，上述治疗方法效果很好…     

禽脑脊髓炎灭活油乳剂疫苗的研制

将ＡＥＶ－ＶＲ株接种于６日龄ＳＰＦ鸡胚卵黄囊，孵化至１６日龄时迫，要集鸡胚毛尿囊膜，尿囊液，胚体称重，研磨，离心取上清液加入福尔马林灭活，以灭菌ＰＢＳ稀释成１：１、１：１０、１：２０三种浓度，加入吐温－８０制成水相，另以白油，司斑－８０和硬质酸铝煮沸灭菌制成油相，搅拌混合制成不同浓度的灭活油乳剂疫苗，分别免疫２日龄ＳＰＦ雏鸡，安全可靠。用ＡＥＶ－ＶＲ、ＡＥＶ－１１４３、ＡＥＶ－ＮＨ９３７三株混合毒     

中西药复方制剂治疗鸡传染性喉气管炎的试验

以麻黄、百部、射干、熟地等中草药制成干浸膏，再加扑尔敏、葡萄糖制成可溶性散剂－“喉爽冲剂”，对发病鸡群进行对比治疗试验，治愈率和有效率分别为97％、98％。     

应用核酸杂交技术检测畜禽衣原体病的研究

从纯化山羊流产衣原体颗粒提取ＤＮＡ，用ＤＮＡ限制性内切酶切割，进行酶切图谱分析，与文献报道的图谱对比，证实确系纯的衣原体ＤＮＡ制品。将衣原体ＤＮＡ用光敏生物素标记，制成核酸探针，用斑点杂交法检测衣原体核酸，灵敏度可达１０ｐｇ。又用重组克隆技术将衣原体ＤＮＡ片段克隆于大肠杆菌质粒载体上，筛选出衣原体特异的ＤＮＡ片段制成光生物素探针，可以同样有交效地检测衣原体核酸。用光生物素衣原体探针检测了山羊、绵羊、豚鼠、小白鼠、鸡胚等的衣原体感染病料，结果准确。与间接血凝法检测衣原体感染做了对比试验，证明核酸杂交法检测衣原体病更为灵敏和特异     

家畜疾病治疗新法

１酒椿合剂治牛瘤胃膨气取酒精１００mL，椿树皮８０g切碎，加水煎汤后，再加入酒精，用温水３００～４００mL稀释后，一次给病牛灌服，一般用药后２０～３０min即愈。２缩宫硒注射液治疗家畜胎停滞将缩宫素注射２００～２５０单位，０．１％亚硒酸钠注射液５～１０mL混合制成缩宫硒注射液。将本品注射于病畜后海穴内，注后１～３h胎即可自行脱落。注射方法：站立保定家畜，助手握住家畜尾根稍向上举起，术者在肛门与尾根之间凹陷正中处进针，穿刺针头向前上方与尾根平行刺入８～１０cm，接上注射器，将药液注入即可。如一次注射后胎衣没…     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.