预组型木质工字梁静态力学性能设计思路的探讨

以钢质工字梁的设计理论和木质材料学与工艺为依据,对预组型木质工字梁(IJ)的部件——翼缘、腹板,以及两者之间的连接木质工字梁整体进行受力分析,并结合材料的蠕变等影响木质IJ静态力学性能的因素以及木结构建筑对木质IJ的要求,提出了IJ的基本设计思路。     

重组竹工字梁抗弯特性研究及模拟分析

开展了6根腹板与翼缘板之间采用异氰酸酯胶黏剂胶接和螺栓连接的重组竹工字梁抗弯试验研究,考察重组竹工字梁抗弯承载力特性和破坏模式。试验表明:重组竹工字梁的破坏模式为腹板受拉区撕裂破坏;随着荷载的增加,截面各部位应变发展迅速,尤其是腹板边缘处应变发展最快,首先进入塑性变形并发生撕裂破坏;继续加载,该裂纹发生纵向延伸,逐渐形成通缝,并且螺栓连接处出现撕裂。此时,试件两端上、下翼缘变形明显小于腹板边缘处,翼缘和腹板之间变形极其不协调,上翼板下端与腹板上边缘发生脱胶现象,说明腹板和翼缘连接处的剪应力传递效果不佳,影响了构件的刚度和承载力。重组竹工字梁破坏时挠度较大,工字梁的受力变形明显,6根试验工字梁的延性系数为6.0~9.0,说明重组竹工字梁的延性较好,并且工字梁的设计控制因素是变形而不是承载力。进行重组竹工字梁抗弯特性的非线性有限元模拟,分析得到的工字梁荷载-位移曲线与试验结果吻合较好,工字梁的变形及应力分布特征均与试验相一致。     

木质工字梁翼缘用杨木-酚醛树脂LVL密度的控制意义

对不同密度木质工字梁(IJ)翼缘用杨木酚醛树脂LVL(P-PF-LVL)垂直胶层静曲弹性模量(MOEB)、纵向抗拉强度(MORT)、静曲强度(MORB)和水平剪切强度(MORS)的检测,分析结果表明:1)可以利用MOEB、MORT、MORB和MORS与密度的正相关关系来设计包括IJ翼缘用LVL在内LVL的适当密度,以控制结构用LVL的目标力学性能;2)梁问距为490mm、梁跨为4 500mm、设计荷载为2.5kN/m2的241mm高的IJ翼缘用P-PF-LVL的最小安全密度应略大于0.553g/cm3同时建议提高国标GB/T20241-2006对结构用LVL的MORB的要求,增设结构用LVL的MORT.     

预组型木结构工字梁承压能力研究

本文对预组型木质工字梁的结构性能进行分析研究。通过对梁接口承压能力的测试结果表明:IB翼缘/腹板接口的端头承压破坏可分为先期破坏(对应的是无效胶合或胶合不良)和终极破坏(对应的是有效胶合)二种主要形式,先期破坏主要是翼缘/腹板胶合层的剪切破坏或工字梁槽底木材的横纹拉伸破坏,终极破坏的形式是工字梁胶合层剪切、翼缘槽底木材横纹拉伸和压缩的综合性全面破坏。由于终极破坏荷载是工字梁接口的最大垂向抗压破坏荷载,因此要求木结构工字梁接口几何尺寸的设计应努力避免垂向受压时不发生先期破坏。     

木工字梁的挠度计算方法探讨

对木工字梁的挠度进行了公式推导、试验、计算和验证分析。结果表明，考虑剪切变形时，实测挠度值与预测挠度值非常接近；忽略剪切变形时，实测值和预测值相差非常大。理论和实测证明了在计算木工字梁挠度时剪切变形是不可忽略的。采用试验方法可以得到木工字梁的EI和K值，其可用于准确预测木工字梁的挠度，为木工字梁挠度计算和预测提供了一种比较简单的方法。     

载荷对竹碎料/木纤维复合板挠度及应力的影响

对竹碎料/木纤维复合板在外力作用下的挠度、应力变化进行了测量和分析.结果表明:随着载荷的增加.板材的挠度呈非线性变化.载荷越大,单位载荷引起试件的挠度也越大;载荷与试件挠度之间关系的数学模型为yd=444 475.326 23×e~(x/11 615 826.256 82)+0.009 61×e~(x/157.389.76)-44 475.293 15;板材应力则随外力增加呈线性变化,应力与载荷之间关系的数学模型为y_s=0.000 49_x-0.001 7.这两个数学模型的计算值与实测值之间的误差都很小,并都与实测值有很高的拟合度.     

工字搁栅用落叶松单板类足尺翼缘和腹板基材生产工艺及性能评价

阐述了木质工字搁栅的特点,介绍了利用胶合板生产设备加工制造工字搁栅用落叶松单板类足尺翼缘和腹板基材的工艺技术.对腹板和翼缘物理力学性能的研究结果表明:落叶松单板类足尺翼缘和腹板的主要性能可以达到美国APA相关标准的要求.     

