灌浆斯冬小麦对干旱胁迫的某些生理生化响应

灌浆期冬小麦在干旱胁迫下,叶片中Ｐｒｏ含量增加,抗旱性弱的品种升市幅度大于抗旱性强的品种;可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖下降,抗旱性强的品种下降幅度小于抗旱弱的品种。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)成株期抗旱性综合评价

为了探讨小麦成株期抗旱性评价方法并筛选抗旱小麦种质资源,本研究以黄淮麦区119份小麦品种(系)为材料,进行了2年3点(每点在同一地块设置正常和干旱胁迫处理)的大田试验和成株期抗旱性评价。结果表明,与正常处理相比,在干旱胁迫下,各鉴定指标的平均值均有所下降,下降幅度由大到小为产量、千粒重、穗数、穗粒数和株高;以产量抗旱指数、产量抗旱系数、综合抗旱指数、综合抗旱系数等4个指标为抗旱指标,抗旱指标间均极显著正相关,在干旱胁迫条件下,抗旱指标与株高、穗数、穗粒数、产量多呈显著正相关;基于4个抗旱指标,对品种(系)进行综合评价,筛选出抗旱品种(系)15份,可以在小麦育种中作为抗旱种质重点利用。     

水热胁迫对紫花苜蓿叶表皮蜡质组分及生理指标的影响

选用2个抗旱性不同的紫花苜蓿品种,敖汉(强抗旱)和三得利(弱抗旱),在水热胁迫条件下,调查其叶表皮蜡质含量及组分变化规律、蜡质含量与气体交换参数、脯氨酸及叶片相对含水量之间的关系。结果表明,紫花苜蓿叶表皮存在致密的蜡质层,蜡质晶体结构呈片状,无特殊的晶格方向。叶表皮蜡质主要由烷(1.98%~3.38%)、醇(79.97%~84.98%)、酯类(0.08%~0.24%)及其他少量未知物质组成(7.77%~13.38%)。品种类型、环境条件共同影响叶表皮蜡质的沉积。敖汉叶表皮蜡质含量显著高于三得利。水分胁迫后烷类比例增加(81.22%~108.16%),醇类比例下降(3.32%~12.54%),强抗旱品种叶表皮蜡质含量和气体交换参数无显著变化(除胞间二氧化碳浓度显著下降外),而弱抗旱品种蜡质含量和叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及胞间二氧化碳浓度均显著下降。说明表皮蜡质限制水分散失,蜡质组分中烷类物质可能主要具限制水分散失的功能。高温及水热互作胁迫处理下,紫花苜蓿叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率下降,水分利用效率提高,叶片脯氨酸含量增加,相对含水量下降,敖汉蜡质含量下降,三得利蜡质含量无显著变化。表明在严重胁迫条件下紫花苜蓿主要通过关闭气孔和渗透调节来限制水分散失。     

利用胚芽鞘长度法鉴定冬小麦抗旱性的研究

选用山东省2006年小麦旱地区域试验试的7个参试品系为材料,以20%聚乙二醇溶液（PEG-6000）做渗透介质,人工模拟干旱条件对其进行了抗旱性研究。同时借助田间鉴定获得各品系的抗旱指数。两者对比发现:利用胚芽鞘长度法对萌芽期冬小麦抗旱性强弱的鉴定结果与田间试验下苗期及产量表现综合分析所得出的抗旱性强弱顺序基本一致,说明胚芽鞘长度法对于早期鉴定抗旱小麦种质具有一定的可行性。     

干旱胁迫下不同大豆品系生理指标变化与抗旱性关系的研究

选用同一大豆杂交组合亲本产生的4个品系为试验材料,于营养生长期干旱胁迫条件下,测定叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、相对电导率、渗透势等生理指标,并结合株重、粒数、粒重等农艺性状,通过抗旱隶属函数值对各品系的抗旱性级别进行了划分,进而对各品系生理指标与其抗旱隶属函数值做了相关和回归分析.结果表明:相对含水量、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量与抗旱性呈正相关:而相对电导率、渗透势与抗旱性呈负相关.综合分析得出4个品系抗旱性从强到弱的次序为:73-2(圆叶紫花)、73-1(尖叶白花)、73-3(圆叶白花)、73-4(尖叶紫花).     

持绿型高粱B35灌浆期对干旱的生理生化响应

在盆栽条件下, 对典型持绿型高粱品系B35在开花后10 d和开花后30 d进行1周的干旱胁迫, 胁迫结束后测定与持绿性或抗旱性相关的生理生化指标。结果表明, 持绿型高粱品系B35与对照普通高粱品系三尺三相比, 具有较高的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、净光合速率(P_n)和叶片、茎秆、籽粒含氮量, 且干旱胁迫使其值下降幅度较小。与对照相比, 干旱胁迫条件使B35叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加量较少, 游离脯氨酸含量的增加量较多, 叶水势下降幅度较大。B35的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均较高。因此, 我们认为在干旱逆境中持绿型高粱品系B35能够在光合作用、氮素积累、叶片质膜透性、渗透调节能力和保护酶活性等方面有效进行自身的生理调节, 以适应干旱胁迫。     

