调控一体化模式下的电网运行管理

正调控一体化指将电网调度与变电站设备集中监控进行一体化设置,实现调度业务和监控业务的高度融合,调控中心能够集中监视变电站状态,远方遥控操作变电站开关设备等;变电站实行无人值守,采取运维队模式进行多站日常巡视维护。这种新型的运行管理模式使电网调度和变电站集中监控融合为一体,能够使倒闸操作效率及电网故障处置效率得到较大程度的提     

应用负荷曲线索引图提升10 kV线路监控效率

正随着经济社会的发展,电网负荷不断攀升,电网改造不断升级,作为县域电网供电主力的10 k V线路条数不断增加,分布式电源接入不断增加,线路负荷也越来越多元化。调度作为电网监控的主要部门,监控任务日趋繁重。以国网河南温县供电公司为例,当班调度员要负责对全县101条线路的监控。如何提升当班监控效率,让调度员快速掌握10 k V线路运行情况,做到故障的快速发现和处置,成为了当前急需解决的问题。笔者现结合温县供电公司电网实际,介绍如何依托D5000调度自动化系统设计10 k V线路曲线索引图,以绿色曲线显示当日曲线,用于当班期间线路监控及故障初步研判,以红色曲线显示前一日曲线,用于电网负荷波动、负荷预测的分析与研判,让调度员快速调阅线路负荷曲线,有效提高监控效率,供参考。     

浙江电力深化应用智能巡检机器人

正国网浙江电力大力推广应用变电站智能巡检机器人,以辅助运维人员开展110kV及以上变电站的例行巡检、故障研判、设备状态核对、应急处置等工作,提高设备状态管控能力和精益化管理水平。目前,国网浙江电力已在全省布置了56套机器人系统,覆盖全省165座110kV及以上变电站,实现11个地市公司变电站智能巡检机器     

变电站智能综合监控系统的设计

计算机及网络技术的发展推动了视频监控系统的发展,通过智能综合监控系统的构建,将变电站分散的视频系统、环境监控系统整合成统一的变电站智能综合监控系统,促进变电站自动化再上一个新台阶。介绍变电站智能综合监控系统的设计和实现的功能,通过该系统的应用,可以使站内设备工况远程监控、远程操作辅助监视、站端工作行为监督和事故辅助分析等功能得以实现,便于设备维护和故障排除,提高工作效率、电网安全和经济效益。     

基于智能电网调控技术支持系统的设备监控大数据分析

介绍了输变电设备集中监控信息分析中心的总体结构,及采用的优化算法,结合浙江电网的实际运行情况,应用各类监控信息分析模块,分析结果可为监控员提供相应的辅助决策,为浙江电网的安全运行提供保障。     

资讯

浙江电力深化应用智能巡检机器人
　　国网浙江电力大力推广应用变电站智能巡检机器人,以辅助运维人员开展110 kV及以上变电站的例行巡检、故障研判、设备状态核对、应急处置等工作,提高设备状态管控能力和精益化管理水平。目前,国网浙江电力已在全省布置了56套机器人系统,覆盖全省165座110 kV及以上变电站,实现11个地市公司变电站智能巡检机器人全覆盖。2016年以来,这些机器人累计发现设备缺陷131例,有效提升了变电设备精益化管控水平。     

国网福建厦门供电公司“电网设备全景监测系统”率先投运

<正>近日,由国网福建省电力有限公司研发的"电网设备全景监测系统"作为海西厦门岛智能电网工程的核心项目,近期率先投入使用。可以直观展示变电站、线路、配变、低压表箱之间的电力流向和设备联络关系。当故障发生时,也只需将地图移至故障地点,就能清楚了解故障影响范围以及故障设备周边的实时负荷信息。     

一起电流值越上限异常处理的"案"中"案"

正智能电网调度控制系统(D5000系统)(以下简称调度D5000系统)是调度监控员的"眼睛",是监控员对设备正常运行进行遥测和观察可靠数据的保障,是监控员对设备运行故障分析的主要参考依据,所以设备运行的好与坏,对值班监控员至关重要。继电保护装置在电网中更是设备运行的保护神,具有选择性、速动性、灵敏性、可靠性。当电力系统发生故障或异常工况时,在可能实现的最短时间和最小区域内,自动将故障设备从系统中切除,以减少或避免设备的损坏和对相邻设备的供电影响。以下介绍某公司在处理一起变电事故时发现隐患的事件经过,希望给广大读     

