切花月季的保鲜处理

月季在我国已有上千年的栽培历史。由于月季花型优美,花姿多样,色彩艳丽,深受世界各国人民的喜爱。切花月季与人们常见的观赏月季不同,切花月季花枝、花柄硬挺直顺,支撑力强,花枝长可达50厘米以上,花瓣质地厚,耐瓶插。现将切花月季的保鲜处理方法介绍如下：     

月季切花的冰箱保鲜

月季切花在正常的水养情况下观赏期不是很长,尤其是夏天,观赏期仅2～3天。为了延长其观赏时间,笔者于1994年4～5月借助冰箱对少量月季切花进行保鲜试验,得到如下结果。一、材料选取所试品种为红衣主教。取其无病虫、含苞待放、长短一致的切花。采花时间     

蘸水处理对月季切花保鲜效果的影响

为分析蘸水处理对月季切花的保鲜效果,以‘卡罗拉’月季切花为试材,分别进行蘸水处理和不蘸水处理,于4℃下贮藏,并测定其腐烂指数、萎蔫指数、花朵直径、失重率、呼吸强度、丙二醛（MDA）含量。冷藏试验结果表明,蘸水处理能够降低鲜切花在冷藏过程中膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量和鲜切花呼吸代谢的速率,从而延缓衰老,延长鲜切花的贮藏时间。瓶插试验结果表明,蘸水处理在冷藏15 d后瓶插期间最大花径达6.90 cm,大于不蘸水处理组的6.09 cm,蘸水处理可有效延缓鲜切花腐烂指数、萎蔫指数和失重率的上升,抑制月季切花贮藏和瓶插期间品质的下降。综上,蘸水处理对月季切花具有较好的保鲜效果。本研究结果可为延长‘卡罗拉’月季切花的瓶插寿命及保鲜剂研究提供理论依据。     

玫瑰切花的保鲜技术

玫瑰,学名Rosacvs,别名现代月季、四季花,为蔷薇科蔷薇属植物,被列为世界五大切花之一。截止目前,玫瑰栽培品种已达3万余个,包括大花月季、丰花月季、盆花月季、切花月季、微型月季、地被月季、藤本月季和树桩月季等类型。在切花月季中,著名的品种有阿斑斯、摩尼卡、得克萨斯、红玫瑰、白玫瑰、黄玫瑰、粉玫瑰、婚礼白、卡罗拉、大丰收、红柏林和睡美人等。随着人们生活水平的不断提高,切花日益受到人们的欢迎。但玫瑰切花容易腐败变质,观赏寿命很短。因此,正确地掌握鲜玫瑰切花的保鲜技术,可延长其观赏时间,增强观赏效果。     

苯甲酸钠处理对香石竹切花保鲜效果的影响

为明确适宜于香石竹切花保鲜的苯甲酸钠浓度，采用在基础瓶插液中分别添加150、200、250、300 mg/L苯甲酸钠的保鲜液对香石竹切花进行瓶插处理，每2 d取样测定切花形态指标与生理生化指标。结果表明：添加不同浓度苯甲酸钠的保鲜瓶插液均能延长香石竹切花的寿命，改善切花水分状况，提高切花品质；与对照相比，苯甲酸钠质量浓度为150 mg/L和200 mg/L的瓶插液对香石竹切花保鲜效果差异均不显著，而苯甲酸钠质量浓度为250 mg/L和300 mg/L的瓶插液对香石竹切花保鲜效果差异均显著（P<0.05）。综合比较，苯甲酸钠质量浓度对香石竹切花保鲜效果排序为250 mg/L>300 mg/L>200 mg/L>150 mg/L。本研究结果可为延长香石竹切花瓶插寿命及保鲜剂研究提供理论依据。     

美国月季切花生产与科研

月季为美国生产切花的主要植物材料之一,其栽培品种主要有两大类,一类是香水月季(Tearose),另一类是丰花月季(Floribunda)。切花售价:美国俄亥俄州立大学园艺系为了弄清月季切花分级、销售情况,曾先后在全美国和加拿大对140个主要月季生产者进行了全行业调查,调查内容包括分级程序、分级成本、包装、贮存、装运、保鲜等方面,最后做了结论。过去出售月季切花,是根据花束大小、花枝长短、品种、鲜重、干重,小叶数、鲜花状况等来进行评价分级的,并通过综合分析而定出出售价格。以花枝长短而论,从25厘米为起点,每增长5厘米就提高一级,     

