不同生防菌对黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,于播种时穴施单一生防菌细菌D、放线菌317和木霉菌,研究黄瓜不同生育时期根际土壤中微生物数量及酶活性的动态变化。结果表明:细菌D和放线菌317的施入利于细菌和放线菌数量的增加,同时有效控制土壤中真菌数量的增加;木霉菌的施入利于土壤中放线菌真菌数量的增加;3个菌株对根际土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶都有促进的作用,在拉秧期各酶活达到最大值。拉秧期的结果表明,接种细菌D和放线菌317的处理可提高根际土壤中细菌的数量,降低真菌的数量,对放线菌数量的影响不明显;接种木霉处理可明显提高根际土壤中放线菌和真菌的数量,对细菌的数量影响不明显;3个菌株处理细菌与真菌数量比约为对照的1～2倍,放线菌与真菌的数量比约为对照的1～3倍。细菌D、放线菌317和木霉处理均可提高黄瓜根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶及脲酶的活性。     

嫁接对茄子根际微生物种群数量的影响

 研究了不同砧木、不同土壤茬口条件下嫁接茄子根际微生物的种群数量变化。结果表明:嫁接增加了茄子根际放线菌数量(A) 和真菌的数量( F) , 减少了细菌的数量(B) , A /F比值增高, B /F比值降低; 同时, 嫁接茄子根际微生物总量增加。在正茬和重茬两种耕作体系中, 嫁接处理根际放线菌数量都极显著高于对照, 而细菌数量极显著低于对照; 连作(重茬) 条件下, 茄子根际细菌和放线菌的数量减少, 真菌的数量增加。     

两种绿化植物根际土壤微生物的数量分析

采用涂布平板法和最大或然数法,研究了红花檵木和西洋杜鹃2种校园绿化植物根际土壤主要微生物和氮素生理类群微生物的数量差异。结果表明:2种绿化植物根际土壤主要微生物以细菌占绝对优势,红花檵木的细菌数量为5.60×105 cfu/g;西洋杜鹃的细菌数量为2.15×105 cfu/g,其次是放线菌,真菌数量最少。氮素生理类群微生物的数量差异依次为硝酸细菌固氮菌氨化细菌反硝化细菌。2种绿化植物根际土壤中,细菌、真菌和氨化细菌数量间差异显著;放线菌和固氮菌数量间差异显著;硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌数量间差异不显著。     

果园生草对土壤微生物的影响

综述了果园不同生草种类对土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌的影响;果园生草对土壤微生物数量、多样性等指标的影响。展示果园生黑麦菜可增加土壤亚硝化螺旋菌、子囊菌、放线菌的丰度及微生物量碳含量;生紫花苜蓿草可提高土壤真菌和放线菌含量;生三叶草对土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,微生物量、碳含量及微生物多样性均提高幅度较大,有望成为理想的果园生草品种。     

不同土壤管理方式下梨园土壤微生物分布和数量差异研究

研究了生草栽培、清耕及种养(鸡或鹅)结合等土壤管理模式下梨园土壤主要微生物类群(细菌、真菌、放线菌)分布和数量.结果表明:0～20 cm土层土壤微生物数量明显高于20～40 cm土层,细菌数量明显多于放线菌,放线菌数量又明显多于真菌;生草梨园土壤真菌和放线菌多于养鸡的梨园,土壤细菌两者无差异;与梨园清耕相比,养鹅可提高土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量.     

木薯茎叶还田对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果研究

选择轮作木薯年限达3年的蕉园,采取木薯茎叶100%粉碎还田措施,测定蕉园土壤微生物数量、酶活性、理化性质、香蕉长势和枯萎病发病率等。结果表明,与对照(空白)比较,木薯茎叶还田可显著降低可培养真菌数量、枯萎病病原菌数量及总真菌数量,增加可培养放线菌数量、总细菌数量和碱解氮含量,B/F、A/F(可培养细菌数/真菌数、放线菌数/真菌数)均增大;土壤的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性显著提高,香蕉株高、茎粗、叶面积和SPAD值(叶绿素含量)均显著增大,香蕉枯萎病发病率降低至33.9%。说明木薯茎叶还田在一定程度上有助于土壤微生物种群改善,且有效促进香蕉生长、降低香蕉枯萎病发病率。     

