NO对损伤诱导的豌豆幼苗叶片抗氧化系统的影响

为了明确损伤后豌豆幼苗叶片内NO产生的途径及NO对其诱导的抗氧化系统的作用,以豌豆幼苗为试材,研究损伤胁迫下其内源NO含量、NR和NOS活性的变化,以及只有NO供体SNP处理和NO清除剂PTIO、NOS抑制剂L-NAME、NR抑制剂NaN₃喷施后损伤处理过24 h 时对豌豆幼苗叶片内H₂O₂和O₂ ^-·含量变化及对抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT、APX等的活性影响。结果表明,损伤处理后0~60 h 内豌豆幼苗叶片内NO含量呈双峰曲线;其中损伤处理早期（第1 峰值）NO的主要来源是NOS酶促途径,而后期（第2 峰值）NO的主要来源是NR酶促途径;损伤处理24 h 豌豆幼苗叶片内NO含量最高,此时H₂O₂和O₂ ^-·含量接近对照水平,而SOD、POD、CAT、APX等的活性显著高于对照,NO供体SNP处理时有类似的结果,NO清除剂PTIO 处理后H₂O₂和O₂ ^-·含量升高,SOD、POD、CAT、APX等的活性降低。以上研究结果表明,NO可能通过增强保护酶的活性来降低损伤诱导的膜脂过氧化程度。     

外源过氧化氢对烟草花芽分化的影响初探

通过盆栽试验,对外源H₂O₂处理的烟草活性氧代谢及烟草花芽分化情况进行了初步研究。结果表明：（1）外源H₂O₂处理显著影响了烟草体内活性氧代谢,H₂O₂和O₂ ^-含量迅速增加;保护酶POD和CAT活性迅速被激活,SOD的激活滞后于POD和CAT。喷施H₂O₂处理的中后期H₂O₂的含量下降。（2）外源H₂O₂胁迫改变了开花基因的表达、现蕾时烟草叶片数以及花芽的发育进程。5和15d的外源H₂O₂处理明显抑制了烟草FLC基因的表达,促进了LFY基因的表达,促使烟草花发育提前。试验结果表明烟草体内活性氧平衡状态的变化影响烟草的花发育进程。     

水稻细胞质雄性不育花药和叶片中的活性氧代谢研究

为探究水稻雄性不育与活性氧代谢的内在关系,以水稻细胞质雄性不育系天丰A及保持系天丰B生殖生长期的花药和叶片为材料,对其O₂^-产生速率、H₂O₂和MDA含量以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性的变化进行测定。结果显示：生殖生长期间,不育系花药中O₂^-产生速率、H₂O₂和MDA含量总体高于保持系,抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性总体低于保持系,而POD活性始终比保持系花药高;不育系与保持系叶片中仅表现出H₂O₂、MDA含量和CAT活性的差异。以上结果综合表明,不育系与可育系活性氧代谢的差异主要存在于花药中,花药发育过程中O₂^-、H₂O₂代谢失调和MDA过量积累以及保护酶活性下降或功能转变可能是导致雄性不育的重要因素。     

盐碱胁迫下外源H2O2对毛白杨生理特性的影响

研究外源H₂O₂对盐碱胁迫下毛白杨生理特性的影响规律,为提高毛白杨盐碱地造林效果提供理论依据。在盆栽条件下,设置营养液（对照,H1）、营养液+NaHCO₃+NaCl(H2)、营养液+NaHCO₃+NaCl+H₂O₂(H3)、营养液+H₂O₂(H4)4个处理,3次重复。结果表明,H2与H1相比显著提高了毛白杨超氧阴离子、过氧化氢、MDA含量及相对电导率,H3与H2相比显著降低了超氧阴离子、过氧化氢含量,相对电导率和MDA含量降低不显著,H4与H1之间无显著差异;H2与H1相比显著提高了SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性,提高了AsA和GSH含量,H3与H2相比提高了毛白杨保护酶活性和H₂O₂清除系统活性,H4与H1相比显著提高了毛白杨AsA含量;H2与H1相比显著提高了毛白杨可溶性糖含量,H3与H2相比降低了可溶性糖含量;H1与H2相比、H3与H2相比均提高了毛白杨可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量。综合分析认为,外源H₂O₂会激发毛白杨生理响应机制并缓解盐碱胁迫效果显著。     