化学药剂对月季切花瓶插寿命的影响

为了研究预处理和瓶插液配方对月季切花瓶插寿命的影响,通过对瓶插期间月季切花的形态变化的观察,进行了保剂配方试验。结果表明,化学药剂能明显缓解月季切花水分胁迫,改善体内水分平衡,能不同程度的延长瓶插寿命。通过对几十种保鲜剂的研究和筛选,选择出2－3种具有良好保鲜效果的保鲜剂。     

6-BA和保水剂对切花月季瓶插寿命的影响

初步探讨了6-BA和保水剂对月季切花的保鲜作用与生理生化基础,与对照（清水）相比,经10mg/L6-BA和10mg/L6-BA＋0.3％保水剂处理的月季切花,花枝的保水能力提高,花枝硬挺,并延缓质膜相对透性的增加、蛋白质的降解及MDA的产生,从而延长月季切花的瓶插寿命（2d~3d）,但后者各项指标均优于前者,效果更佳。     

切花月季‘红色恋曲’在拉萨示范栽培

<正>为提高拉萨地区切花月季的栽培技术,促进切花月季产业的发展,2011年辽宁省经济作物研究所在西藏农业科学院蔬菜研究所内开展了切花月季新品种‘红色恋曲’试种及配套栽培。经过两年的试种示范,效果显著,充分展示了新品种、新技术所带来的潜力。品种介绍‘红色恋曲’是辽宁省经济作物研究所于2010年在辽宁省种子管理局备案的红色系切花月季品种,花径     

植物生长调节剂在月季生产上应用

<正>月季在生产和养护过程中有很多调控需求。在栽培养护中,月季生长调控多以物理调控为主,化学调控应用经验相对缺乏。用植物调节剂进行化学调控是解决月季基本生长发育问题后,提升月季品质的关键技术。促进扦插生根单芽扦插是比较节省扦插材料的方法,尤其适用于插穗材料较少的新品种繁殖以及月季种苗繁殖。云南切花月季以及南阳大田月季一般采用半木质化枝条做扦插,微型月季宜选花蕾期的枝条     

Effects of auxin and methyl jasmonate on cut rose petal growth through activation of acid invertase

Petal growth associated with flower opening depends on cell expansion caused by water influx. To understand the mechanism of flower opening and to develop a method for improving cut flower quality, we investigated the changes in the amount of soluble carbohydrates and invertase activities in rose (Rosa ‘Meivildo’) petals using attached and cut flowers, and the effects of α-napthylacetic acid (NAA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on cut flowers. Cut rose flowers were harvested at the tight bud stage (TB), or mature bud stage (MB), which is the commercial harvest stage, and 2 days after TB. Cut flowers were immediately treated with deionized water or 1% (w/v) glucose. Fresh weight (FW) and the levels of soluble carbohydrates in petals in cut flowers were lower under postharvest conditions than those of attached flowers during flower opening. Although invertase activities in petals of attached flowers increased drastically during TB and MB, those in the petals harvested at TB did not increase under postharvest conditions. These results suggested that sucrose metabolism, including invertase activity, could be an important factor in cut rose flower opening to a greater extent after harvest. In addition, we tried to control flower opening by affecting invertase activities in petals of cut rose flowers. Cut flowers treated with NAA opened faster and those treated with MeJA opened later than in controls. Levels of soluble carbohydrates and invertase activity in petals were also changed by these treatments. In flowers treated with NAA, activities of both vacuolar and cell wall invertases increased 1 day after treatment and then decreased through to the end of the treatment, although activities in control flowers never increased after harvested. By contrast, cell wall invertase activity in MeJA treated flowers increased 1 day later than with the NAA treatment and remained at a relatively high level until 4 days after treatment compared to the controls. Our results suggest that inducing invertase activity in postharvest conditions may important for the quality of cut roses.     

Effect of pre- and postharvest salicylic acid treatment on physio-chemical attributes in relation to vase-life of rose cut flowers

The naturally short vase-life of cut rose flowers, leads to difficulties with long-distance transportation and subsequent marketing. This study was conducted to determine whether application of salicylic acid (SA) pre- and postharvest could improve vase-life of cut rose flowers of the ‘Black Magic’ variety. Aqueous solutions of 50-200 μM salicylic acid were sprayed on roses grown in a controlled greenhouse about two weeks before harvest and flowers were cut and kept in a vase solution of SA (50-400 μM) to examine SA effects on the vase-life, flower development and senescence, increase/decrease of relative fresh and dry weight, vase solution uptake and activity of an antioxidant enzyme, catalase (CAT). All of these attributes were positively affected by SA treatment. The vase solutions containing SA showed a significant increase in cumulative uptake, relative fresh weight, and CAT activity. Generally, CAT activity in intact and cut flowers decreased during the flower bud development with the lowest activity present at petal senescence. However, SA retarded the decrease of CAT activity during senescence both in flowers and leaves compared to the water control. Postharvest SA application prolonged vase-life in cut rose flowers by improving the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity related to CAT activity and by better regulation of the water balance.     

