香蕉枯萎病抗性品种及绿色药剂的初步筛选

为筛选抗枯萎病香蕉品种, 通过伤根、针刺及淋菌法接种香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种, 进行盆栽试验, 结果表明, 品种‘巴西蕉’和‘南天红’的病情指数较高, 分别达 42.5和 37.5, 为中感品种; 而品种‘南天青’和‘南天黄’病情指数仅为15, 为抗病品种; ‘农科一号’病情指数最低, 仅为7.5, 是5个品种中最抗病的, 为高抗品种。为筛选防治香蕉枯萎病的绿色药剂, 选用壳聚糖水剂、竹醋液、耕保泰对比络氨铜水剂对‘巴西蕉’进行盆栽药效试验, 结果表明, 耕保泰防治效果较好, 相对防效达78.57%; 20%竹醋液的防治效果最差, 仅为35.71%。     

加工型辣椒品种对细菌性叶斑病的抗性鉴定

由黄褐假单胞Pseudomonas fulva侵染引起的辣椒细菌性叶斑病是近期在新疆北疆加工辣椒生产区发现的一种新病害。为评估辣椒品种对细菌性叶斑病的抗性水平,采用苗期人工接种结合田间调查,鉴定了生产中13个主栽辣椒品种对细菌性叶斑病的抗性。结果表明,供试材料对细菌性叶斑病均无免疫性,但不同辣椒品种对辣椒叶斑病抗性差异较大,‘改良佳线1号’和‘丰力红冠’为抗病品种;‘佳线4号’、‘新丰6号’、‘秦椒王’、‘陕早红’、‘宝丰2号’为耐病品种;‘红安6号’、‘朝天椒’为感病品种,高感品种为‘金塔’、‘铁皮椒’、‘红龙13’和‘超级韩国甜椒’。研究结果为辣椒的抗病育种和病害防治提供了基础。     

香蕉分化芽BBTV DAS-ELISA检测方法的建立和应用

为了解海南海口香蕉分化芽携带香蕉束顶病毒(Banana bunchy top virus, BBTV)的情况, 本研究建立了双抗夹心酶联免疫反应(DAS-ELISA)检测法, 对来自海南地区组培厂的香蕉分化芽进行检测。检测结果表明, 6个品种1 852个香蕉分化芽平均带毒率为2.1%, 其中‘皇帝蕉’为1.98%, ‘粤科1号’为2.07%, ‘广粉蕉’为1.98%, ‘大蕉’为6.25%, ‘218’为1.89%, ‘巴西蕉’为2.25%。为了进一步验证ELISA结果的可靠性, 随机选取12个阳性样品提取总DNA进行PCR鉴定。鉴定结果显示, 12个样品中11个检测出有BBTV, 表明DAS-ELISA方法的准确率较高, 与分子检测结果基本一致, 可以胜任日常香蕉组培苗BBTV的检测。     

应用TaqMan real-time PCR研究BSV在带毒香蕉组培苗中传递

由香蕉线条病毒(Banana streak virus,BSV)引起的香蕉线条病,严重影响了香蕉产量及种质资源交流。本研究根据BSV ORF Ⅲ基因保守序列设计引物和探针,建立了BSV的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。该法检测BSV时,与黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)和香蕉束顶病毒(Banana bunchy top virus,BBTV)无交叉反应;不论是检测质粒DNA还是香蕉病株总DNA,其灵敏度都比普通PCR高,检测质粒DNA的灵敏度比普通PCR高100倍,检测香蕉病株总DNA的灵敏度比普通PCR高10倍,且具有良好的重复性。利用建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法检测我国主栽的不同香蕉品种‘大蕉’、‘粉蕉’和‘粤优抗一号’香蕉组培苗中BSV的浓度,发现不同品种BSV传递规律不同。‘大蕉’第3代、第9代组培分化芽中BSV含量较原代显著减少;‘粉蕉’中BSV含量随继代数增加表现为先增加后减少;‘粤优抗一号’中BSV含量随继代数增加呈增加趋势。BSV在‘粉蕉’、‘大蕉’和‘粤优抗一号’第10代到第12代组培苗中以顶部第1片或(及)第2片叶中含量最高。直接结合PCR分析初步表明不同品种在原代和组培至第12代,其植株中的BSV均为游离状态。本文通过对带毒香蕉组培苗中BSV的含量监测,明确了BSV在不同品种带毒香蕉组培苗中的传递和分布规律,为研究BSV与寄主互作及BSV检测提供了理论依据。     