褪黑素对低温胁迫下棉花种子萌发特性的影响

低温胁迫严重影响棉花种子萌发,为明确褪黑素对低温胁迫下棉花种子萌发的调控作用,本研究以海岛棉品种‘新海41号’为试验材料,分析不同褪黑素浓度处理对低温胁迫(15℃)下棉花种子的萌发特性、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化氢含量影响。结果表明,低温下棉花种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数较常温对照分别降低17.41%、13.52%和74.96%,胚根长度降低40.35%,SOD、POD、CAT活性略有增高,MDA和H₂O₂含量有所增加。低浓度的褪黑素（10 μmol/L和20 μmol/L）处理显著增加了低温胁迫下棉花种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数以及胚根长度,增强抗氧化酶的活性,减少MDA、H₂O₂的产生,其中20 μmol/L褪黑素处理后,与低温对照相比SOD、POD、CAT活性分别上升3.53%、29.47%、3.45%,MDA和H₂O₂含量分别减少13.93%和8.08%。适宜浓度的褪黑素处理能有效缓解低温胁迫对棉花种子萌发的损伤,增强种子耐低温性,其中20 μmol/L褪黑素处理效果最好。     

三角梅自然越冬过程的生理生化响应

为研究不同品种三角梅的低温适应能力,以2年生健康成熟的‘巴西紫’、‘花叶大红’、‘绿樱’、‘云南紫’、‘珍珠白’、‘柠檬黄’和‘中国红’7种三角梅为试验材料,测定其在自然越冬过程中的丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量,超氧自由基(O₂^·-)产生速率及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性。结果表明,不同品种三角梅的MDA、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和H₂O₂含量在自然越冬期间的变化趋势显著不同,‘柠檬黄’的脯氨酸含量随着温度降低而逐渐降低;‘绿樱’和‘巴西紫’随着自然温度变化出现先降低后升高。‘巴西紫’、‘花叶大红’、‘绿樱’和‘云南紫’的H₂O₂含量在越冬期间均随着温度降低先升高后降低再升高然后又降低。‘云南紫’的POD活性先升高后降低;而‘中国红’的POD活性则表现为随着温度的降低而逐渐降低。因此,不同的三角梅品种间的低温适应力存在极大差异,‘中国红’、‘巴西紫’和‘柠檬黄’表现了较强的低温适应能力;‘绿樱’、‘云南紫’低温抵抗能力稍弱,但也正常完成越冬;而‘花叶大红’和‘珍珠白’则需要通过落叶来适应越冬期间的低温环境。     

NaCl胁迫下西瓜种子对蛭石引发的响应

以西瓜品种“小皇冠”和“早佳8424”种子为试验材料，采用种子萌发袋发芽的方法，研究在不同浓度(0,50,75,100,125 mmol/L) NaCl溶液胁迫下，蛭石引发处理对西瓜种子发芽指标及幼苗生理特性的影响，探讨引发处理对缓解西瓜盐胁迫伤害的可行性。结果表明，随着NaCl浓度增加对西瓜种子萌发的抑制作用逐渐加剧，引发处理提高了NaCl胁迫下西瓜种子发芽势和发芽率；NaCl胁迫下，西瓜胚根超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高，过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖含量增加；引发处理下胚根的SOD、POD、CAT活性增强，MDA和H₂O₂含量减少，可溶性糖含量增加。研究表明，引发处理能促进NaCl胁迫下西瓜种子萌发，促进可溶性糖的积累，诱导抗氧化酶活性，降低MDA和H₂O₂的积累，增强西瓜幼苗的耐盐性。     

