显性黄籽油菜种子特性研究

本文以甘蓝型显性黄籽油菜为材料,研究了黄籽杂交种和亲本种子特性,结果表明:(1)该黄籽与遗传背景相同的黑籽相比,皮壳率低2.68个百分点、含油量高2.01个百分点、蛋白质高1.60个百分点;黄籽杂交种的含油量比黄籽父本具有明显的杂种优势.对皮壳和胚的分析表明,黄籽皮壳中的含油量和蛋白质含量明显高于黑籽,而胚中增加较少.表明黄籽的含油量和蛋白质含量比黑籽高,主要是因为:黄籽的胚的比例增加,并且黄籽皮壳和胚中的油分含量和蛋白质含量均比黑籽高.(2)在黄籽油中,饱和脂肪酸的含量减少,不饱和脂肪酸的含量增加,其中,亚麻酸的含量增加最多.(3)黄籽与黑籽的色泽差异,主要是由于花色素和黑色素含量的差异引起,黑籽的花色素和黑色素含量分别是黄籽的4.86倍和4.24倍.     

Effects of minimal temperatures on low-linolenic rapeseed oil fatty-acid composition

Rapeseed oil is rich in alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) and has a low content in saturated fatty acids. It is therefore considered as a very healthy edible oil. However, its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content makes it sensitive to temperature oxidation and therefore not suitable for deep-frying. Low-linolenic varieties with C18:3 content lower than 3.5% have been bred, but a large variability of alpha-linolenic acid content has been often observed in agricultural production of these new lines. Identifying factors affecting the fatty acid profile of oilseed rape should make it possible to produce rapeseed with alpha-linolenic acid content lower than 2.5% and therefore more suitable for frying and other uses in the food industry.Fatty acid composition is affected by environmental conditions, temperature being the main factor. Previous works showed that for conventional double-low rapeseed varieties, low minimal temperatures during the 60 days following the onset of flowering were related to higher alpha-linolenic acid contents.Monitoring the fatty acid profile in low-linolenic varieties from the beginning of seed filling to full maturity showed that alpha-linolenic acid synthesis occurred mainly between 550 and 850 degree-days (base 0 °C) after the onset of flowering, that is during the 20 first days of seed filling in Swiss conditions, i.e. 41–60 days after the onset of flowering. During this period, the determination coefficient of a second order regression between final alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) content and minimal daily temperature was even better, with R² = 0.87. A significant positive relation was also found for the regression between minimal temperature and oleic acid (C18:1) content for the cultivar Splendor (R² = 0.77) but no correlation could evidence a relation between temperature and linoleic acid (C18:2) content.An easier way to show the relationship between linolenic acid content and minimal temperatures is based on the assumption that fatty acid desaturases regulated by temperature are active at low temperatures only. It consists in counting how many times during this period daily minimal temperature reaches a minimal threshold temperature of 13 °C. The relationship between final alpha-linolenic acid content and the number of days with minimal temperature below 13 °C is as good as the one presented before, i.e. with a determination coefficient, R² = 0.85. This simple model could be used to determine the growing areas with low linolenic acid content.     

Impact of low linolenic acid content on seed yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

An essential quality improvement of rapeseed oil can be obtained by reduction of its linolenic acid (C18:3) content from about 10% to less than 3% of the total fatty acids. Genotypes low in C18:3 have been developed by mutagenesis. The initial summer rapeseed mutant had been low yielding and highly susceptible to various diseases. It has been debated whether the low C18:3 character can be successfully combined with high seed yield for physiological reasons. Therefore, the low linolenic character of mutant M48 was transferred into high-yielding genotypes by repeated backcrossing to well-adapted low erucic acid, low glucosinolate (00-) winter rapeseed cultivars. Lines with low C18:3 content were selected from BC3 and BC4 generations and examined in 1990–95. Positive selection response for seed yield was shown to continue over the years. Presently, the best lines are yielding as well as the control cultivars being equivalent also in oil and glucosinolate contents. In order to test the effect of a low C18:3 content on seed yield, plants with low and with high C18:3 content, respectively, were selected from 16 segregating BC5-F₂ populations and bulked to form 32 F₃ populations. These ‘isogenic’ bulk populations were tested for field performance at four locations in 1995. The results show that C18:3 content of the seed oil is not associated with seed yield, oil content, beginning of flowering, plant height and disease resistance. Means of relative seed yield for the high and the low linolenic F₃ bulk populations were not significantly different with 88.0% and 86.9% of the control cultivars, respectively. There was a significant interaction between genotypes with high or low C18:3 content and location. This shows that under specific environmental conditions a low C18:3 content may be either favourable or unfavourable. The results indicate that the low C18:3 character of the original mutants per se does not cause a decrease in seed yield, oil content or general field performance.     