变电站自动化信息传输及典型故障查找方法

随着我国科技的迅猛发展,智能电网建设的进程加快,变电站自动化领域的技术水平以及系统设备都有显著提升。文章讲述变电站自动化信息传输方式并对典型故障给出查找方法及处理措施。     

变电站智能综合监控系统的设计

计算机及网络技术的发展推动了视频监控系统的发展,通过智能综合监控系统的构建,将变电站分散的视频系统、环境监控系统整合成统一的变电站智能综合监控系统,促进变电站自动化再上一个新台阶.介绍变电站智能综合监控系统的设计和实现的功能,通过该系统的应用,可以使站内设备工况远程监控、远程操作辅助监视、站端工作行为监督和事故辅助分析等功能得以实现,便于设备维护和故障排除,提高工作效率、电网安全和经济效益.     

Prediction of Kernel and Bulk Volume of Wheat and Canola during Adsorption and Desorption

Information don the shrinkage of grain both in bulk and as individual kernels is important in postharvest processing of these materials. The mass and volume of samples of wheat and canola seeds exposed either to humid or dry air were measured during adsorption or desorption cycles. When the grains were exposed to 90% r.h. at 40°C, the bulk density of wheat decreased almost linearly from 790 to 686 kg/m³as the kernel moisture content increased from 8% to 22% w.b. The bulk density of canola descreased by 11 kg/m³, from 672 to 661 kg/m³as the kernel moisture content increased from 5% to 19% w.b. The laws of mixtures were used to develop the following equations to predict grain kernel (v_k)and grain bulk volume (v_b)respectively as functions of moisture adsorption or desorption:v_k/v_k0=[1-M₀/1+(γ-1)M₀] [1+(γ-1)M/1-M]andv_b/v_b0={[1-(M₀-M)][1+(γ-1)M]/[1+(γ-1)M₀]} (1-ϵ₀)/(1-ϵ)wherev_kandv_k0are the kernel volumes,v_bandv_b0are the bulk porosities at the kernel moisture contents ofMandM₀respectively;γis the dry kernel density and is assumed to be a constant for each grain. Compared with experimental data, the kernel volumes of both wheat and canola, adequately predicted by the first equation. The second equation gave an adequate prediction of the bulk volume of canola by assumingϵ= ϵ₀,but not for wheat unlessϵwas expressed as a polynomial function of kernel moisture content.     

Irrigation water distribution and long-term effects on crop and environment

The response of three water delivery schedules, representing various levels of flexibility, on crop production, water saving, soil salinization, drainage volumes and watertable behavior was examined. A physical-based transient soil water and solute transfer model, Soil–Water–Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP), was used as a tool. The evaluations were made for un-restricted and restricted water supply situations considering three different watertable conditions prevailing in the fourth drainage project (FDP) of the Punjab, Pakistan. From the simulation results it is apparent that on average the effect of irrigation schedule flexibility on crop yields is not very significant. However, compared to a fixed schedule provided un-restricted canal water supplies are available, the productivity of irrigation water supply (Y_act/I_rr), is up to 30% higher for the on-demand schedule. The on-demand schedule capable of complying with the temporal variations in climate is also more effective in water saving, reducing drainage volumes and controlling rising watertables if farmers follow guidelines and do not over-irrigate. In the present water deficient environment of the Indus basin, the benefits of the on-demand schedule and a fixed schedule are comparable. In the absence of sufficient canal water supplies, infrastructure and a well-designed and effective monitoring and communication system, moving towards the on-demand system will be un-productive. For the long-term sustainability of the irrigation system, improvements in the performance of the present water allocations and on-farm water management practices seems to be more necessary.     

Development and evaluation of integrated water and nitrogen model for maize

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food crop for irrigated regions in the world. Its growth and production may be estimated by different crop models in which various relationships between growth and environmental parameters are used. For simulation of maize growth and grain yield, a simulation model was developed (Maize Simulation Model, MSM). Dynamic flow of water, nitrogen (N) movement, and heat flow through the soil were simulated in unsteady state conditions by numerical analysis in soil depth of 0–1.8 m. Hourly potential evapotranspiration [ET_p(t)] for maize field was estimated directly by Penman–Monteith method. Hourly potential evaporation [E_p(t)] was estimated based on ET_p(t) and canopy shadow projection. Actual evaporation of soil surface was estimated based on its potential value, relative humidity of air, water pressure head and temperature at soil surface layer. Actual transpiration (T_a(t)) was estimated based on soil water content and root distribution at each soil layer. Hourly N uptake by plant was simulated by N mass flow and diffusion processes. Hourly top dry matter production (HDMA^j + 1, where j is number of hours after planting) was estimated by hourly corrected intercepted radiation (RSLT^j + 1) by plant leaves [determined from leaf area index (LAI^j + 1)] with air temperature, the maximum and minimum plant top N concentration and the amounts of nitrogen uptake. The value of LAI^j + 1 at each hour was estimated by the accumulated top dry matter production at previous hour using an empirical equation. Maize grain yield was estimated by a relationship between harvest index and seasonal plant top dry matter production. The model was calibrated using data obtained under field conditions by a line source sprinkler irrigation. When the values of water and nitrogen application were optimum, grain yield (moisture content of 15.5%) was 16.2 Mg ha⁻¹. Model was validated using two independent experimental data obtained from other experiments in the Badjgah (Fars province). The experimental results validated the proposed simulation model fairly well.     