不同沙化程度高寒草原土壤酶活性及微生物数量特征

以轻度沙化、中度沙化、重度沙化、极度沙化4个沙化程度的高寒草原土壤为研究对象,采用室内测定配方法,分别采集深度为0～10、10～20、20～30 cm的土壤样品,测定不同沙化程度各土层中土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶活性及土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌数量,并做相关性分析,探究不同沙化程度高寒草原土壤酶活性及微生物数量特征,分析沙化对土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响,旨在为草原生态系统的稳定发展提供参考依据.结果 表明:1)随着沙化程度的加剧,蔗糖酶活性、蛋白酶活性呈减小趋势,脲酶活性呈先增大后减小趋势,过氧化氢酶活性呈先减小后增大趋势.2)细菌、放线菌、真菌数量均随沙化的加剧呈减小趋势.3)同一沙化程度不同土层下,酶活性及微生物数量随土层深度的增加逐渐减小.4)脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶与细菌、放线菌间有一定相关性,与真菌无明显相关性.由此可见,高寒草原严重沙化会导致土壤酶活性有所降低,微生物数量急剧下降,土壤质量状况下降.     

不同种植年限深州蜜桃土壤微生物及酶活性的变化

研究了种植0～11 a深州蜜桃土壤微生物数量及酶活性变化.结果表明:土壤三大类微生物的数量分布为:细菌＞放线菌＞真菌.在种植年限内,土壤细菌、放线菌的数量、微生物总数、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶的活性均表现出先增后减的变化趋势,且大多数峰值年限为7a.随种植年限延长,真菌数量增加,细菌与真菌数量的比值下降.     

大棚种植年限对菜田土壤微生物区系的影响

为了探讨大棚种植年限对其菜田土壤微生物区系的影响,用稀释平板计数法测定新乡市不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤微生物数量。结果表明:细菌数量每年以2.1×106 CFU·g-1·a-1的速度降低,而真菌数量每年以0.0137×106 CFU·g-1·a-1的速度增加,放线菌在5~30年每年降低0.02×106 CFU·g-1。细菌数量随种植年限的增加虽然呈现下降趋势,但在微生物总量中所占比例较高,都在95%以上;而真菌数量虽呈增加趋势,但在微生物总数中所占比例较低,最高的只占3.29%。反映出微生物总量由细菌数量决定,真菌数量在B/F比值中起着决定性作用。同时证实新乡市蔬菜大棚土壤在种植30年后,并没有由"细菌型"向"真菌型"转变。     

辣椒叶浸提液对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响

从生长120d的辣椒植株上采集叶子,经风干后制成20g/L、40g/L和80g/L浓度的水浸提液,处理2叶1心的辣椒根系土壤,30d后测定辣椒根区土壤的细菌、真菌和放线菌的群落数量以及土壤脲酶和土壤过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明,辣椒叶浸提液处理后的辣椒根区土壤的脲酶活性与过氧化氢酶活性之间相关性不明显:土壤细菌与真菌数量呈正相关、与放线菌数量呈负相关,土壤真菌数量与放线菌数量呈负相关;土壤脲酶活性与土壤细菌数量、真菌数量呈正相关,与土壤放线菌数量呈负相关。土壤过氧化氢酶活性与土壤细菌数量、真菌数量呈负相关、与土壤放线菌数量呈正相关。在辣椒叶浸提液作用下,土壤中细菌、真菌有所增加,而放线菌有所减少,土壤脲酶活性和土壤过氧化氢酶活性都有所增加。     

Patch-level based vegetation change and environmental drivers in Tarim River drainage area of West China