胡麻脂肪酸去饱和酶基因(fads)差异表达分析

为了了解fad基因在胡麻蒴果发育过程中对不饱和脂肪酸的调控,对高、中、低三个不同亚麻酸(C18:3)含量的胡麻品种(’CDC Gold’,‘内亚7号’,’Linola’)进行了不同时期的品质测定,以及脂肪酸去饱和酶2a基因(fad2a)、脂肪酸去饱和酶2b基因(fad2b)、脂肪酸去饱和酶2c基因(fad2c)、脂肪酸去饱和酶3a基因(fad3a)、脂肪酸去饱和酶3b基因(fad3b)的qRT-PCR定量分析。结果表明,随着蒴果成熟,可溶性糖含量呈降低趋势,粗脂肪与粗蛋白不断积累,且差异显著(p<0.05)。fad2a基因、fad3a基因以及fad3b基因在各个时期中的表达符合正态分布。以0 d的蒴果为对照,在胡麻种子形成过程中,‘内亚7号’的三个基因在5 d和15 d的表达量迅速增加,到30 d时急剧减少,15 d的fad2a基因表达量为5.23倍,fad3a基因表达量是fad2a基因表达量的14.52倍,fad3b基因的表达量是fad2a基因表达量的16.14倍,表明这三个基因参与不饱和脂肪酸积累过程。在低亚麻酸含量品种‘Linola’30 d中,fad3a基因是fad2a基因表达量的52.71倍,fad3b呈下调趋势;在高亚麻酸含量品种‘CDCGold’30d中,fad3a基因与fad2a基因的表达量均呈下调趋势,fad3b的表达量为3.92倍;在中等亚麻酸含量品种‘内亚7号’中,fad2a基因表达量降低了0.31倍,fad3a基因是fad3b基因表达量的1.87倍。fad2b基因、fad2c基因熔解曲线不稳定,峰值低,可以在后续试验中继续探索。     

紫苏二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2基因克隆与功能研究

二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(diacylglycerol acyltransferase, DGAT)是植物合成三酰甘油(TAG)最后一步的关键酶,其中DGAT2在某些植物的种子油中能选择性积累更多不饱和脂肪酸。本文成功克隆了紫苏二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2基因(PfDGAT2),并进行生物信息学分析。PfDGAT2实时荧光定量结果表明,不同器官中PfDGAT2基因均有表达, 10 d种子的表达量最高,在根中的表达量次之,在种子发育中后期,PfDGAT2表达量逐渐降低。与野生型拟南芥相比,过表达PfDGAT2拟南芥种子含油率提高了21.68%～77.89%,其中种子含油率增加最多的4个株系,其亚麻酸(C18:3)增加4.57%,花生一烯酸(C20:1)增加7.44%,花生二烯酸(C20:2)增加5.4%,二十二一烯酸(C22:1)增加10.37%,而棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)和亚油酸(C18:2)含量分别降低了3.47%、6.64%和4.83%,油酸(C18:1)和花生酸(C20:0)分别只降低了0.18%和1.91%。本研究结果表明,紫苏PfDGAT2基因不仅能提高种子含油率,还能促进亚麻酸、花生一烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸的积累,这为研究植物不饱和脂肪酸的合成积累提供了参考及理论依据。     

利用基因芯片技术研究甘蓝型油菜油酸合成中差异表达基因

采用基因芯片技术对甘蓝型油菜高油酸(71.71%)和低油酸(55.6%)材料进行分析,探索油酸的差异表达基因。结果检测到差异表达基因562个,其中上调表达基因194个,下调表达基因368个。以基因芯片中油菜上调基因NM_100489和下调基因NM_130183为材料,用实时荧光定量方法验证基因芯片的结果,二者完全相符。根据基因芯片的实验结果,采用Go注释系统和数据库查询对562个差异表达基因进行功能注释表明,主要为各种酶类、结合功能、转录调控、代谢等,还有的功能未知或与糖代谢及脂肪酸合成相关,其中丙酮酸激酶、果糖二磷酸、酰基传递/酰基ACP硫脂酶、作用于酯键的水解酶、Δ9硬脂酰-乙酰载体蛋白去饱和酶(ADS1)、Δ9酰基-油脂减饱和酶2(ADS2)、ω-3脂肪酸减饱和酶(fad3)等被鉴定为差异表达基因。     