Effects of ethylene on volatile emission and fragrance in cut roses: The relationship between fragrance and vase life

The relationship between fragrance and vase life and the role of ethylene on volatile emission in cut rose flowers was investigated. No relationship was observed between the amounts of volatile compounds emitted and vase life when fragrant and non-fragrant rose cultivars were compared. Neither ethylene production nor respiration rate of flowers was directly related with vase life. Volatile production during vase life was differential and independent among volatiles originating from different biosynthetic groups. Ethylene did not play a role in the regulation of volatile emission in rose flowers. Endogenous ethylene production was very low in most of the cultivars and did not show autocatalytic production trends. Volatile emission patterns during vase life did not parallel endogenous ethylene production. Exogenous ethylene exposure had differential effects among all cultivars, regardless of the fragrance of the flower. Fragrant cultivar ‘Osiana’ was highly sensitive to exogenous ethylene, with petals abscising within 24 h of ethylene (1 μL L^?1) exposure while other fragrant cultivars ‘Erin’ and ‘Lovely Dream’ had low ethylene sensitivity. Volatile production was unaffected by exogenous ethylene. The results of this study indicate that volatile emission in cut roses is not regulated by endogenous or exogenous ethylene and occurs independently of petal senescence and/or abscission. These results provide a better understanding of the complexity of volatile emission in rose flowers.     

调控月季开花及衰老过程机制的研究进展

月季在历史上不同国家都具有高度的象征意义和文化价值。月季被广泛用作园林观赏植物,切花,并用于香水的精油生产和化妆品行业。月季的开花和衰老的过程仍是园艺学未解决的问题,调节这些过程的机制也有待阐明。本研究从月季开花和衰老过程中的生理机制和遗传学机制方面展开了综述,探讨了影响月季开花和衰老过程的生理学和遗传学因素,重点分析了月季花衰老过程中激素、水分代谢、糖代谢、呼吸作用、抗氧化系统等生理过程的变化,并针对未来月季切花领域的育种方向提供一些思路。     

氮磷钾施肥水平对百合切花与籽球品质的影响

为比较氮磷钾肥对百合切花与籽球生长的影响,以OT百合品种‘黄金甲’为试验材料,研究氮、磷、钾肥不同施肥水平对百合切花和籽球品质性状的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可使百合籽球的干重和围径增加,磷肥对籽球的干、鲜重及围径、直径增长有促进作用,钾肥量100、200 kg/hm²可使籽球生长量增大,但施钾300 kg/hm²会使籽球生长量减小。肥效以磷肥最明显,其次为钾肥和氮肥,磷肥施用量为50 kg/hm²时,籽球生长量最大。施用磷、钾肥可促进切花的株高、叶长、叶宽、叶面积和花径增大,而施氮处理中植株的各性状没有明显改变,钾肥与磷肥的施用量各为100 kg/hm²时肥效接近,但施磷处理的花径增大更多。综上,籽球对氮肥的需求大于切花,施用磷钾肥可提高籽球和切花品质质量,但切花与籽球对磷钾肥的肥效反应不同,磷肥施用量籽球宜为50 kg/hm²、切花宜为100 kg/hm²,钾肥则均可为100 kg/hm²,氮肥不宜单独施用。     

营养物质对延长鲜切玫瑰观赏时间的研究

玫瑰切花作为世界四大鲜切花之一,在花卉市场占有的比重较大,保鲜液的不合理使用将会促进鲜花的过早开放,因此对鲜切花保鲜液的研究也越来越受到人们的重视。设计正交实验方案,用不同配比营养物质的瓶插液处理玫瑰切花,通过对玫瑰切花花枝鲜质量、花蕾直径大小、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量和瓶插寿命进行观察、对比测定,选择出一种比较理想的瓶插液。结果表明,NaCl对切花玫瑰的观赏寿命起着主控作用,A3B3C1为最优营养液配比(青霉素20mg/L,N:P:K(Ca)10mL/L,NaCl0.5g/L),对玫瑰切花的观赏价值及瓶插寿命均有一定程度的提高。     