Information on vegetation-related land cover change and the principle drivers is critical for environmental management and assessment of desertification processes in arid environments. In this study, we investigated patch-level based changes in vegetation and other major land cover types in lower Tarim River drainage area in Xinjiang, West China, and examined the impacts of environmental factors on those changes. Patterns of land cover change were analyzed for the time sequence of 1987–1999–2004 based on satellite-derived land classification maps, and their relationships with environmental factors were determined using Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Environmental variables used in the analysis included altitude, slope, aspect, patch shape index (fractal dimension), patch area, distance to water body, distance to settlements, and distance to main roads. We found that during the study period, 26% of the land experienced cover changes, much of which were the types from the natural riparian and upland vegetation to other land covers. The natural riparian and upland vegetation patches were transformed mostly to desert and some to farmlands, indicating expanding desertification processes of the region. A significant fraction of the natural riparian and upland vegetation experienced a phase of alkalinity before becoming desert, suggesting that drought is not the exclusive environmental driver of desertification in the study area. Overall, only a small proportion of the variance in vegetation-related land cover change is explainable by environmental variables included in this study, especially during 1987–1999, indicating that patch-level based vegetation change in this region is partly attributable to environmental perturbations. The apparent transformation from the natural riparian and upland vegetation to desert indicates an on-going process of desertification in the region.     

Spatial vegetation patterns as early signs of desertification: a case study of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia,China

Proper assessment and early detection of land degradation and desertification is extremely important in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Recent research has proposed to use the characteristics of spatial vegetation patterns, such as parameters derived from power-law modeling of vegetation patches, for detecting the early signs of desertification. However, contradictory results have been reported regarding the suitability of those proposed indicators. We used an experiment with multiple grazing intensities as an analog of a desertification gradient and evaluated the performance of two predictors of desertification: percent plant cover and a transition from a patch-area distribution characterized by a power law to another portrayed by a truncated power law, in a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. We found that spatial metrics, such as the largest patch index and coefficient of variation of mean patch area had negative linear relationships with grazing intensity, suggesting that vegetation patches became more fragmented and homogeneous under higher grazing pressure. Using a binning-based method to analyze our dataset, we found that the patch-area relationship deviated from a power-law to a truncated power-law model with increasing grazing pressure, while the truncated power law was a better fit than the power law for all plots when binning was not used. These results suggest that the selection of methodology is crucial in using power-law models to detect changes in vegetation patterns. Plant cover was significantly correlated with stocking rate and all spatial metrics evaluated; however, the relationship between cover and vegetation spatial pattern still deserves a thorough examination, especially in other types of ecosystems, before using cover as a universal early sign of desertification. Our results highlight a strong connection between the vegetation spatial pattern and the desertification associated with heavy grazing and suggest that future studies should incorporate information about vegetation spatial pattern in monitoring desertification processes.     

Microclimates in a desert city were related to land use and vegetation index

A heterogeneous patchwork mosaic of soil, vegetation, and built surfaces that result from a variety of urban land uses cause urban microclimates within cities. We studied the seasonal relationships of land use, urban plant cover and microclimate in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan. Early morning (0500 HR) and afternoon (1500 HR) near-surface temperatures and humidities were measured along multiple transects in this desert city and outlying areas during June and December 1999. A Landsat thematic mapper normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) image was used to quantify spatial patterns of plant density. Land use had the most pronounced effect on microclimate during the early morning hours of summer. Agricultural and residential land uses had the highest relative humidities, dew point temperatures, and NDVI, and the lowest air temperatures. Commercial and industrial land uses had highest temperatures and lowest NDVI. Temperatures were generally negatively correlated to NDVI, while humidity and dew point temperatures were generally positively correlated to NDVI. Distance from the urban core did not affect NDVI but had a significant negative effect on adjusted air temperature. In addition, a historical comparison of land use, NDVI and microclimate data collected during 1976 and again during 1999 along two transects revealed overall decreases in NDVI and relative increases in air temperature indicative of urban expansion. These findings show that microclimates in this desert city are caused by more than just variations in plant cover, and are likely an interactive effect of vegetation density and other non-vegetative urban surfaces.     