新型超高油玉米种质的选育

分两批测定了3种类型共6 684粒微胚乳玉米（Zea mays L.）的粒重和含油率。发现1 944粒含油率高于20%,其中有32粒超过25%,最高为26.84%。计算了单粒重与含油率（df1 = 78）以及各果穗平均粒重与含油率（df2 = 14, df3 = 64）的相关系数,3个相关系数都未达显著水平。表明以籽粒或（和）以果穗为基础,选育既籽粒相对较重,     

Effect of maturity and temperature on breeding for mid-oleic soybean lines under the high heat conditions of the Mississippi Delta,USA

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed is an important source of oil for human consumption. Increasing the percentage of oleic acid in soybean seed oil is an important breeding objective because increasing the oleic acid content improves the oxidative stability of the oil. Extensive literature shows that temperature during seed-fill is positively correlated with the content of oleic acid in soybeans. In addition, it was shown that a maturity QTL was linked to an oleic acid QTL. The Mississippi Delta in the USA is a hot environment where soybean harvest begins in August, which is the hottest part of the season. The purpose of this research was to determine the possibility of developing both early- and late-maturing lines with consistent >?50% oleic acid content in Mississippi. We selected early and late segregants from three genetically different breeding populations also segregating for mid-oleic acid derived from crosses to germplasm N98-4445A, a non-transgenic freely available line with >?50% oleic acid. The selected lines were grown in 2 years in three trials at Stoneville, MS. Results indicated that no late-maturing lines (MG V) met the targeted mid-oleic acid level, whereas MG III and early MG IV lines with oleic acid over 50% were obtained. No maturity-alone effect on oleic acid content was observed, due to the bias of the strong negative correlation between maturity date and mean temperature during seed-fill. This study demonstrated that breeders can effectively develop early soybeans with oleic acid levels greater than 50% for the midsouthern USA.     

Selection for reduced linolenic acid content in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Braun)

Reducing linolenic acid content is one of the most important objectives for the development of Ethiopian mustard lines with high oil quality. This work was aimed at searching for variability of the fatty acid composition of oil within a germplasm collection of Ethiopian mustard. A total of 217 lines were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) in 1991, and one was selected as having reduced values of both linolenic acid content (10.2% versus 14.0% of total fatty acids as the collection average) and linoleic acid desaturation ratio (LDR, 0.34 versus 0.45). After 3 years of pedigree selection for low linolenic acid content, this line showed, in 1995, average values of this fatty acid of 5.4% and 2.4% in two different environments, compared with 11.6% and 8.3%, respectively, in the control. The values of the LDR were 0.18 and 0.09, respectively, compared with 0.36 and 0.27 in the control line.     

Estimation of seed weight, oil content and fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed ( Brassica napus} L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the simultaneous analysis of seed weight, total oil content and its fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed was studied. A calibration set of 530 single seeds was analysed by both NIRS and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and calibration equations for the major fatty acids were developed. External validation with a set of 75 seeds demonstrated a close relationship between NIRS and GLC data for oleic (r = 0.92) and erucic acid (r = 0.94), but not for linoleic (r = 0.75) and linolenic acid (r = 0.73). Calibration equations for seed weight and oil content were developed from a calibration set of 125 seeds. A gravimetric determination was used as reference method for oil content. External validation revealed a coefficient of correlation between NIRS and reference methods of 0.92 for both traits. The performance of the calibration equations for oleic and erucic acid was further studied by analysing two segregating F2 seed populations not represented in the calibration set. The results demonstrated that a reliable selection for both fatty acids in segregating populations can be made by using NIRS. We concluded that a reliable estimation of seed weight, oil content, oleic acid and erucic acid content in intact, single seeds of rapeseed is possible by using NIRS technique. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

亚麻籽油的开发利用

亚麻是山西省高寒山区的主要油用作物之一。亚麻籽含油率达到42%,油中不饱和脂肪酸占到主要脂肪酸组成的91%,其中,ω-3脂肪酸含量高达49%,比其他油用作物含量高7倍～50倍。ω-3脂肪酸营养油具有预防冠心病、心脑血管病,降低胆固醇,抗血栓,降血压,提高动脉系统柔性的功能,极具开发价值。ω-3脂肪酸营养油是在常规油脂加工工艺基础上,通过对部分工艺的改进,使产品中α-亚麻酸的含量较传统工艺提高了38.9%。     