Combined effects of KNO3 and salinity on yield and chemical composition of lettuce and Chinese cabbage

Summary The effect of N and K nutrition on the salt tolerance of lettuce (Lactuca saliva L. cv. Saunas) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L., Pekinensis cv. Kazumi) was evaluated in three greenhouse experiments under a controlled aero-hydroponic system of cultivation. Three levels of KNO₃ (1, 5 and 10 mM) were tested in all the experiments with rapidly circulated saline and nonsaline nutrient solutions. Two experiments, carried out between January and March 1989, with lettuce (Exp. I) and Chinese cabbage plants (Exp. III), consisted of two salinity levels, EC = 1.75 and 6.0 dS m^–1, the former representing a nonsaline nutrient solution. In the third experiment with lettuce (Exp. II., conducted between March and May 1989), three saline nutrient solutions having EC levels of 4.7, 7.75 and 10.75 dS m^–1 were compared to the nonsaline solution. The nutrient solutions were salinized with NaCl and CaCl₂, in a 4:1 molar ratio. The highest yields of fresh weight of both crops were obtained from the 5 mM KNO₃ under both saline and non-saline conditions. The 10 mM treatment caused yield reduction in Chinese cabbage, probably due to a severe tipburn disorder. The relatively high fresh weight yield obtained at the lowest (1 mM) KNO₃ level can be explained by the positive effect of circulation velocity on nutrient uptake. The threshold salinity damage value for the vegetative yield of lettuce plants fed by 5 or 10 mM KNO₃ was approximately 5 dSm^–1 and the yield decreased by 6.5% per unit dS m^–1 above the threshold. No yield improvement due to the addition of KNO₃ occurred under highly saline conditions (Exp. II). The fresh weight of Chinese cabbage obtained from the saline 1 and 5 mM KNO₃ treatments was approximately 15% lower than the non-saline-treatment (Exp. III). Salinity increased tipburn and the effect was not altered by the addition of KNO₃. No significant interaction between nutrition (KNO₃ level) and salinity was found. The application of salts increased the concentration of Na and Cl in plant tissue and reduced the levels of N and K; the opposite occurred in plants fed by the medium and high levels of KNO₃.Contribution from Institute of Soils and Water, ARO, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. No. 3092-E 1990 series     

Comparison of drip and sprinkler irrigation strategies on sunflower seed and oil yield and quality under Mediterranean climatic conditions