强耐冷性水稻新品系J07-23抗氧化系统对长期冷水胁迫的响应

为了阐明强耐冷性水稻对长期冷水胁迫抗性的生理基础, 以水稻新品系J07-23和冷敏感的栽培稻秀子糯为试验材料, 研究长期冷水胁迫(19℃)下参试材料在开花期剑叶活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量的变化以及成熟后的穗部性状。结果表明, 在长期冷水胁迫下, 秀子糯剑叶的O₂产生速率、H₂O₂含量和MDA含量显著增加, 抗氧化系统中SOD、CAT和GR活性显著升高; J07-23剑叶H₂O₂含量显著增加, 而O₂产生速率和MDA含量无显著变化。J07-23的抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD、APX和GR)活性极显著升高, 抗氧化剂(AsA和GSH)含量及AsA/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值也显著增加。依据耐冷性评价标准, J07-23具有极强耐冷性, 冷水胁迫下高的抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量是其耐冷性的生理生化基础。     

质外体过氧化氢对石竹玻璃化的影响

为明确质外体H₂O₂(hydrogen peroxide)在组培苗玻璃化发生中的作用,本研究以石竹组培苗为材料,采用离心的方法提取质外体,并通过碘量法检测质外体H₂O₂含量,探究了培养基pH值、蔗糖、6-BA(6-Benzylaminopurine)、结冷胶及乙烯等对石竹组培苗玻璃化发生以及质外体H₂O₂含量的影响。结果表明,低pH值、低蔗糖浓度、高6-BA含量、结冷胶、乙烯利、ACC(l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid)均使石竹组培苗玻璃化率增加,并且伴随着质外体H₂O₂含量的上升。在诱导玻璃化的培养基中外源添加二苯基氯化碘盐(diphenyleneiodonium chloride,DPI)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、维生素B6(vitamin B6,VB6)、还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH)以及抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AsA)都能降低组培苗玻璃化发生率和质外体中的H₂O₂含量。说明质外体H₂O₂含量与石竹组培苗玻璃化关系密切,控制质外体H₂O₂积累可以降低石竹玻璃化的发生,这为玻璃化的有效防控提供了重要的参考。     

外源褪黑素降低黄瓜体内霜霉威残留的生理生化分析

为探究褪黑素(melatonin,Mel)对黄瓜体内农药降解中的调控作用,以黄瓜‘Y3F604’为材料,以氨基甲酯类农药霜霉威(C₉H₂₀N₂O₂)为处理试剂,采用灌根的方法研究外源施用1 mmol/L Mel对黄瓜体内霜霉威残留的影响,同时探究O₂^-·、H₂O₂、MDA、GSH和GSSG含量以及抗氧化酶和解毒酶的变化情况。结果表明,外源1 mmol/L的Mel处理显著降低了霜霉威处理48 h后黄瓜体内的霜霉威残留量。在霜霉威胁迫下,黄瓜叶片中O₂^-·、H₂O₂和MDA的含量明显增加,而外源Mel处理能够有效抑制霜霉威胁迫下黄瓜体内的O₂^-·、H₂O₂和MDA积累。与对照相比,外源Mel处理显著提高了霜霉威胁迫下SOD、CAT、POD、APX、GPX等抗氧化物酶活性,进一步促进GSH含量和总谷胱甘肽含量的增加,提高GSH/GSSG、GST与GR解毒酶活性。因此,外源施用Mel可提高黄瓜在霜霉威胁迫下的抗氧化能力和解毒能力,从而加速黄瓜体内霜霉威的代谢,是促进蔬菜残留农药降解的新途径。     

Root Growth Inhibition and Lignification Induced by Salt Stress in Soybean

Salt stress was evaluated on root growth, enzyme activities (phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase or PAL and soluble plus cell wall‐bound peroxidase or POD), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production, total phenolic content and lignin content and composition in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) roots. Three‐day‐old seedlings were cultivated in half‐strength Hoagland’s solution (pH 6.0), with or without addition of 50–200 mm of NaCl, into a growth chamber (25 °C, 12/12 h light/dark photoperiod, irradiance of 280 μmol m^?2 s^?1) for 24 h. In general, root length and fresh and dry weights decreased after NaCl treatment. PAL activity decreased, soluble and cell wall‐bound POD activities increased, and H₂O₂ content significantly decreased after NaCl exposure. Consequently, total phenolic and lignin contents and p‐hydroxyphenyl (H) and syringyl (S) monomers of lignin increased in NaCl‐treated roots. Altogether, these results suggest that the effects caused by NaCl may be owing to the enhanced lignin production that solidifies the cell wall and restricts root growth.     