Response of Some Quality Traits of Sunflower Seeds and Oil to Different Environments

Five sunflower hybrids and one open-pollinated variety were sown at two locations in West Germany and at two-sowings at Giza, Egypt (summer and winter seasons). Cultivars showed different response concerning oil and protein contents as well as fatty acid composition. Highest protein content was observed from Giza in winter season. Cultivars differed significantly with this respect under different environments. However, oil content was not significantly affected by environments X cultivars interaction.
Regarding fatty acid composition, palmitic and stearic acids were insignificantly affected. However, highest oleic acid percentage (57.5%) was observed at Giza in summer sowing by Nhy , hybrid, while at Giza in winter sowing the highest value (25.7%) was produced by Semu 209 hybrid. The differences between the two Germany locations were relatively low in range from 14.6–17.6%. Concerning linoleic acid, it showed an opposite trend.
Environments X cultivars interaction showed significant influence on total tocopherol content.     

3种不同提取方式对红树莓籽油成分的影响

通过超声辅助乙醇提取法、超声辅助石油醚提取法和索氏石油醚提取法3种方法提取红树莓籽油,比较提取率、鉴定脂肪酸成分、测定抗氧化活性和总皂甙含量。结果表明:UAE-Et红树莓籽油的提取率最高,为18.55%,UAE-PE和SE-PE的提取率分别为10.18%和13.58%。GC-MS结果表明,3种提取方法共在红树莓籽油中鉴定出32种物质,其中不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸和亚麻酸等)含量分别为82.71%(UAE-Et)、85.76%(UAE-PE)和88.83%(SE-PE),均超过80%;ω-6/ω-3脂肪酸比例为2.22∶1~2.32∶1。抗氧化活性研究表明,UAE-Et红树莓籽油抗氧化活性最强,其IC 50(半抑制浓度)为4.36 mg·mL^-1。总皂甙含量测定结果表明,UAE-Et红树莓籽油中总皂甙含量最高,为351.88 mg·g^-1,这与GC-MS吻合。     

鸢尾油热裂解产物分析

利用在线热裂解—气相色谱/质谱联用技术(Py-GC/MS),模拟卷烟燃吸状态,研究鸢尾油在无氧条件下的热裂解行为,为其在卷烟中的应用提供了理论依据。将鸢尾油样品分别在不同温度(300,600,900℃)下进行热裂解,将热解产物直接引入气相色谱一质谱仪进行定性和半定量分析。结果表明,鸢尾油裂解产物中主要包括酯类、酮类和有机酸等致香成分,其中含量较高的物质包括十四烷酸乙酯、鸢尾酮、香叶醇和肉豆蔻酸等香味化合物,这些物质有助于卷烟增加甜香味、掩盖杂气和柔和香气。随着裂解温度的升高,裂解产物变复杂,裂解温度对鸢尾油裂解产物的种类和相对含量有明显的影响。     

Variation and inheritance of erucic acid content in Brassica carinata germplasm collections from Ethiopia

Ethiopian mustard possesses a number of agronomic advantages over other oilseed crops with similar ecological adaptation in Ethiopia. However, its high erucic acid content is undesirable for a vegetable oil. Although efforts have been made to improve its quality, much has to be done to use natural variations that might exist within the species for fatty acid contents. This project was undertaken to study the variability of fatty acid contents, primarily erucic acid, in germplasm collections of Ethiopian origin, with an attempt to develop low (zero) erucic acid genotypes. The study used inbred lines as well as F₂ populations of 10 crosses between six parental lines. A wide variation in fatty acids was found. Oleic acid content varied from 5 to 34% and erucic acid content from 6 to 51%. Linoleic and linolenic acid contents were less variable. The high‐oleic genotypes exhibited not only low erucic but also higher linoleic (25%) and considerably lower linolenic acid (8%) contents. It was possible to classify the F₂ populations with the lowest erucic acid into three distinct classes. While the first class had an erucic acid content of 6–12%, the second and third classes had contents of 18–32% and 36–42%, respectively. The existence of a multiple allelic series of erucic acid in Ethiopian mustard would enable its fixation at zero levels without necessarily going into interspecific crossing.     