加拿大铁杉正交胶合木弯曲性能预测与评估

为了对正交胶合木(CLT)的弯曲性能开展有效预测与评估,验证CLT板件弯曲性能预测值的可靠性,采用自由梁横向振动法,对加拿大铁杉锯材顺纹弹性模量进行动态测试与质量分等;采用悬臂板横向振动法动态测试铁杉锯材的横纹剪切模量和弹性模量;将分等后的铁杉锯材制成足尺CLT楼板、墙板用板材,并采用四点弯曲法静态测试CLT板材的弹性模量值;然后将锯材顺纹弹性模量、横纹剪切模量和弹性模量实测值代入模型公式进行CLT板弯曲性能预测,并与CLT板材静态弹性模量实测值作比较分析。结果表明:CLT主强度方向弹性模量预测值为11 222 MPa,实测值为11 312 MPa,CLT板材的弯曲弹性模量的预测值与其实测值决定系数为0.887,具有较强的相关性;用CLT板材的预测值模型公式评估其弯曲性能指标,具有应用上的可行性和可靠性;铁杉制成的CLT板材弯曲性能达到CLT楼板、墙板等工程用的等级要求。     

整体式板桥静力荷载试验及计算方法研究

基于新施行的《公路桥梁承载能力检测评定规程》(JTG/T J21-2011),对整体式板桥进行静力荷载试验研究,利用桥梁结构专用分析软件Midas civil建立该整体式板桥的空间板单元模型,对静力荷载试验进行模拟,并将实测挠度、应力值和荷载横向分布系数与计算值进行对比分析。分析结果表明,该桥能够满足公路-Ⅰ级汽车荷载的使用要求;实测荷载横向分布系数与理论计算荷载横向分布系数相一致,且刚接板梁法计算值略大于有限元法计算值,设计时若按照简化刚接板梁法计算荷载横向分布系数偏于安全。     

胶合木T梁负弯曲性能试验研究

【目的】探讨胶合木T梁的负弯曲性能,观察极限状态下构件的破坏形式,解析极限状态下构件的破坏机理,推导极限承载能力计算模型,以期为工程实际应用提供理论参考依据。【方法】采用跨中荷载试验与理论计算对比方式进行研究,实测分析了两组试件的应变、挠度、抗弯刚度、极限承载力及延性结果,观察分析了胶合木梁的破坏形态与破坏机理,基于Rammer剪切强度公式将弯剪强度理论值和试验值进行了对比。用兴安落叶松作为原材料,以剪跨比、跨高比为参数,设计制作2组即A组3根(高跨比1/12,剪跨比5.2)、B组3根(高跨比1/14,剪跨比6.1),共计6根平行胶合木T梁试件。将T梁反转成倒T梁,在两端简支条件下跨中加载产生正弯矩,使肋板受压、翼板受拉,模拟连续T梁跨中支承截面的受力性能。【结果】1)两组构件整体工作性能良好,受弯时极限破坏形态均为中部顺纹剪切破坏。2)两组构件相比,B组较于A组试件,屈服荷载降低9.7%,跨中屈服位移提高27.5%,极限抗弯承载力降低10.4%,跨中极限位移提高42.7%,抗弯刚度降低36%,延性系数提高22.4%。3)两组构件的荷载应变曲线在达到屈服点之前呈比例关系,满足平截面假定。4)受剪力滞效应影响,两组构件的跨中截面翼缘板正应力横向分布不均匀,呈现随距离肋板中心位置越远而越小的关系,最大差值比率达30%。5)构建了弯剪承载力计算模型,理论值与试验值最大相差3.1%,匹配度较高。【结论】总结了胶合木连续T梁在跨中支承截面的受力变形规律,揭示了其破坏机理,构建了极限弯剪承载力计算模型,经验证,具有一定的可靠性。     

Estimating Strength of Finger-jointed Dimension Lumber by Nondestructive Methods

Structural finger-jointed (FJ) lumber was used mainly in structural applications including glue-laminated beams and wooden I-joists and more recently in parallel chord wood trusses. The paper evaluated strength properties of structural FJ lumber by three nondestructive methods (edge-wise bending, longitudinal and transversal vibration) in order to find an alternative to traditional evaluation methods. Lumber was sawn from the logs following a pattern typically used in China to maximize the volume of recover...     

Measurement of the shear modulus of wood by static bending tests

When measuring the shear modulus of wood by static bending tests, the basic theory is dependent on Timoshenko's bending theory. The shear modulus obtained by static bending is a much smaller value than that derived by other methods. We examined the applicability of Timoshenko's theory and propose an empirical equation that can derive the shear modulus properly. Three softwoods and three hardwoods were used for the tests. First, the Young's modulus and shear modulus were measured by free-free flexural vibration tests. Then the three-point static bending tests were undertaken, varying the depth/span ratios. Additionally, the bending tests were simulated by the finite element method (FEM). The shear moduli obtained by these methods were then compared. The deflection behaviors in static bending were not expressed by the original Timoshenko bending theory because of the stress distortion near the loading point. Based on the experimental results and numerical calculations, we modified the original Timoshenko bending equation. When using our modified equation the stress concentration must be carefully taken into account.     