转2-Cys Prx基因烟草抗氧化酶和PSII电子传递对盐和光胁迫的响应

以转2-Cys Peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prx)基因的烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)为材料,非转基因烟草为对照,调查盐和光胁迫对转基因烟草幼苗叶片抗氧化酶和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,揭示2-Cys Prx基因在植物抗逆方面的功能。结果表明,弱光(200 μmol m^–2 s^–1)下,随着盐浓度增大,转基因烟草和对照的SOD活性皆增加,APX活性变化不大,H₂O₂含量稍有升高;强光(1000 μmol m^–2 s^–1)下,随着盐浓度增大,转基因烟草SOD活性增强,APX活性下降,H₂O₂含量增加缓慢,而对照的H₂O₂含量迅速升高,转基因烟草叶片的PSII电子传递速率(ETR)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(Ф_PSII)均高于对照,而且PSII电子受体侧的受抑制程度明显低于对照。结果暗示在强光和盐胁迫使APX活性降低的情况下,2-Cys Prx可有效清除细胞中过量H₂O₂,增强光合电子传递链的稳定性,特别是PSII电子受体侧的电子传递,有效减轻盐和高光胁迫引起的PSII光抑制。     

Deastringency treatment with CO2 induces oxidative stress in persimmon fruit

Because of astringency at harvest, ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmons are regularly submitted to deastringency treatment based on exposing fruit to a high CO₂ concentration. The treatment conditions that ensure total astringency removal throughout the various maturity stages have been determined to be 95% CO₂, 20 °C, 24 h. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the redox state of persimmon fruit associated with this deastringency treatment. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (O₂⁻ and H₂O₂), and the activities of the main ROS scavenging enzymes (CAT, POD, APX, and SOD), were determined at harvest and after deastringency in fruit at three different maturity stages.Our results showed that during ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon maturation, the level of O₂⁻ gradually increased, while APX activity was lowered. The deastringency treatment with CO₂ induced oxidative stress in the fruit, observed as an over-accumulation of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂. As a response to ROS accumulation, the activities of the CAT, APX and SOD scavenging enzymes were up-regulated after deastringency treatment. The response of POD enzyme was dependent on maturity stage, showing enhanced activity after CO₂ treatment only for the fruit at the most mature stage.     

Response of the Flag Leaves of a Super‐Hybrid Rice Variety to Drought Stress during Grain Filling Period

The effect of drought stress on the antioxidant system and membrane lipid peroxidation in flag leaves of a super‐hybrid rice variety (Liang‐You‐Pei‐Jiu, LYPJ) during the grain filling period was studied. During prophase of water deficit up to day 6 at relative soil water content (RSWC) 88 %, 81 %, 69 %, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity descended slightly, but the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) ascended rapidly. The content of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) decreased. The production rate of superoxide radical (O₂^?), the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were maintained in a low level (0.3481 nmolO₂^? mg^?1 protein min^?1, 170.17 μmol g^?1 FW, 1.467 nmol g^?1 FW, at day 6, respectively). The total membrane lipids and index of unsaturated fatty acids (IUFA) did not change obviously. Thereafter (day 9, 12, with 52 %, 28 %, respectively RSWC), the activities of these enzymes declined significantly, while the content of AsA + GSH showed a reverse tendency. However, O₂^? production rate, the contents of H₂O₂ + MDA also increased rapidly. As a result, the total membrane lipids and IUFA dramatically decreased. The results indicated that the whole protect system was destructed seriously; any single protective component could not resist the damage caused by drought stress.     