不同苜蓿品种对镰孢菌的抗性鉴定

为探明苜蓿不同品种对能引起苜蓿根腐病的茄镰孢(Fusarium solani)、半裸镰孢(F. semitectum)、弯角镰孢(F. camptoceras)等3种镰孢菌的抗性差异,提供筛选抗耐病性材料的新来源,通过室内盆栽法,对30个苜蓿品种(系)进行了苗期抗病性鉴定,结果表明,各品种之间抗病性差异显著,其中‘德里兰德’、‘新疆大叶’、‘苜蓿王’对半裸镰孢表现为抗病,病情指数分别为18.11、19.93、19.96,占鉴定总数的10%;总体来看,‘猎人河’等7个品种表现耐病,病情指数为25.30～39.95,占鉴定总数的23.3%;‘甘农2号’等18个感病品种,病情指数为40.55～59.56,占鉴定品种总数的60.0%;‘德宝’等5个品种为高感,平均病情指数为61.7~68.6,占鉴定总品种数的16.7%,无免疫和抗病品种。     

云南主栽核桃品种对Alternaria alternata叶枯病的抗病性评价

为了解云南地区不同核桃品种对叶枯病的抗性,从而为核桃抗病品种选育和叶枯病的防治提供依据,试验采用田间调查和离体叶片接种法获得病斑面积和病情指数,采用聚类分析的方法对田间调查和离体接种的病斑面积进行聚类分析,并结合病害分级标准,综合评价云南主栽37个核桃品种对Alternaria alternata的抗病性。结果表明:‘大泡核桃1’叶片上未出现病斑,‘小圆果’病斑面积最小,为5.05 mm~2,而‘圆菠萝2’病斑面积最大,达到887.68 mm~2;采用Ward最小偏差平方和法和欧式距离进行聚类分析,其聚类效果与接种结果和田间调查结果的吻合度最好。通过田间调查和离体接种综合评价,将37个核桃品种分为13个抗病品种、15个中抗品种、7个中感品种和2个感病品种。     

2011～2013年广西香蕉病害记述

2011至2013年在广西香蕉主产区开展病害种类调查,共调查鉴定出为害广西香蕉的病害21种,其中真菌性病害14种,细菌性病害3种,病毒病害3种,线虫类病害1种。文章对调查病害的病原及症状进行了逐一描述,为香蕉病害的诊治提供借鉴。     

防治香蕉枯萎病胶囊药剂研制与应用

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.cubense)引起的维管束系统性的毁灭性病害,给香蕉产业造成巨大损失。为有效控制该病害的发生危害,本实验室研制出一种胶囊杀菌剂绿茵2号,有效成分为噁霉灵。采用香蕉叶鞘内注入胶囊剂,2009年和2010年分别在广州市番禺区和东莞市麻涌镇进行了该药剂防治‘粉蕉’和‘巴西蕉’枯萎病的田间药效试验,防治效果分别达到58.00%和63.77%,获得利润分别为6 005.0元/667m2和1 420.0元/667m2,取得了较好的防治效果和经济效益。     

坦桑尼亚南部高原的香蕉象甲和香蕉根线虫

香蕉象甲和香蕉根线虫是坦桑尼亚南部高原地区作为重要食用作物—香蕉的主要害虫,采用精耕细作和施用卡巴呋喃可作为其防治措施。《克线磷0》的防效正在试验中。筛选抗病虫品种并与正从事香蕉抗性研究的国际组织合作将是今后工作的重点。     

黑龙江省水稻品种资源对水稻细菌性褐斑病的抗性鉴定

选育和应用抗病品种是防治水稻细菌性病害最经济有效的措施。本研究采用苗期喷雾法和针刺法对黑龙江省42个水稻主栽品种进行抗性鉴定。结果表明,利用针刺法鉴定的各水稻品种中表现中抗以上的品种有14个,其中高抗品种2个,对接种水稻品种病斑长度进行差异显著性分析,42个水稻主栽品种间抗性存在显著差异;利用喷雾法鉴定各品种,病级表现1级的品种有7个,占16.7%。对数据进行比较分析,针刺法和喷雾法对抗病品种鉴定的结果基本一致。本研究鉴定的2个高抗稻种资源对于抗细菌性褐斑病生产实践提供重要价值。因此,加大对水稻品种资源的深入研究,对实现水稻细菌性褐斑病的可持续控制有着重要意义。     