准噶尔盆地植被群落物种多样性与沙漠化防治

基于准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠植被样方的调查资料,从不同类型群落的物种多样性及其与生境的关系等方面对该区域植被分布现状进行了分析,并且用相似性系数对不同类型群落采取的沙漠化防治措施的可行性进行了探讨。结果表明:调查区内主要分布着20种荒漠植物,无乔木,只有灌木和草本植物;采取人工补植的方式恢复荒漠植被宜在距离沙漠较远的区域进行;在远离居民生活区的区域布设围栏生态效果不明显;三芒草适于作为沙丘植被恢复的先锋物种。     

Characterising the spatial pattern of phenology for the tropical vegetation of India using multi-temporal MERIS chlorophyll data

The annual growth cycles of terrestrial ecosystems are related to long-term regional/global climatic patterns. Understanding vegetation phenology and its spatio-temporal variation is required to reveal and predict ongoing changes in Earth system dynamics. The study attempts to characterize the phenology of the major tropical vegetation types in India, since such information is not yet available for India. Multi-temporal Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI) data were utilized to derive onset of greenness (OG) and end of senescence (ES) for four major tropical vegetation types. The study found that Fourier-smoothed results using the first four components revealed adequately the annual phenological variation of the natural vegetation types in India. From these smoothed data, inflection points were located iteratively through a spatio-temporal search, spanning over 18 months of 8-day composite data, per pixel such as to derive the OG and ES. The median OG and ES was extracted from the available annual results for the years 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06 and 2006–07. The GLC2000 land cover map (1 km spatial resolution) was utilized to determine the locations of the major vegetation types. The percentage of each vegetation type falling beneath a MTCI composite pixel (4.6 km spatial resolution) was calculated. MTCI composite pixels with homogeneity of ≥80% vegetative cover were used for examining pattern of phenology in different regions, different years and at different latitudes. The most common dates for the occurrence of OG for the tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist-deciduous, and dry-deciduous vegetation types were found to be during February–April, January–April, March–May, and February–May, respectively. Similarly, for ES the most common dates were in February–April, January–April, February–April, and December–April, respectively. The phenological pattern was uniquely different for each vegetation type, as expected, and also differed with regions and latitudes. A general trend of early occurrence of OG in the lower latitudes was observed.     

Predictors of the distribution of street and backyard vegetation in Montreal,Canada

Urban vegetation is shown to be unevenly distributed across cities and there is evidence of disparities in benefits provided by vegetation and of public health problems induced by urban heat islands. In order to improve vegetation cover, it remains crucial to understand the underpinning of such unevenness. In this paper, we investigate in Montreal (Canada) how the built environment, sociodemographic factors and administrative boroughs influence tree and lawn cover in public and residential land. The analysis was conducted at the dissemination area (DA) level, a Canadian census unit containing about 400–700 people. Six vegetation indicators were used as dependent variables: the proportion of a DA covered by trees/shrubs, lawn and total vegetation; the proportion of streets covered by trees/shrubs and the proportion of residential yards covered by trees/shrubs and total vegetation. Three sets of independent variables were studied: the built environment, sociodemographics and borough names. We used spatial autoregressive models to control for dependence and the spatial autoregressive term explained a large amount of variability in vegetation cover. The built-environment variables tend to have higher effects than the socio-demographic variables when predicting the three DA vegetation indicators, backyard vegetation, and to a lesser degree, street tree/shrub cover. In particular, population density is associated negatively to all indicators but positively to street tree cover. Socio-demographics are substantial in the explanation of the distribution of street trees, especially the presence of recent immigrants (negative effect) and of university degree holders (positive effect). These findings call for appropriate greening programs adapted to the local socio-demographic profile. The significance of boroughs also suggests the need for further research on the impact of within-city administrative hierarchies on the unevenness of urban vegetation.     

