犊牛的代用乳营养及管理

美国奶牛业发达，对犊牛代用乳营养的研究起步较早，使用代用乳哺育犊牛已十分普遍。下面简介他们的一些研究成果。1蛋白质水平与蛋白质源美国朗德·俄劳勒克公司曾对代用乳蛋白质适宜水平进行了大量的研究。他们研究了粗蛋白18％—28％不同水平代用乳对犊牛增重的影响，结果显示，粗蛋白水平超过22％后再提高蛋白水平，增重效果不大。经重复比较、测算，他们认为犊牛代用乳的粗蛋水平以22％最为经济。美国还对不同来源的蛋白质的效价进行了一些研究。表1是美国堪萨斯州立大学以粗蛋白20％为下限，用不同蛋白质源的代用乳进行饲养试验的结果…     

美国Landolakes公司乳用犊牛代用乳的成分

<正> 1.蛋白质含量代用乳中的蛋白质是构成犊牛机体的主要成分。试验证明22%的蛋白质含量是犊牛良好发育的最低比例,低于此限犊牛发育水平下降。牛乳蛋白质与含22%和24%蛋白质的代用乳之间,对犊牛发育以及健康状态没有大的差别,见图1。     

犊牛代用乳的生产和应用

据日本《临床兽医》报道,日本为了增强商品奶的产量,加强犊牛的早期培育和提前断奶,犊牛仅在出生后7天内用初乳哺育,以后就用代用乳哺乳。 日清饲料株式会社和科学饲料研究所等生产的犊牛用代用乳,主要由60—70％的蛋白质原料(脱脂奶粉或浓缩大豆粉)、10—20％的油脂、一定量的乳精、多种维生素、微量元素和乳化剂,经混合和烘干     

科技动态

植物性蛋白能作犊牛代用乳的蛋白源,但其营养价值不及牛乳蛋白质。据报道,最近猪代用乳中已成功使用了血浆蛋白质。另一方面,研究表明,犊牛死亡率和疾病发生率与小肠中有益苗低下有关。为此,开发了各种生菌剂。本文探讨血浆蛋白和生菌剂在犊牛代用乳中的应用效果。     

乳用犊牛的代用乳及其饲用

乳用犊牛的代用乳及其饲用杭州市饲料公司程伶对乳犊牛用代用乳进行哺育，这在美国、加拿大等一些奶牛业发达的国家已十分普遍。相比之下，我国则显得有些不足。用代用乳哺育犊牛有许多优点：一是经济上有利，奶牛户可以将全乳全部上市出售，还可大幅度降低犊牛的培育成本...     

代用乳中添加抗生素的效果

代·用·乳·中·添·加·抗·生·素·的·效·果○上海市饲料科学研究所（２０００６０）朱钦龙编译近几年来，世界各国盛行利用乳用种公犊牛生产牛肉，以满足市场的需要。将购入出生不久的新生犊牛饲喂代用乳和粉末人工乳，饲养至体重２００磅（约９０．７ｋｇ）出售，...     

犊牛代用乳应用研究进展

代用乳已在很多畜牧业较发达国家得到广泛的应用,而国内由于技术和养殖规模的限制,使用代用乳的牧场不是很多。为进一步加深对代用乳相关技术知识的认识,提高犊牛的饲养水平,笔者就代用乳配制和使用中的一些问题作一简要的综述。     

犊牛代用乳应用研究进展

代用乳已在很多畜牧业较发达国家得到广泛的应用,而国内由于技术和养殖规模的限制,使用代用乳的牧场不是很多。为进一步加深对代用乳相关技术知识的认识,提高犊牛的饲养水平。本文就代用乳配制和使用中的一些问题作一简要的叙述。     

新生犊牛腹泻的病因与诊治

1 病因 消化不良多见哺乳期犊牛.母牛特别是妊娠母牛的不全价饲养和犊牛饲养管理不当是引起消化不良性腹泻的主要原因.如妊娠后期母牛饲料中营养物质不足,致使犊牛抵抗力降低;犊牛机体受寒或畜舍过于潮湿;初生犊牛吮初乳过晚;人工哺乳不定时、不定量以及乳温过高或过低;哺乳期初料不当;卫生条件不良等均可成为腹泻的诱因.     

犊牛代乳粉的应用方法

犊牛代乳粉是一种根据犊牛生长发育对蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、维生素等营养元素的需要特点,以代替全乳为主要目的而配制的饲料.其主要原料是乳业副产品.     