香蕉品种对假茎象甲田间抗性评价指标的研究

通过对 6个香蕉品种上的假茎象甲成、幼虫发生指数和危害程度指数调查 ,提出了香蕉品种对香蕉假茎象甲危害的田间抗性评价指标 ,用此指标评价了6个品种香蕉对假茎象甲的抗性 ,结果表明Saba大蕉、粉蕉抗虫性较强 ,龙牙蕉、香芽蕉抗虫性差     

A rapid technique for screening banana cultivars for resistance to Xanthomonas wilt

The banana Xanthomonas wilt disease (BXW) has threatened the livelihood of millions of farmers in East Africa. Use of resistant varieties is the most cost-effective method of managing this bacterial disease. A reliable and rapid screening method is needed to select resistant banana varieties. An in vitro screening method was developed for early evaluation of Xanthomonas wilt resistance using small tissue culture-grown plantlets. Eight cultivars of banana were screened with sixteen isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum using this method. There were significant differences (P < 0.0001) in susceptibility among the various banana cultivars tested, whereas no significant difference (P = 0.92) in pathogenicity was observed between the pathogen isolates. The cv. Pisang Awak (Kayinja) was found to be highly susceptible and Musa balbisiana resistant. Nakitembe was found to be moderately resistant while cvs Mpologoma, Mbwazirume, Sukali Ndiizi, FHIA-17 and FHIA-25 were susceptible. The susceptibility of these cultivars was further tested in vivo by artificial inoculation of potted plants with similar results. This study shows that an in vitro screening test can serve as a convenient, cheap and rapid screening technique to discriminate BXW-resistant from BXW-susceptible banana cultivars.     

In search of commercially acceptable Panama wilt-resistant natural variants in Ney Poovan banana (Musa AB)

Ney Poovan banana, the most widely cultivated mixed diploid banana, has been reported to be susceptible to Fusarium wilt like many other varieties in the world. The identification of natural variants possessing disease tolerance or resistance is one strategy to prevent losses. The aim of this study was to identify resistant lines in Ney Poovan banana, through extensive field surveys and screening of putative variants using a detached leaf-based challenging technique. The selected lines were screened under field condition to determine their economic feasibility for commercial-scale use. A total of 26 lines were observed to be resistant to the disease, out of which 24 exhibited a commercially acceptable productivity index and five best lines possessing desirable attributes were obtained.     

Sources of resistance in Musa to Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum,the causal agent of banana xanthomonas wilt

It is claimed that, with the exception of Musa balbisiana, all banana varieties are susceptible to bacterial wilt caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm). Despite being resistant to Xcm infection, M. balbisiana is not preferred for breeding because it belongs to the BB genome subgroup, while most edible bananas are of the A genome. To identify potential sources of resistance to Xcm, 72 banana accessions representing the Musa genetic diversity were evaluated in an outdoor confined potted trial. The midribs of the youngest leaf of 3-month-old banana plants were inoculated with 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹ of Xcm isolate USY13P, and symptom development assessed weekly for 4 months. Results confirmed that M. balbisiana genotypes are indeed resistant to Xcm. Varieties within the Musa acuminata subsp. zebrina (AA) set were further identified as potentially useful sources of Xcm resistance. These findings reveal the potential to develop banana and plantain varieties with tolerance to Xcm.     

Understanding banana bunchy top disease epidemiology in Burundi for an enhanced and integrated management approach

This study on the epidemiology of banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) was carried out in the context of small‐scale farms in Burundi for an integrated management approach. Banana trials were established in farmers’ fields comparing different plot locations, while spatial and seasonal occurrence of aphid vectors was evaluated at three different altitudes. In addition, serological tests were performed on banana leaf samples to confirm the presence and titre of the virus. The results showed that BBTD incidence varied among banana cultivars and locations. Nine months after plot establishment, BBTD incidence ranged from 21·8% to 56·4% in plots within affected fields, while a range of 0–12·3% was reported in plots located between 5 and 30 m away from affected banana fields. Aphid numbers were highest in the dry season. These aphids were able to acquire and transmit the virus irrespective of altitude. A mean incubation period of 21 and 84 days was observed at low (780 m a.s.l.) and high (2090 m a.s.l.) altitude, respectively. Thus, a holistic approach, taking into account banana cultivar, plot location, disease‐free planting material and regular field sanitation, should be promoted for long‐term BBTD management.     