木质沙发扶手弯曲中性层分析

以中性层为中心,说明不同弯曲方法对沙发扶手成型的影响;分析了木材中性层的偏移量与木材极限拉伸强度、极限压缩强度的关系,以及使用钢带可有效增大中性层偏移量的原理,为沙发扶手生产成功率的提高提供理论分析方法。     

碳纤维增强聚合物 重组竹复合材的弯曲力学性能

重组竹已广泛应用于室内高档装饰、园林景观、室外防腐地板等领域,但重组竹的弹性模量比较小,为钢材的1/7~1/5,应用于建筑领域时难以充分发挥其自身高强度的特性。针对重组竹刚度较小的问题,提出一种重组竹板和碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)厚板嵌合粘接的新型重组竹复合材料,采用三点弯曲试验和有限元仿真方法,对CFRP 重组竹复合试件的失效模式、荷载 位移关系、应变曲线、胶层界面剥离影响等进行了研究。结果表明:重组竹试件失效模式是跨中位置处拉伸区域竹纤维断裂,且出现若干水平分层破坏,CFRP 重组竹复合试件的失效模式是CFRP与重组竹层间胶层出现大面积剥离;CFRP 重组竹复合试件的变形过程分为线弹性阶段和界面破坏阶段;CFRP可以明显提高重组竹梁的弹性模量和静曲强度,复合试件弹性模量是重组竹试件的2.33~2.94倍,静曲强度是重组竹试件的1.49~1.58倍;胶层界面剥离是CFRP 重组竹复合试件失效的重要因素,胶层界面剥离对复合试件的应变分布和挠度都有较大影响,完全剥离后试件的挠度是未剥离时的3.09倍。     

Bending strength and toughness of heat-treated wood

The load-deflection curve for static bending and the force-time curve for impact bending of heat-treated wood were examined in detail. The effect of oxygen in air was also investigated. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) was heated for 0.5–16.0h at a temperature of 160°C in nitrogen gas or air. The dynamic Young's modulus was measured by the free-free flexural vibration test, the static Young's modulus and work needed for rupture by the static bending test, and the absorbed energy in impact bending by the impact bending test. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The static Young's modulus increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It decreased more in air than in nitrogen. (2) The bending strength increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It decreased more in air than in nitrogen. (3) The work needed for rupture decreased steadily as the heating time increased. It decreased more in nitrogen than in air. It is thought that heat-treated wood was more brittle than untreated wood in the static bending test because W₁₂ was reduced by the heat treatment. This means that the main factors contributing to the reduction of the work needed for rupture were viscosity and plasticity, not elasticity. (4) The absorbed energy in impact bending increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It decreased more in air than in nitrogen. It was concluded that heat-treated wood became more brittle in the impact bending test becauseI ₁₂ andI ₂₃ were reduced by the heat treatment.     

Acoustic and bending properties in Pinus elliottii beams obtained from trees of different ages

In contrast to wood from native forests, the lumber harvested from planted forests is primarily composed of boards from younger trees. Given the possibility of using wave propagation methods to classify wood for structural purposes, it is important to evaluate if the ultrasonic parameters tend to vary with the age of the tree in a similar manner as static bending parameters. Experiments were conducted using structural beams taken from Pinus elliottii trees that were 8, 9, 13, 15, 22 and 23 years old. The beams were tested by ultrasound in the longitudinal direction and by static bending. The results showed that age of the tree influences the wave propagation velocity, stiffness constant and modulus of elasticity. The results were sorted into two groups based on the variation of these parameters: wood pieces from trees up to 15 years old and wood pieces from trees older than 15 years of age. Statistically, the flexural strength did not change with age due to the significant influence of knots on this parameter, which overcomes the influence of age. The data obtained by ultrasound follow the same trends with age as the elastic modulus in static bending.     

杉木径面及弦面的木材力学性质的差异

１６个杉木样本的木材力学试验结果表明，除横纹抗压强度外，弦面的抗弯强度和弹性模量、冲击韧性、顺纹抗剪强度及抗劈力均不同程度高于径面。分析了引起差异的原因。     

《建筑结构用木工字梁》国家标准的编制

作为《建筑结构用木工字梁》国家标准起草人,介绍标准的编制依据和原则,并对标准中木工字梁所用材料的要求、承载性能技术指标、检测方法、质量控制等主要技术内容以及附录进行解释和说明,为标准使用单位提供参考。     

木丝杆定向层积材试制与前景展望

提出木丝杆定向层积材概念,研究以木丝杆为单元制造重组木。采用两种不同规格木丝杆单元和不同铺装方法制作木丝杆定向层积材并进行性能测试,结果表明:增加木丝杆长度有助于提高板材抗弯弹性模量;随机定向铺装的板材抗弯强度优于砖墙式定向铺装。