This study compares the effects of different irrigation regimes on seed yield and oil yield quality and water productivity of sprinkler and drip irrigated sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) on silty-clay-loam soils in 2006 and 2007 in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. In sprinkler irrigation a line-source system was used in order to create gradually varying irrigation levels. Irrigation regimes consisted of full irrigation (I₁) and three deficit irrigation treatments (I₂, I₃ and I₄), and rain-fed treatment (I₅). In the drip system, irrigation regimes included full irrigation (FI-100), three deficit irrigation treatments (DI-25, DI-50, DI-75), partial root zone drying (PRD-50) and rain-fed treatment (RF). Irrigations were scheduled at weekly intervals both in sprinkler and drip irrigation, based on soil water depletion within a 0.90 m root zone in FI-100 and I₁ plots. Irrigation treatments influenced significantly (P < 0.01) sunflower seed and oil yields, and oil quality both with sprinkler and drip systems. Seed yields decreased with increasing water stress levels under drip and sprinkler irrigation in both experimental years. Seed yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil water contents and spring rainfall distribution in the experimental years. Although PRD-50 received about 36% less irrigation water as compared to FI-100, sunflower yield was reduced by an average of 15%. PRD-50 produced greater seed and oil yields than DI-50 in the drip irrigation system. Yield reduction was mainly due to less number of seeds per head and lower seed mass. Soil water deficits significantly reduced crop evapotranspiration (ET), which mainly depends on irrigation amounts. Significant linear relationships (R² = 0.96) between ET and oil yield (Y) were obtained in each season. The seed yield response factors (ky_seed) were 1.24 and 0.86 for the sprinkler and 1.19 and 1.06 for the drip system in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The oil yield response factor (ky_oil) for sunflower was found to be 1.08 and 1.49 for both growing seasons for the sprinkler and 1.36 and 1.25 for the drip systems, respectively. Oil content decreased with decreasing irrigation amount. Consistently greater values of oil content were obtained from the full irrigation treatment plots. The saturated (palmitic and stearic acid) and unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acid) fatty acid contents were significantly affected by water stress. Water stress caused an increase in oleic acid with a decrease in linoleic acid contents. The palmitic and stearic acid concentrations decreased under drought conditions. Water productivity (WP) values were significantly affected by irrigation amounts and ranged from 0.40 to 0.71 kg m⁻³ in 2006, and from 0.69 to 0.91 kg m⁻³ in 2007. The PRD-50 treatment resulted in the greatest WP (1.0 kg m⁻³) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) (1.4 kg m⁻³) in both growing seasons. The results revealed that under water scarcity situation, PRD-50 in drip and I₂ in sprinkler system provide acceptable irrigation strategies to increase sunflower yield and quality.     

Effects of salinity and fertigation practice on cotton yield and N recovery

The purpose of optimal water and nutrient management is to maximize water and fertilizer use efficiency and crop production, and to minimize groundwater pollution. In this study, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of soil salinity and N fertigation strategy on plant growth, N uptake, as well as plant and soil ¹⁵N recovery. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 factorial with three soil salinity levels (2.5, 6.3, and 10.8 dS m⁻¹) and three N fertigation strategies (N applied at the beginning, end, and in the middle of an irrigation cycle). Seed cotton yield, dry matter, N uptake, and plant ¹⁵N recovery significantly increased as soil salinity level increased from 2.5 to 6.3 dS m⁻¹, but they decreased markedly at higher soil salinity of 10.8 dS m⁻¹. Soil ¹⁵N recovery was higher under soil salinity of 10.8 dS m⁻¹ than those under soil salinity of 6.3 dS m⁻¹, but was not significantly different from that under soil salinity of 2.5 dS m⁻¹. The fertigation strategy that nitrogen applied at the beginning of an irrigation cycle had the highest seed cotton yield and plant ¹⁵N recovery, but showed higher potential loss of fertilizer N from the root zone. While the fertigation strategy of applying N at the end of an irrigation cycle tended to avoid potential N loss from the root zone, it had the lowest cotton yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Total ¹⁵N recovery was not significantly affected by soil salinity, fertigation strategy, and their interaction. These results suggest that applying nitrogen at the beginning of an irrigation cycle has an advantage on promoting yield and fertilizer use efficiency, therefore, is an agronomically efficient way to provide cotton with fertilizer N under the given production conditions.     

Isohydrodynamic behavior in deficit-irrigated Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec and its relationship between yield and berry composition

Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec grapevines were irrigated at 70 or 23 % of estimated crop evapotranspiration throughout berry development over four growing seasons. Stomatal behavior was characterized by relating predawn leaf water potential and mid-morning stomatal conductance to mid-morning leaf water potential. Seasonal average weekly midday leaf water potential was lower in Cabernet Sauvignon than Malbec despite similar irrigation amounts. Both cultivars exhibited anisohydric behavior with midday leaf water potential decreasing linearly with declining predawn leaf water potential (r ² = 0.51) and stomatal conductance (r ² = 0.42). However, both cultivars utilized hydrodynamic mechanisms to maintain a soil-to-leaf water potential gradient of ?0.62 (±0.03) MPa under standard irrigation and ?0.75 (±0.04) MPa under reduced irrigation. Berry fresh weight and titratable acidity decreased, and the concentration of total anthocyanins increased in both cultivars in response to decreases in midday leaf water potential. The slope of regression equations for seasonal mean midday leaf water potential was used to estimate cultivar-specific levels of water stress associated with changes in berry weight and berry composition at fruit maturity.     