杭白芍结实性状及籽油品质分析

分析杭白芍结实性状及其籽油品质,为芍药籽油专用品种培育及籽油开发利用提供理论参考。对杭白芍的结实性状相关性和籽油理化性质进行测试和分析,结果表明：（1）单心皮种子数和心皮长均与单株产量呈极显著正相关,蓇葖果数与单株产量呈显著正相关,分株数与单株产量呈显著负相关;主成分分析表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达88.8768%。（2）籽油测试结果表明,种子含油率21.31%,油酸40.56%,亚油酸29.16%,亚麻酸22.11%,籽油不饱和脂肪酸91.83%,维生素E含量79.64 mg/100 g。因此,在选育高产品系时要重点关注单心皮种子数、心皮长和蓇葖果数等性状指标。杭白芍籽油具有较高的食用价值,可以作为一种新型的油料作物,具备深入研究推广的价值。     

陆地棉品种间杂种的种仁油分和氨基酸成分的遗传分析

用双列分析的方法研究了陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)4个品种及其杂种 F_1的种仁油分和氨基酸成分的资料,分析了杂种优势的表现和遗传效应,并估算了棉子性状间的简单相关系数。F_1的种仁含油率表现正的平均优势(4.75%),种仁氨基酸总量表现负的平均优势(-3.60%)。这两个性状的显性方差(H_1、H_2)都远大于加性方差(D),表明它     

高产优质双低杂交油菜8063的选育

摘要：8063属半冬性甘蓝型油菜杂交种。具有高产、优质、抗逆性强等优点。其粗脂肪含量42.98%,芥酸含量0.31%,硫甙含量16.10µmol/g饼,品质达到国家对双低杂交油菜攻关的品质要求;产量与秦油2号持平略高,比常规双低优质油菜豫油2号增产5%以上,达极显著水平     

Changes in fatty acid composition associated with recurrent selection for groat-oil content in oat

Summary Groat oil of oat (Avena sativa L.) is a well-balanced oil with respect to saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this study, we measured the effect of six cycles of recurrent selection for high groat-oil content on the fatty acid composition of the groat oil. From each cycle of selection, 50 oat lines were grown in a replicated field experiment at two sites and were evaluated for groat-oil content and fatty acid composition.Concentrations of palmitate and linolenate decreased moderately over cycles of selection, whereas stearate content increased. A major increase occurred in the content of oleate and a major decrease in linoleate. Most of the modification of fatty acid composition took place within the saturated and unsaturated classes. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased over cycles of selection. Significant genetic variation was present for each fatty acid, indicating that selection for different desired fatty acid compositions in groat oil of oat should be possible in this population.Abbreviations GO groat-oil content - 16:1 palmitate - 18:0 stearate - 18:1 oleate - 18:2 linoleate - 18:3 linolenate     

In vitro selection for oleic and linoleic acid content in segregating populations of microspore derived embryos of Brassica napus

Microspore derived embryos (MDEs) in Brassica napuscontain large amounts of storage lipids which show a genotype specific fatty acid composition (FAC). One cotyledon of regenerating emblyos can be dissected at an early stage during the in vitro culture and used for fatty acid analysis. Thus, in breeding programmes to modify oil quality, only MDEs having the desired FAC need to be regenerated to plantlets and transferred to the greenhouse. In the present study the applicability of this method for the selection of a high oleic acid content and a low linoleic acid content in the seed oil has been tested by crossing a Brassica napus mutant line having a high oleic acid (C18:1) content in the seed oil (75%) with a wild type doubled haploid line with 62% C18:1 in the seed oil. Microspore culture was applied to the F1 plants. In total 59 MDEs were obtained, from which 31 were cultured with and 28 without 15μM abscisic acid for 3 weeksin vitro. One cotyledon was dissected under aspetic conditions and used for fatty acid analysis. The remaining part of the embryos were further regenerated to plantlets and transferred to the greenhouse to obtain seeds after self pollination. Seeds harvested from the doubled haploid lines in the greenhouse were used for fatty acid analysis and also for growing in the field. The abscisic acid treatment of the MDEs generally improved the correlations for linoleic and oleic acid between the MDEs and the seeds harvested in the greenhouse and the field. The correlations ranged from 0.68** to 0.81**.This indicates that selection for high oleic acid can be started already during an early stage of the in vitro culture. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.