Wound-induced H2O2 and resistance to Botrytis cinerea decline with the ripening of apple fruit

Fruit ripening is a developmental process and is associated with increased susceptibility to mechanical injury, which favours Botrytis cinerea infection. Using ‘Gala’ apples harvested at different stages of ripening, we demonstrated that wounding can activate initial H₂O₂ accumulation and wound healing ability to defend against B. cinerea penetration. Delaying the harvest date attenuated those responses. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, which are all involved in H₂O₂ metabolism, were differentially activated by wound stress depending on the stage of fruit maturity. Mature fruit were less able to respond to wounding by increasing phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase activity, which are associated with reduced phenolics and lignin content in local wound sites. The reduced response in late-harvested fruit contributes to the fruit ripening-induced loss of wound healing ability and increases susceptibility to B. cinerea. In addition, the rapid increase of H₂O₂ content immediately after wounding in early-harvested fruit was followed by increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase activity. In late-harvested fruit, the reduced ability to increase phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase activity in response to wounding was consistent with ripening-reduced generation of H₂O₂ early after wounding, leading to reduced resistance to B. cinerea. Thus, H₂O₂ accumulation in response to wounding is modulated by fruit maturity and is required for efficient wound healing and resistance to B. cinerea.     

The role of active oxygen metabolism in hydrogen peroxide-induced pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit

Effects of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), as exogenous reactive oxygen, on browning and active oxygen metabolism in pericarp of harvested ‘Fuyan’ longan fruit were investigated. The results showed that as compared with the control fruit, there was a higher browning index in pericarp of H₂O₂-treated fruit. The fruit treated with H₂O₂ resulted in increased rate of superoxide anion (O₂⁻) production, reduced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), decreased amounts of ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and carotenoid, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. These results indicated that H₂O₂-induced browning in pericarp of harvested longan fruit might be due to a reducing capacity of active oxygen scavenging and an increase of accumulation of O₂⁻, which might stimulate membrane lipid peroxidation, disrupt cellular membrane structure, and cause the loss of cellular compartmentalization, in turn, resulting in the contact of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) with phenolic substrates and subsequently oxidation phenolics to form brown polymers.     

缩节胺浸种提高棉花幼苗根系活力中的活性氧代谢

以国欣棉3号为材料,研究200 mg L^–1缩节胺(DPC)浸种12 h对棉花子叶苗根系活力的影响,并从活性氧(ROS)代谢的角度揭示相关的生理机制。结果表明,DPC浸种显著增强了棉花幼苗的根系活力,根尖部位氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色光密度为清水对照的1.3倍,TTC法测定的根系活力和呼吸速率分别较对照增加167%和90%,非损伤微测技术(NMT)测定的K⁺净内流速率 (距根尖300 μm处)较对照提高36%。吖啶橙染色结果显示,DPC处理根尖伸长区的凋亡细胞数目较对照减少。此外,DPC处理使根系的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力显著高于对照,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力则降低;H₂O₂含量和超氧阴离子(O₂⁻)产生速率较对照分别降低56%和65%,H₂O₂原位染色结果也显示其根尖部分的褐色较对照明显减弱。根系组织的ROS代谢得到改善可能是DPC浸种提高棉花幼苗根系活力的机制之一。     

水稻中胚轴长度QTL分析

为分析水稻中胚轴伸长与赤霉素的关系及其遗传基础,以沈农265(长中胚轴)和丽江新团黑谷(短中胚轴)的RIL群体为材料,结合其连锁图谱,对水和赤霉素溶液两种培养条件下的中胚轴长度进行QTL定位。结果表明,浓度为1.50μmolL~(-1)的赤霉素可显著促进中胚轴的伸长。两种培养条件下,共检测到控制中胚轴长度的5个QTL,分布在第1、第2、第3、第6和第11号染色体上,LOD值在3.65～15.52范围内,单个QTL对表型贡献率在7%～33%之间。其中qML3、qML6和qML11在2种处理条件下均被检测到,qML1和qML2仅在水培条件下被检测到。与其他研究比较发现,主效基因qML3可以在不同群体和不同环境下稳定表达。