两型饲料的能量和新型蛋白质替代原料

两型饲料是指资源节约型和环境友好型饲料。目前,市场上猪、肉鸡和蛋鸡的日粮以玉米豆粕型为主,需要新的解决方案来改善饲料生产可持续性和解决工农争粮问题。有许多原料可作为替代能量和蛋白质来源正受到人们的关注,其中包括高粱、大麦、昆虫源性原料、藻源性蛋白和单细胞蛋白等。文章主要论述了两型饲料中纤维的重要性以及几种能量和新型蛋白质替代猪只饲料原料的应用前景。     

Potential uses of local feed resources for ruminants

Energy and protein sources are of prime importance for ruminants as they stimulate microorganisms in the rumen and enhance the productive functions of the animals. Cassava roots in the form of dry cassava chips or pellets as energy sources and dried cassava leaves and cassava hay as protein sources have been used successfully in ruminant rations. These uses of cassava could provide year-round feed which results in a high yield and good quality of milk and contribute to a more lucrative dairy and beef cattle enterprise, especially for small-holder dairy farming systems. There are many other available feed resources in the tropics of potential use in ruminant feeding and particularly in the development of food-feed-systems that are not only beneficial for human and animals but also for the environment.     

动物饲料中皮革蛋白粉的应用与检测

添加三聚氰胺提高蛋白含量的方法曝光后,皮革蛋白粉又被报导作为替代产品用于饲料及牛奶中。皮革蛋白粉是对铬鞣皮革下脚料的开发利用,是非常规动物蛋白源,被禁止在人类等高等动物食品中使用,在饲料中适量添加可以替代部分鱼粉用于节省饲养成本。但是过量添加将导致动物出现中毒症状,进而危害到人类的健康,因此其用量必须进行严格控制。与三聚氰胺不同,由于皮革蛋白粉本身就是蛋白质,因此其检测和追踪比较困难。文章综述了皮革蛋白粉的特点及应用中存在的问题,并就几种检测方法进行总结,以期为饲料中皮革蛋白粉过量添加的检测及合理利用提供参考。     

Potential value of tedera (B. bituminosa) as high protein resource for poultry feed

Bituminaria bituminosa (C.H. Stirt.) is a drought tolerant legume that grows spontaneously in subtropical areas: Canary Islands (Spain) and in North African and Mediterranean regions, traditionally used as forage for ruminants. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of B. bituminosa as a high protein resource for poultry feed by means of feed intake, growth, feed conversion rate (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and the influence of B. bituminosa feed form (fresh green and dried) on the preference by chicks. B. bituminosa showed higher crude protein content (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and gross energy than commercial feed. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) for the commercial feed group (control group) was higher than ADFI of the B. bituminosa group (experimental group). However, both groups had no significant differences in total crude protein intake, total NDF intake, average daily gain (ADG), FCR, and PER. The poultry’s preference for fresh green B. bituminosa was higher than for dry B. bituminosa. Our results suggest that B. bituminosa (tedera) could be an alternative feedstuff in tropical countries or where protein sources are scarce and costly.

     

Substitution of plant protein for fish meal in the diet of laying ducks

Fish meal is a good source of protein feed that can be used to get a high production yield even though it has a comparatively higher price. Plant protein has been found to substitute for fish meal without any adverse effect on production as well as helping to reduce feed cost. Moreover, it is not necessary for a level more than 5% fish meal in the diet of laying ducks. One type of plant protein is soybean meal, considered one of the most valuable sources of vegetable protein and whose amino acid composition is comparable to that of milk protein. In a soybean meal, the first limiting amino acid is methionine. Soybean meal can substitute for fish meal in laying ducks' diet but supplementation of methionine and lysine is recommended. Since sesame meal is rich in methionine and agrinine, 50% of soybean meal can be replaced by sesame meal without adverse effects. Leucaena leaf meal is also a valuable source of protein (26%) and carotenoids but it also has a toxic amino acid (mimosine). However, soaking leucaena leaf meal in water can remove the toxic amino acid and can be used, together with added methionine and lysine, as 10% of the diet for laying ducks.     

单胃动物内源氨基酸损失的测定方法及影响因素研究进展

氨基酸消化率是评定饲料蛋白质生物学效价的重要指标。对内源氨基酸损失进行准确测定可获得精准的氨基酸消化率,不仅可以节约日粮蛋白资源,降低饲料成本,还可减少因氮排放造成的环境污染。目前,内源氨基酸损失测定的方法主要包括无氮日粮法、绝食法、差量法、酶解蛋白日粮法、回归法、高精氨酸法和同位素法等。内源氨基酸损失又与动物、饲养环境、日粮组成(日粮蛋白、纤维、抗营养因子)及测定方法等有关。本文综述了内源氨基酸损失的测定方法及影响因素。     

微生物发酵饲料在水产养殖中的应用

随着水产养殖业的高速发展,动物性蛋白源短缺和抗生素滥用等问题给水产行业的健康、可持续发展带来诸多挑战。近年来,相关研究表明,微生物发酵饲料具有利于转化传统植物蛋白源中的抗营养因子、提高饲料利用率、改善动物机体健康水平和免疫功能等作用。本文从国内外关于微生物发酵饲料在水产领域的应用现状及其对水产动物的有益作用方面进行了综述,并对未来的发展前景进行展望,为微生态发酵饲料在水产动物生产中的应用提供理论基础。     

