杉木种子园无性系不同分株自由授粉子代表现

通过对杉木种子园无性系不同分株自由授粉子代８年的试验观察和分析结果表明：在树高、胸径和材积等生长性状上，不同无性系后代生长呈现极显著差异；而无性系内各分株间的后代生长差异均不显著；但各分株后代生长均比相应无性系所有混合种子后代生长好。子代年生长量的分析表明：在年度间、无性系及无性系不同分株间均呈现极显著差异，年度和无性系间交互效应明显，而年度和无性系分株间交互效应不显著；从８年的生长规律发现，种子园无性系分株间生长表现出较高的一致性。     

施肥对杉木无性系幼林生长的影响

施肥是林木丰产的重要措施之一。近年来 ,我国对林木经营越来越集约化 ,许多树种都在进行林木施肥的效益研究 [1～ 3] ,杉木 [Cunninghamia lanceolata( lamb.) Hook.]作为我国南方的重要用材树种 ,对它的研究也相对较多[1,4,5] ,但其研究对象大多只限于混种实生苗 ,对杉木家系间特别是杉木无性系间的施肥效应研究较少 [5]。而林业发达国家在培育主要造林树种优良家系、无性系的同时 ,开展了不同遗传基因型对环境条件要求 ,特别是对营养要求的试验研究[6,7] 。本文是以杉木无性系为施肥对象 ,研究杉木无性系幼林施肥效应及特点 ,为杉木无性…     

杉木扦插育苗插穗类型选择试验

扦插育苗是当前发展杉木无性系林业的主要繁殖手段,在杉木无性系扦插繁殖中,不同类型的插穗因存在位置效应,不仅影响扦插成活率,而且影响到苗木和幼林的高、径生长。可见,正确选用插穗类型对于保证杉木无性系造林成效具有至关重要的意义。 几年来,我们结合四川省林科院杉木组布置的杉木优良无性系选育工作,进行了插穗类型选择的初步试验研究,现将其结果报道如下。     

广东省杉木无性系选育程序与策略

对广东省的杉木无性系选育程序与策略提出了建议，即把近阶段的优良种源、优良家系混系繁殖利用迅速提高到优良杂交个体的无性系利用方面来；全省需要制订１个综合育种体系，包括有性选育系统与无性选育系统，在应用时做到有性与无性交互使用，多层次多途径地利用各方面的遗传效益，以充分发挥遗传改良效果。对今后育种群体建设，提议采用单群体多功能实生种子园方案。并对早期测定，群体遗传结构的改变和基因型与环境交互效应问题进行了探讨。     

杉木速生、耐瘠薄营养高效型无性系选育技术

将20个杉木无性系采用双因素随机区组设计,在地位指数为18、16、14的立地条件下进行造林试验,经过14 a的观测,结果表明:20个杉木无性系在地位指数为18的立地条件下交互作用比16、14地位指数条件下变化丰富,大多数杉木无性系在立地条件较好的情况下生长较好,但也有少数无性系在较差立地上生长较好;20个杉木无性系中有11个在不同立地上差异显著,另9个无性系在不同立地上差异不显著;20个杉木无性系材积生长量的前10名中,7个无性系与立地交互作用显著;无性系营养性状的遗传力变化范围为0.077~0.706,平均为0.465,杉木无性系吸收营养受中等遗传控制;16号无性系适应地位指数为14的立地条件,属速生、耐瘠薄营养高效型无性系;13号无性系适应地位指数为16的立地条件,属速生、中等营养高效型无性系;12号无性系适应地位指数为18的立地条件,属速生、高营养高效型无性系.     

湖南杉木优良无性系在福建洋口的表现

通过对湖南省优选出的杉木 1 8个无性系子代测定 ,结果表明 :无性系间在树高、胸径和材积生长性状及与环境的交互作用存在极显著差异。无性系间生长快慢差异较大 ,对环境的反应很敏感。无性系群体平均生长量差于我省初级种子园混系子代。因此 ,在选择应用杉木无性系时要谨慎 ,须经本地测定确实优良的无性系才能推广应用     

杉木无性系抗旱性层次选择

为了综合评价杉木无性系抗旱性,在干旱胁迫条件下对不同杉木无性系抗旱性指标测定基础上,应用层次分析法（AHP）,建立了杉木无性系抗旱性选择的递阶层次结构,对杉木无性系抗旱性进行了定量筛选．结果表明,不同参试杉木无性系抗旱性强弱的综合排序为：115号＞268号＞197号＞29号＞277号＞32号,其中以115号无性系抗旱性最强,可以在干旱林地上推广．     