Variations in a regional fire regime related to vegetation type in San Diego County, California (USA)

This study considers variations in a regional fire regime that are related to vegetation structure. Using a Geographic Information System, the vegetation of San Diego County, Southern coastal California USA is divided into six generalized classes based on dominant plant form and include: herbaceous, sage scrub, chaparral, hardwood forest, conifer forest and desert. Mapped fire occurrences for the 20th century are then overlain to produce records of stand age, fire frequency and transitional stability for each of the vegetation classes. A ‘Manhattan’ similarity index is used to compare and group transition matrices for the six classes of vegetation. This analysis groups herbaceous, hardwood and conifer forests in one group, sage scrub and chaparral in a second, and desert in a third. In general, sage scrub and chaparral have burned more frequently than other vegetation types during the course of the 20^th century. Temporal trends suggest that the rate of burning in shrub-dominated vegetation is either stable (chaparral) or increasing (sage scrub), while the rate of burning in both hardwood and conifer forest is declining. This is consistent with a pattern of increased fire ignitions along the relatively low elevation urban-wildland interface, and an increase in the efficiency of fire suppression in high elevation forests. This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Feedbacks between vegetation pattern and resource loss dramatically decrease ecosystem resilience and restoration potential in a simple dryland model

Conceptual frameworks of dryland degradation commonly include ecohydrological feedbacks between landscape spatial organization and resource loss, so that decreasing cover and size of vegetation patches result in higher water and soil losses, which lead to further vegetation loss. However, the impacts of these feedbacks on dryland dynamics in response to external stress have barely been tested. Using a spatially-explicit model, we represented feedbacks between vegetation pattern and landscape resource loss by establishing a negative dependence of plant establishment on the connectivity of runoff-source areas (e.g., bare soils). We assessed the impact of various feedback strengths on the response of dryland ecosystems to changing external conditions. In general, for a given external pressure, these connectivity-mediated feedbacks decrease vegetation cover at equilibrium, which indicates a decrease in ecosystem resistance. Along a gradient of gradual increase of environmental pressure (e.g., aridity), the connectivity-mediated feedbacks decrease the amount of pressure required to cause a critical shift to a degraded state (ecosystem resilience). If environmental conditions improve, these feedbacks increase the pressure release needed to achieve the ecosystem recovery (restoration potential). The impact of these feedbacks on dryland response to external stress is markedly non-linear, which relies on the non-linear negative relationship between bare-soil connectivity and vegetation cover. Modelling studies on dryland vegetation dynamics not accounting for the connectivity-mediated feedbacks studied here may overestimate the resistance, resilience and restoration potential of drylands in response to environmental and human pressures. Our results also suggest that changes in vegetation pattern and associated hydrological connectivity may be more informative early-warning indicators of dryland degradation than changes in vegetation cover.     

Contribution of time-series data cubes to classify urban vegetation types by remote sensing

Mapping urban vegetation types is important for urban planning and assessing environmental justice. Nowadays, despite data cubes projects are providing Analysis Ready Data to facilitate time-series analysis, we did not found studies employing these data for improving urban vegetation mapping. By relying solely on open data and software, this work proposes and evaluates the integration of time-series data cubes in a hybrid image classification method to map the intra-urban space, differentiating Tree cover and Herb-shrub. The urban area of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, is the study area. The hybrid method combined object-based classification of a pan-sharpened CBERS-4A WPM image (spatial resolution of 2 m) with the pixel-based classification of Sentinel-2 MSI time-series data cubes (10 m). Both approaches used the Random Forest algorithm. Objects from the CBERS-4A segmentation composed the spatial unit of analysis and the class assignment depended on the Sentinel-2 time-series urban land cover probabilities. Based on both Maps probabilities, Shannon entropy was calculated to attribute the final urban land cover to the objects. Urban land cover probabilities presented similar spatial distribution patterns for both classification approaches. Regarding the thematic maps, the Herb-shrub cover area was 35% higher in Sentinel-2 time-series classification than in GEOBIA classification, but Tree cover was 21% lower. In general, 75% of the study area was equally classified by the initial approaches. However, for 9% of the remaining area, the hybrid classification improved vegetation classes accuracies by 35%, contributing to the vegetation covers identification. Thus, this study contributes to methodological procedures for urban land cover study and demonstrates that hybrid maps based on open data are effective to reduce classification mistakes, allowing more accurate monitoring, planning, and designing of different urban vegetation types. Future research efforts should focus on scale compatibility between data of different spatial resolutions and expand the use of data cubes to integrate time-series information into the GEOBIA classification.