Yield and quality of melon grown under different irrigation and nitrogen rates

During 2 years, a melon crop (Cucumis melo L. cv. Sancho) was grown under field conditions to investigate the effects of different nitrogen (N) and irrigation (I) levels on fruit yield, fruit quality, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and nitrogen applied efficiency (NAE). The statistical design was a split-plot with four replications, where irrigation was the main factor of variation and N was the secondary factor. In 2005, irrigation treatments consisted of applying daily a moderate water stress equivalent to 75% of ETc (crop evapotranspiration), a 100% ETc control and an excess irrigation of 125% ETc (designated as I₇₅, I₁₀₀ and I₁₂₅), while the N treatments were 30, 85, 112 and 139 kg N ha⁻¹ (designated as N₃₀, N₈₅, N₁₁₂ and N₁₃₉). In 2006, both the irrigation and N treatments applied were: 60, 100 and 140% ETc (I₆₀, I₁₀₀ and I₁₄₀) and 93, 243 and 393 kg N ha⁻¹ (N₉₃, N₂₄₃ and N₃₉₃). Moderate water stress did not reduce melon yield and high IWUE was obtained. Under severe deficit irrigation, the yield was reduced by 22% mainly due to decrease fruit weight. The relative yield (yield/maximum yield) was higher than 95% when the irrigation depth applied was in the range of 87-136% ETc. In 2006, the interaction between irrigation and N was significant for yield, fruit weight and IWUE. The best yield, 41.3 Mg ha⁻¹, was obtained with 100% ETc at N₉₃. The flesh firmness and the placenta and seeds weight increased when the irrigation level was reduced by 60% ETc. The highest NAE was obtained with quantities of water close to 100% ETc and increased as the N level was reduced. The highest IWUE was obtained with applications close to 90 kg N ha⁻¹. The I₂₄₃ and I₃₉₃ treatments produced inferior fruits due to higher skin ratios and lower flesh ratios. These results suggest that it is possible to apply moderate deficit irrigation, around 90% ETc, and reduce nitrogen input to 90 kg ha⁻¹ without lessening quality and yields.     

Subsurface drip irrigation and reclaimed water quality effects on phosphorus and salinity distribution and forage production

In the Canary Islands, water scarcity is one of the constraints for agricultural activity. Non-conventional water resources generally represent more water volume than conventional ones. The distribution of these resources frequently permits the possibility of a conjunctive use of desalinated (DW) water and reclaimed municipal wastewater (RW). Field testing with both water qualities and different irrigation systems is necessary for optimal site-specific management. The objective of this work was to evaluate soil salinity and phosphorus distribution, and alfalfa yield in a 20 month field experiment carried out in the island of Gran Canaria, using municipal RW and freshwater (FW) under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Phosphorus speciation was performed both in irrigation waters and in soils (Olsen's inorganic, organic, and microbial). RW had large EC values (2.4 dS m⁻¹) with a remarkable nutrient load contribution and an average total P around 3 mg L⁻¹, predominantly hydrolysable forms, while FW had very low salinity and negligible amounts of P. For the RW treatment a salt gradient was established, causing plant mortality between the irrigation lines. The study of P speciation allows describing P distribution and plant uptake in terms of P forms. Large values of microbial P were produced for the two irrigation waters around the emitters, especially for FW.A faster P-cycling could have contributed to the significantly larger inorganic P contents observed in FW irrigated soils, in spite no external sources were added by the irrigation water.     

Shade effect on photosynthesis and photoinhibition in olive during drought and rewatering

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is commonly grown under environmental conditions characterised by water deficit, high temperatures and irradiance levels typical of Mediterranean semi-arid regions. Measurement of gas exchange, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and photoinhibition was carried out on two-year-old olive trees (cv. ‘Coratina’) subjected to a 21-day period of water deficit followed by 23 days of rewatering. At the beginning of the experiment, plants were divided in to two groups and subjected to different light regimes: exposed plants (EP) under a mean photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at mid-day of 1800 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and shaded plants (SP) under a mean PAR of 1200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The effect of drought and high irradiance levels caused a reduction of gas exchange and photosystem 2 (PSII) efficiency, in terms of quantum yield of PSII (Φ_PSII) both in EP and SP. Shading conditions allowed plants to maintain a high photosynthetic activity at low values of stomatal conductance, whereas in EP the reductions in photosynthetic efficiency and intrinsic water efficiency were due to non-stomatal components of photosynthesis. The decrease in photosynthetic activity and the increase of photoinhibition under drought were more marked in EP than in SP. Full sunlight caused in EP a higher non-photochemical quenching, whereas SP showed a better photochemical efficiency. The information here obtained can be important to understand the mechanisms by which olive plants can minimize photoinhibition when subjected to simultaneous abiotic stresses.