我们是怎样进行杉木无性系筛选的

表型选择结合无性系筛选,是在一个有性世代中提高选择效果的一种有效方法。杉木无性系筛选,通过嫁接繁殖方法,将所选择的杉木无性系集中于一地,进行相互比较,选出最适应于本地区的优良无性系,缩小子代鉴定的组合和规模,有利于缩小环境差异,判明立地条件差异对优树的影响,估量所研究的杉木基因型,选出最好的无性系用营养繁殖的方法直接投入生产。一句话,有利于优中选优,加速良种繁育过程。杉木无性系筛选应尽可能地缩小环境因素不同而造成的影响,如筛选区的立地条件(土     

氮素高效基因型杉木无性系的选择研究

为筛选适应退化地生长的杉木无性系 ,通过N素胁迫进行N素高效基因型杉木无性系的选择研究 ,结果表明 :不同杉木无性系的N素利用效率存在差异。随N素胁迫加剧 ,杉木无性系NR活力及光饱和点下降 ,CO2 补偿点增加 ,不同杉木无性系对N素胁迫的反应日趋明显 ,根据不同无性系在胁迫条件下的反应 ,把供试无性系分成 3类 :耐N肥性强、耐N肥性弱及耐N肥性一般无性系 ,其中 16 3号和 30 1号无性系是具有较高N素利用效率的省肥高产无性系 ,在肥力较低的林地上能获得较高的产量     

湘北平原美洲黑杨无性系的丰产性与遗传稳定性

对3个地点34个美洲黑杨无性系7年生试验林胸径、树高、材积生长进行多点联合方差分析,结果表明:各性状无性系间、地点间及地点内区组间均存在极显著差异,胸径、材积性状无性系×地点交互效应显著.以材积性状为例,采用联合回归法、生态价法和非参数法3种稳定性分析方法对各无性系在不同地点的适应性与稳定性进行评价,根据Eberhart-Russell模型bi值及无性系×地点交互效应值将34个无性系划分为广泛生境型、优良生境型、不良生境型3类.以各无性系材积主效应值V1及非参数稳定性度量值Si(1)对各无性系的丰产性与稳定性进行综合评价,以中汉17为参照,评选出9个高产稳定型无性系,其中,XL-90、XL-77、XL-75、XL-92、XL-101为5个杂交新无性系.     

Genetic variation and genotype-environment interactions in short rotation <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis> plantations in southern Europe

Growth and production in the first year, as additional selection criteria, were assessed for nine poplar clones to be used as short rotation woody crops (SRWC) in the production of biomass for energy purposes. In order to identify the most promising clones in terms of growth and yield and also to assess their stability, trials were established at different locations in Spain. The majority of these clones, which form part of the European list of base materials, have frequently been used in plantations aimed at timber production but not for biomass in Mediterranean conditions. Others, such as those selected in Italy specifically for biomass production (currently provisionally admitted), are being tested for the first time under different soil and climatic conditions in Southwest Europe. The early selection of clones for rapid juvenile growth provides a valuable additional input to the clonal selection process, especially where very short rotations are desired (no more than 3 years). In any case, determining clonal stability in terms of growth is of great use not only when deciding on the clones to be used in plantations but also when developing breeding programs. ANOVA and Genotype plus Genotype × Environment (GGE) biplot analyses were used to analyse the growth and stability of the clones, which were then ranked according to mean performance and stability. Differences were detected between clones as well as between the different environments tested. The biplot analysis allowed different groups of clones to be identified according to their performance and degree of interaction displayed, thus providing useful information for the selection process. The production of aboveground biomass in the first vegetative period ranged from 1.7 to 8.0 Mg DM ha⁻¹ at the different sites. ‘Monviso’, ‘Guardi’, ‘AF2’ and ‘2000 verde’ were the most productive clones whereas ‘Unal’, ‘Pegaso’ and ‘USA 49-177’ were the least productive. The stability analysis identified ‘AF2’, ‘Guardi’, ‘I-214’ and ‘MC’ as more stable clones while ‘Monviso’, ‘2000 verde’, ‘Unal’, ‘Pegaso’ and ‘USA 49-177’ were found to be specifically adapted to certain environments. This implies that where information on site conditions is not available, the ‘AF2’ and ‘Guardi’ clones offer greater assurance of successful establishment and higher initial growth. The growth of ‘Monviso’ ‘2000 verde’ ‘Unal’ ‘Pegaso’ and ‘USA 49-177’ clones is highly dependent on site conditions during the establishment phase. Similarly, the SH (Shore Henares river) and LT (La Tallada) sites were identified as the most highly discriminative environments for the set of clones while CS (Cubo de la Solana) and AR (Atarfe) were identified as those where performance levels were average.     