Effects of phosphine fumigation on postharvest quality of four Chinese cut flower species

Chrysanthemum (White, Yellow, and Daisy), carnation (Master and Barbara), rose (Carola, Black magic, Diana, Champagne, and Avalanche), and Chinese rose (Golden Medallion, Diplomat, Marina, and Athena) are the main Chinese cut flower species produced for exportation. Cut flowers infested with quarantine pests need methyl bromide (MB) fumigation to satisfy phytosanitary requirements of importing countries. Phosphine (PH₃) is a potential alternative to methyl bromide. Development of phosphine as a phytosanitary treatment requires information regarding its phytotoxicity to cut flowers. Therefore phosphine fumigation at 24 °C and 2 °C was investigated to evaluate its effects on the postharvest quality of cut flowers. Phosphine fumigation for 6 h with dosages as high as 12.2 mg L⁻¹ at 24 °C produced no adverse effects on flower color, diameter, vase life, and other damage indices (DI) for all cultivars. However, different adverse effects on some cultivars were observed after 12 d fumigation at 2 °C. There were significant changes for color values of Carola, Black magic, Diana, Champagne, Avalanche, and Diplomat; significant decrease in flower diameter and vase life of Diana, Champagne, and Avalanche at 3.04 mg L⁻¹, white Chrysanthemum and Diploma at 1.52 and 3.04 mg L⁻¹; significant increase in DI of Champagne and Avalanche at 3.04 mg L⁻¹, and White chrysanthemum, Diana, and Diploma at 1.52 and 3.04 mg L⁻¹. In combination with information on phosphine toxicity to insect pests at ambient and low temperatures in the literature, it is suggested that phosphine fumigation could be a viable replacement of MB fumigation for quarantine treatment of these four cut flower species.     

非洲菊切花保鲜中的细菌鉴定和8-HQ抑菌保鲜研究

非洲菊切花瓶插观赏过程中常出现花茎弯曲和花朵下垂现象，该现象与插花溶液中的细菌滋生有关。本研究分离纯化了非洲菊切花清水瓶插中出现的细菌，通过16S rDNA测序法鉴定出瓶插过程中滋生的细菌主要来自泛菌属、假单胞菌属、寡氧单胞菌属以及克雷伯氏菌属；并研究了8-羟基喹啉（8-HQ）抑制泛菌属细菌增长的最低长效抑菌浓度为150 mg/L；选用8-HQ和蔗糖作为切花保鲜剂主要成分时，其中150 mg/L 8-HQ + 6%蔗糖的组合能最有效延长非洲菊鲜切花开放时间，并保持瓶插溶液清亮程度。     

苯扎溴铵预处理对切花菊保鲜的影响初探

为防止Ag+污染环境,开发适宜于切花菊运输前的不含Ag+的预处理剂及预处理方法十分必要。笔者用不同浓度(0~2000 ml/L)无银杀菌剂——苯扎溴铵对切花菊‘神马’的鲜切花进行了不同时间(0~24h)的预处理,然后插入盛有自来水的瓶内,放在温度为20~25℃室内,调查保鲜效果。与其他预处理相比,在100 ml/L溶液预处理3h,瓶插后鲜重一直呈缓慢上升趋势;6d后,极少数叶片发生萎蔫,叶片黄化速度也很缓慢,约90％的叶片12d后还可以保持新鲜;花蕾开放速度也缓慢,15d后仅有50％的花蕾开花,且花瓣挺阔,无枯萎迹象,而且茎干挺直,不弯颈;保鲜效果明显高于其他的预处理。由此可见,使用100 ml/L的苯扎溴铵溶液对菊花鲜切花进行3h的预处理,对其贮运有良好的保鲜效果。     

Inheritance of flower and pod colour in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

Inheritance of flower colour and pod colour in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) has followed a qualitative pattern. Purple flower colour is dominant over white flower colour, whereas black pod colour is partially dominant over white pod colour. A segregation ratio of 3 purple:1 white flowers in F₂ generations of two crosses indicated that white flower colour is controlled by a single recessive. Segregation ratio of F₂ 1 white:2 light black:1 black indicated that black pod colour is partially dominant over white pod colour and is governed by one gene. These results were further confirmed by backcross generations. White flower and pod colour are controlled by single recessive genes on separate chromosome. Gene symbols were assigned. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.