干旱胁迫对不同冬小麦品种幼苗期生理特性的影响

研究小麦幼苗时期生理指标等方面的抗旱特性,为今后抗旱小麦新品种的培育提供基础的理论依据。选用5个肥水类型不同的小麦品种,在20% PEG-6000(w/v)水分胁迫条件下,研究不同冬小麦品种幼苗时期的生理抗旱特性,并对幼苗期抗旱生理指标与抗旱指数做了相关性分析。结果表明,在20%的PEG-6000(w/v)渗透胁迫后,5个小麦品种渗透调节物质可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均上升,且上升的程度与抗旱性一致;胁迫条件下保护酶系统SOD和POD活性均降低,其中POD活性呈先上升后降低的趋势;膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高。与高肥水品种相比,‘青麦7号’和‘鲁麦21’的可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量较高,随胁迫时间延长增加的幅度大;MDA含量积累的速度以及SOD、POD活性降低的速度较为缓慢。其中,可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性以及POD活性与抗旱性鉴定指标抗旱指数存在极显著相关性,可以作为小麦抗旱性鉴定的早期生理指标。     

早衰和正常小麦近等基因系旗叶光合特性与产量比较研究

本试验以小偃54×8602高代分离品系中的早衰与对照品系近等基因系为试验材料，研究了早衰对小麦旗叶光合速率、籽粒灌浆速率及产量的影响。结果表明，早衰小麦旗叶叶绿素含量较低，而且在生育后期下降较快；在整个灌浆期，旗叶光合速率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率F_v/F_m均低于对照；光饱和点低而光补偿点高，     

干旱胁迫下大豆种质资源的生理响应及抗旱性评价

为丰富贵州大豆抗旱种质资源,为大豆抗旱育种和栽培提供理论依据,本研究采用人工控水盆栽试验,研究20份贵州春大豆种质资源的叶片光合速率、水分相对含量、保护酶活性和叶片组织伤害程度4大类共10个生理指标对干旱胁迫的响应,并通过隶属函数法对20份大豆种质资源进行生理抗旱性综合评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同大豆种质资源叶片光合速率降低5.84%~71.46%、叶绿素相对含量损失0.40%?37.33%、叶片相对含水量损失12.49%?41.09%、叶片水分利用效率增加11.42%?99.66%;过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别增加11.06%?98.94%、6.12%?332.14%、0.14%?302.90%;脯氨酸大量积累59.36%~359.18%、丙二醛含量增加0.49%?63.44%,膜脂过氧化作用明显,干旱胁迫对不同大豆种质资源叶片组织细胞膜透性的伤害度为4.27%?94.36%。20份大豆种质资源中,黔豆08014的平均隶属函数值最高,为0.6096,其次是黔豆2014-36(0.5416)和黔豆2014-10(0.5157),表现出较强的抗旱性:黔豆2014-155、黔豆2014-198的平均隶属函数值最低,均低于0.3000,表现出较弱的抗旱性。筛选出黔豆08014、黔豆2014-36、黔豆2014-107三份抗旱性较强的大豆种质资源,可为大豆抗旱育种及栽培工作提供理论依据,对贵州大豆抗旱育种具有一定的指导意义。     

小麦抗旱性鉴定方法及评价指标研究Ⅲ综合评价指标的比较研究

为了筛选适宜小麦品种抗旱性鉴定的综合指标,在灌水和旱棚鉴定条件下,以137个品种为试材,研究了小麦品种抗旱性的基因型间差异,对抗旱系数、干旱敏感指数、抗旱指数和抗旱指数DI等抗旱鉴定产量指标进行了比较分析。结果表明,品种间抗旱性存在较大遗传差异。小麦品种抗旱机制和抗旱表现的复杂性要求选择全生育期综合抗旱性评价指标。小麦品种抗旱鉴定与小麦抗旱种质筛选不同。抗旱系数反映材料的稳产性,对于小麦种质抗旱性筛选更直观。抗旱指数DI以对照品种的表现为参照,兼顾品种的相对产量(抗旱系数)和绝对产量,便于与品种区试和品种产量比较试验结合,可操作性强,是目前最适用于小麦抗旱育种和区域试验的综合性抗旱鉴定指标。     

OsWR2-RNAi对水稻角质层生物合成和耐旱性的影响

植物的角质层在干旱胁迫下对降低植物的非气孔性失水起重要作用。对水稻蜡质相关转录因子基因OsWR2过表达研究发现,OsWR2对水稻表皮蜡质和角质的含量和组分构成以及非气孔性失水均有影响,推测OsWR2是植物角质层代谢途径中重要的调控基因。本研究通过构建OsWR2-RNAi载体并转入水稻获得抑制OsWR2表达的突变转基因植株,发现OsWR2-RNAi水稻叶片角质层组成和含量明显变化,其蜡质组分中醛类、醇类和烷烃类的减少导致表皮蜡质晶体的积累和表皮蜡质总量减少14.8%,角质单体中C16:0ω-OH、C18:1ω-OH脂肪酸和di-OH脂肪酸等角质组分含量的显著降低导致OsWR2-RNAi水稻叶片中角质单体总量减少36.2%。幼苗干旱处理前后,OsWR2-RNAi植株自由脯氨酸含量与野生型相比变化不大,但其表皮通透性、水分散失率和MAD含量显著增加,幼苗耐旱性降低。本研究结果进一步证实OSWR2对水稻蜡质和角质生物合成及对非气孔性失水的调控作用,有望为水稻耐旱性状的改良提供重要基因资源。     