青鱼对8种饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)对国产鱼粉、蝇蛆粉、玉米蛋白粉、大豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和米糠8种饲料原料干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、总磷和总能的表观消化率。试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%待测饲料原料组成,并以0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。选取平均体重为(60.17±1.28)g的青鱼270尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼。对照组试验鱼饲喂基础饲料,试验组试验鱼分别饲喂1种试验饲料。饲喂1周后采用自排法收集粪便待测。结果表明:8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总磷、总能以及总氨基酸的表观消化率的范围分别是62.17%～86.47%、83.34%～95.84%、78.93%～100.06%、37.33%～81.99%、66.75%～89.86%、86.33%～96.58%。在8种饲料原料中,玉米蛋白粉的干物质、总磷和总能的表观消化率最高,而大豆粕的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总氨基酸的表观消化率最高;棉籽粕的干物质和总能的表观消化率最低,米糠的粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率最低。各饲料原料中总氨基酸表观消化率与粗蛋白质表观消化率的变化趋势一致,其中以蝇蛆粉最低。由此可见,大豆粕和玉米蛋白粉是青鱼的优质植物蛋白质源,可适量替代鱼粉;蝇蛆粉中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率都较低,在青鱼饲料中的添加量不宜过高;花生粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕也是较好的植物性蛋白质源,在青鱼饲料中适量添加既有利于饲料的营养平衡,还可降低饲料成本;米糠作为青鱼的能量原料必须保持新鲜,并控制其在饲料中的用量。     

Practical starter pig amino acid requirements in relation to immunity,gut health and growth performance

Immune system activation begins a host of physiological responses. Infectious agents are recognized by monocytes and macrophages which in turn stimulate cytokine production. It is the hormone-like factors called cytokines that orchestrate the immune response. The classic responses observed with immune system activation and cytokine production include： anorexia, fever, lethargy, recruitment of other immune cells, and phagocytosis. While production of immune system components is known to require some amino acids, increases in amino acid requirements are more than offset by the associated decrease in protein accretion and increased muscle protein degradation that also accompanies immune system activation. However, the biggest impact of cytokine production is a decrease in feed intake. Therefore, as feed intake decreases, the energy needed to drive protein synthesis is also decreased. This suggests that diets should still be formulated on a similar calorie：lysine ratio as those formulated for non-immune challenged pigs. The evidence is sparse or equivocal for increasing nutrient requirements during an immune challenge. Nutritionists and swine producers should resist the pressure to alter the diet, limit feed, or add expensive feed additives during an immune challenge. While immune stimulation does not necessitate changes in diet formulation, when pigs are challenged with non-pathogenic diarrhea there are potential advantages on gut health with the increased use of crystalline amino acids rather than intact protein sources （i.e., soybean meal）. This is because reducing crude protein decreases the quantity of fermentable protein entering the large intestine, which lowers post weaning diarrhea. It also lowers the requirement for expensive specialty protein sources or other protein sources such as soybean meal that present immunological challenges to the gut. The objective of this review is two-fold. The first is to discuss immunity by nutrition interactions, or lack thereof, and secondly, to review amino acid re     

Practical starter pig amino acid requirements in relation to immunity,gut health and growth performance

Immune system activation begins a host of physiological responses. Infectious agents are recognized by monocytes and macrophages which in turn stimulate cytokine production. It is the hormone-like factors called cytokines that orchestrate the immune response. The classic responses observed with immune system activation and cytokine production include: anorexia, fever, lethargy, recruitment of other immune cells, and phagocytosis. While production of immune system components is known to require some amino acids, increases in amino acid requirements are more than offset by the associated decrease in protein accretion and increased muscle protein degradation that also accompanies immune system activation. However, the biggest impact of cytokine production is a decrease in feed intake. Therefore, as feed intake decreases, the energy needed to drive protein synthesis is also decreased. This suggests that diets should still be formulated on a similar calorie:lysine ratio as those formulated for non-immune challenged pigs. The evidence is sparse or equivocal for increasing nutrient requirements during an immune challenge. Nutritionists and swine producers should resist the pressure to alter the diet, limit feed, or add expensive feed additives during an immune challenge. While immune stimulation does not necessitate changes in diet formulation, when pigs are challenged with non-pathogenic diarrhea there are potential advantages on gut health with the increased use of crystalline amino acids rather than intact protein sources (i.e., soybean meal). This is because reducing crude protein decreases the quantity of fermentable protein entering the large intestine, which lowers post weaning diarrhea. It also lowers the requirement for expensive specialty protein sources or other protein sources such as soybean meal that present immunological challenges to the gut. The objective of this review is two-fold. The first is to discuss immunity by nutrition interactions, or lack thereof, and secondly, to review amino acid requirement estimates for nursery pigs.