Genotype-environment interaction in wood basic density of Eucalyptus clones

Summary Wood basic density was determined in samples taken from eight-year-old trees of 26 Eucalyptus clones growing in tests at four sites in Brazil. Within-clone variation in basic density was low. The broad sense heritability of basic density was 0.96 when estimated from five clones growing on two sites and 0.64 when estimated from 26 clones on four sites. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences in basic density between clones and sites, and that the clone × site interaction was also significant. Regression analysis was used to examine the stability of clones over environments. There were marked differences in stability between clones (linear regression coefficients 0.03 to 1.93). Interactions were variable (coefficients of determination zero to 93%), and in most cases it was not possible to predict the basic density of wood produced at one site from its value at another site. However, interactions accounted for less than 4% of the total variance in basic density; rank correlations between sites were all significant, and it was possible to identify clones which produced wood of consistently high or low basic density on the four test sites. Received: 9 September 1998     

香椿无性系苗期生长及早期选择研究

[目的]对香椿无性系的苗期生长进行分析,筛选优良香椿无性系,奠定遗传改良的基础。[方法]以49个香椿无性系为对象,分别于2015、2016、2017年测量其1、2、3 a生株高、胸径,计算材积,对表型性状及其增长量进行方差分析和遗传参数估算,采用独立淘汰法筛选排名前20%的无性系为优良,对中选无性系进行遗传增益等参数估算,并将试验地不同年份特征气象因子与无性系表型性状进行相关分析。[结果]株高、胸径及材积的生长连续3 a在无性系间存在显著差异,且生长性状的遗传变异系数、表型变异系数逐年减小,而变异幅度、重复力逐年增大;3 a生时,株高、胸径及材积的无性系重复力分别为0.55、0.50、0.67,重复力高。2015—2017年,49个香椿无性系之间胸径、材积增长量分别呈显著、极显著差异,3 a生材积与材积、胸径增长量呈高度正相关关系。以3 a生香椿无性系材积及其增长量为2组指标,独立筛选出优良无性系10个,中选无性系群体平均材积大于0.010 4 m~3·株~(-1),增长量大于0.009 7 m~3·株~(-1)。3 a生材积的遗传增益为17.38%,中选香椿无性系的稳定性系数b值均大于1,对年份环境敏感。气象因子-表型性状相关性分析显示,材积与年总降水量、日均降水量有显著正相关关系。[结论]参试香椿无性系间材积差异极显著,选择潜力大;中选的优良香椿无性系遗传增益超过15%,但其在不同年份差异大且稳定性差,这可能与年份降水量有关。     

刺槐无性系G×E互作的研究——遗传稳定性和生长适应性的评价

总结初选刺槐48个无性系8年的多点试验林资料,对其中6个地点共有的13个无性系进行G×E互作分析。利用Eberhart等人的性状值回归参数b_i和s_d~2,Tai’s的结构模型参数α_i和λ_i,评价基因型稳定性和生长适应性,结合生产力选择无性系。为不同地点选出优良无性系共10个,平均材积增益61％。     

Growth dynamics and biomass accumulation of 8-year-old hybrid poplar clones in a short-rotation plantation on a clayey-sandy mining substrate with respect to plant nutrition and water budget

In 1995 a short-rotation plantation (2.5 ha) was established in the mining region Welzow-Süd in Brandenburg, Germany, on a clayey-sandy, lignite- and pyrite-free substrate in order to study the biomass potentials of fast-growing tree species (hybrid poplar clones). In this study, special emphasis was placed on yield aspects as well as on the interaction between soil and plants, especially with regard to the plant nutrition and soil–water relationships. So far, the results indicate that the cultivation of hybrid poplar clones in a short-rotation plantation is an adequate tool for establishing alternative land-use systems in the post-mining landscape as a potential source of biomass energy. Aboveground biomass production ranged from 24–49 t dry matter (DM) per hectare at age 8. In particular during this period of investigation, nitrogen nutrition of the clones decreased to below a threshold of 20 mg g^–1 DM in the year 2002. Investigations of the water budget of low- and high-yielding clones indicated that differences in the biomass accumulation seemed to be accompanied by different water-use efficiencies.     