香蕉褐缘灰斑病菌检测技术研究进展

香蕉褐缘灰斑病严重影响香蕉产量和品质,是香蕉生产上的重要生物灾害之一.香蕉褐缘灰斑病的早期诊断、检疫及防治的重要基础与前提是建立快速、灵敏的检测技术,从而准确及时鉴定出病原菌种类.本文介绍了香蕉褐缘灰斑病菌的种类和分类,概述了国内外香蕉褐缘灰斑病菌检测方法的研究进展,总结和归纳了传统、血清学、DNA指纹图谱、常规PCR...     

香蕉枯萎病防治进展

香蕉枯萎病是一种对外检疫性病害，世界各生产区均有不同程度的发生，每年给农业生产造成巨大损失，是一种难以防治的土传病害。本文重点阐述了香蕉枯萎病的防治方法和未来发展趋势。     

不同品种香蕉抗枯萎病效果及抗性生理研究

通过盆栽试验研究了向土壤中接种尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种(FocTR4)后不同抗枯萎病香蕉品种发病率、根际可培养微生物及防御酶活性的变化。结果表明:试验处理中香蕉枯萎病发病率随着FocTR4接种浓度的增加而上升,但在相同浓度处理下,抗病品种发病率显著低于感病品种;各品种香蕉发病率与根际土壤可培养镰刀菌数量均呈显著正相关关系。抗病品种过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性高于感病品种,而与多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性存在一定的相关性。说明香蕉抗病性与香蕉根际土壤微生物群落结构及香蕉本身防御酶活性有关。     

铵态氮和硝态氮对香蕉枯萎病发生的比较研究

 为寻找降低香蕉枯萎病发生的防治措施,通过室内盆栽接种试验,研究了铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)对香蕉枯萎病发生及其植株叶绿素含量、气体交换参数、病原菌在植物体内的数量分布和植物钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、钼(Mo)、可溶性糖和木质素含量的效应。结果表明:不接种病原菌的条件下,不同氮素处理对香蕉幼苗生长影响无差异;接菌情况下,与NH₄⁺-N处理相比,NO₃^--N处理显著降低植株各器官的病原菌数量、发病率和发病严重程度。病原菌侵染后,不同氮素处理下植株光合作用均显著下降:NO₃^--N处理香蕉苗保持比NH₄⁺-N处理更高的光合速率;病原菌侵染后NH₄⁺-N处理的植株Ca、Mg、Fe和Mo含量相对于侵染前没有显著差异,但NO₃^--N处理下此4种元素含量均显著升高。病原菌侵染后的植株叶片可溶性糖含量在不同氮素处理中都没有显著变化,但在根系中,NO₃^--N处理的侵染植株可溶性糖含量显著降低。与此同时,病原菌侵染后,木质素含量在NH₄⁺-N处理植株中变化不显著,但其含量在NO₃^--N处理侵染后显著上升。综上所述,NO₃^--N处理可增加植株抗病相关矿质元素的吸收,诱导香蕉苗木质素形成,使其木质化程度增加,从而维持较高的光合作用,保持较高的抗病水平。     

香蕉束顶病毒海口分离物基因组的克隆及序列分析

 以海口香蕉束顶病株的幼嫩假茎和叶片总DNA为模板,通过反向PCR法克隆了香蕉束顶病毒(Banana bunchy top virus,BBTV)海口分离物(命名为BBTV-HaiKou)的6个DNA组分的全长序列。结果表明,DNA1~6序列全长分别为1106、1040、1058、1040、1013和1082nt。各组分非编码区各包含一个茎环共同区和一个主要共同区,同源性分别为91.55%和88.45%。各组分编码区均编码一个开放可读框(ORF),其中DNA1 ORF内部还有一个小的ORF。序列分析表明,BBTV-HaiKou分离物与其它分离物间的DNA1最为保守,DNA2变异最大。DNA1组分核苷酸序列与亚洲组、南太平洋组各分离物及ABTV (Abacá bunchy top virus)分离物同源性分别为93.1%~99.1%,89.6%~90.7%和76.2%~77.4%,相应的编码蛋白氨基酸序列同源性在BBTV和ABTV中分别为93.4%~100%和85.7%。根据Karan等的分类方法,确定BBTV-HaiKou分离物属于亚洲组成员。