毛白杨优良无性系选育——生产力、遗传稳定性和适应性评价

本文系统分析毛白杨（Populus tomentosa)无性系多点试验林8年生长量，评价生产力、遗传稳定性和适应性，选育出5个生长快的无性系，其中3个遗传稳定性适应性较高，适于在2个试验生态区栽种；2个无性系以及对照品种遗传稳定性较差，具有特定的适应性，宜于在限定地区推广。经多元分析排序，用于评价定性较差，具有特定的适应性，家一于在限定地区推广，经多元分析排充,于评价的11个参数明显地归为3类，类间相互独立，分别用于评价基因型的生产力、遗传的11个参数明显地归为3类，类间相互独立，分别用于评价基因型的生产力、传稳定性和适应性，每一类参数具有同效性，从判别效果与计算的简便性考虑，推采用下二组中一组，便可满足评价要求，     

橄榄优良品系扩大试验

在高州市大坡镇、古丁镇以及茂名市八一林场三个试点开展橄榄优良品系嫁接扩大试验,嫁接后第3,4年的结实及生长结果如下：（1）无性系间单株产果量、单位树冠投影面积产果量均达极显著差异水平,树高、径粗和冠幅在有的试点达极显著差异、有的试点无显著差异,表明无性系间结实存在着遗传差异,通过无性系测定选择的高产无性系有效。（2）对单株产果量、单位树冠投影面积产果量的多重比较结果,3个试点一致表现为G18无性系的两项结实指标值均显著高于其他参试无性系,进一步证明G18是一个真正优秀的高产无性系,对立地变化有很强的适应性。大树换接的平均单株产果量达15．04kg,一年生砧木嫁接达2．30～9．10kg。（3）橄榄无性系结实的广义遗传力很高,达0．961～0．969;当选择率为0．1时,结实遗传增益达16．36％～68．25％,入选率为0．11～0．14时,结实现实增益达59．36％～108．74％。（4）G18无性系结实的主效（Gi）在各试点均明显高于其他参试无性系,达0．4250～0．7176,其无性系与年份互作效应（δ^2cw）小,互作效应方差的变异系数（iCVCW）为0～5．89％,表明G18无性系的丰产性极佳且稳产性好,对年份间的气候条件变化有较强的适应性。     

Performance and variability patterns in wood properties and growth traits in the parents,F1 and F2 generation hybrid clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus deltoides</Emphasis>

The performance and variability patterns in the wood element’s dimensions, specific gravity and growth parameters namely ramet height and GBH were evaluated in 16 clones of parents, F1 and F2 hybrids of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Ramet radial variations were non-significant, while inter-clonal variations due to interaction of clone/replication were significant for all the wood traits except vessel element length. Inter-clonal variations were significant only for fiber length and fiber wall thickness. Fiber length and specific gravity were significantly higher in female, while wall thickness and vessel element length were higher in male clones. Female parents (G48 and S7C8) showed higher fiber length and specific gravity than of the male parent (G3), while vessel diameter and wall thickness were higher in male parent (G3). There is not much difference in fiber length and vessel element’s dimensions among the parents, F1 and F2 generation hybrid clones. Specific gravity did not showed any trend for parents, F1 and F2 generations. Generally female clones showed higher growth rate. Broad sense heritability for wood traits ranged from 0.143 (fiber length) to 0.505 (fiber wall thickness), while for growth traits it was 0.374 (GBH) and 0.418 (height). Genetic gain for all the wood and growth traits was positive for most of the wood traits. The highly divergent male clone (78) and female clones (S7C8, G48, W/A 49) in number of combinations could be used for developing new hybrids of desired wood traits to develop new clones.     

杉木无性系生长表现和优良无性系选择

对营造在福建省洋口国有林场的10年生杉木无性系测定林进行调查分析得出:试验林总体生长表现较好,树高、胸径和材积生长在无性系间存在明显差异,达极显著水平;无性系的重复力均比较大,其中胸径和材积的无性系重复力达0.691和0.757,无性系的生长稳定性较好;通过综合比较,从试验林选择出优良无性系5个,10年生时平均材积遗传增益达23%以上,材积现实增益达30%以上,表现出明显的生长优势。