Evaluation of wild Arachis species for abiotic stress tolerance: I. Thermal stress and leaf water relations

The Indian groundnut cultivars have a narrow genetic base. Hence, it was of interest to investigate the genetic variability among wild Arachis species and their accessions for tolerance to thermal stress. A wide variation was observed in leaf morphological characters such as colour, shape, hairiness, length and width and thickness (SLA). The temperature and time required for 50% leaf injury was worked out with limited number of genotypes and was found to be 54°C for 50 min. Among 36 genotypes (having SLA in the range of 66 and 161 cm² g⁻¹) screened, the inherent potential for cold as well as heat tolerance in terms of relative leaf injury (RI) was observed. Thus, based on RI-values, A. glabrata 11824 and A. paraguariensis 12042 were identified as heat-tolerant and cold-tolerant genotypes, respectively while A. appresipila 11786 was found to be susceptible to both heat and cold. Correlation between SLA and RI values for heat (r = 0.38, P < 0.05) and cold (r = 0.52, P < 0.05) tolerance was positive, indicating that thicker the leaf the lower the injury or higher the tolerance. Among six species and 13 accessions, comprising both heat-tolerant and heat- susceptible genotypes, the concentrations of various leaf chemical constituents such as total protein, phenols, sugars, reducing sugar, amino acids, proline, epicuticular wax load and chlorophyll varied significantly. The epicuticular wax load ranged between 1.1 and 2.5 mg dm² among 13 A.glabrata accessions. These accessions were categorized into two groups, i.e. high-wax (range: 2.0–2.5 mg dm²) and low-wax types (range: 1.1–1.6 mg dm²). The high-wax type showed a higher diffusion resistance (dr) as compared to low-wax type; though the transpiration rate (tr) in high-wax type was moderate (between 9.5 and 11.6 μg cm⁻² s⁻¹). Genetic variability in parameters such as canopy temperature, dr and tr was also distinct. The fully turgid leaves with relative water content ≥91%, showed leaf water potential (ψ_leaf) between −0.7 and −1.2 MPa. Results indicated that the plants with thicker leaves are better protected from heat injuries. Further, epicuticular wax load seems to help in maintaining stomatal regulation and leaf water relations, thus affording adaptation to wild Arachis species to thrive under water-limited environments. The sources of tolerance, as identified in this study, could be utilized to improve thermal tolerance of the groundnut cultivars by intra-specific hybridization, following either conventional breeding using embryo rescue techniques, if required or utilizing biotechnological tools.     

土壤干旱对小麦绿色器官光合电子传递和光合磷酸化活力的影响

比较研究了开花后干旱胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)不同绿色器官光合活性的变化，发现叶片光合对干旱胁迫的敏感性大于穗器官。在干旱胁迫下各器官叶绿体Hill反应活力、光合电子传递活性及光合磷酸化水平均下降，但下降幅度以旗叶叶片明显大于穗、穗下节间和叶鞘。暗示穗等非叶器官的光合作用具有较强的耐逆性。     

Relationship between Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Mineral Content in Wheat Grown under Three Different Water Regimes

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been proposed as an indirect selection criterion for transpiration efficiency and grain yield in wheat. However, because of the high cost for Δ analysis, attempts have been carried out to identify alternative screening criteria. Ash content (m_a) has been proposed as an alternative criterion for Δ in wheat and barley. A pot experiment was conducted to analyse the relationship between Δ and m_a in flag leaf and grain. Plants of 10 genotypes were cultivated under three different water regimes corresponding to moderate, intermediate and severe drought stress obtained by maintaining soil humidity at 75 %, 55 % and 45 % of the humidity at field capacity, respectively. Δ and m_a in flag leaf and grain showed significant differences between the moderate, intermediate and severe drought stress levels. Significant correlations were found among genotypes for Δ and m_a in flag leaf under severe drought stress, and for Δ and m_a in grain under intermediate and moderate drought stress. In flag leaf at anthesis, Δ was negatively associated to K content and positively to Mg content. At maturity, Δ in grain was negatively correlated with Mg and Ca contents in flag leaf and grain, respectively. These results suggested that these traits may be potentially useful traits, which could be surrogates for Δ.     

水分亏缺对小麦灌浆中后期穗部光合特性和~(14)C-同化物转运的影响

为探讨水分亏缺对小麦灌浆中后期穗部同化物转运的影响,利用14CO2同位素示踪技术,对于2个抗旱性不同小麦品种的盆栽试验,测定中度水分亏缺下小麦穗部光合特性及灌浆中后期碳同化物的转运。结果表明,花后20 d,中度水分亏缺下水地品种郑引1号旗叶和穗部净光合速率(Pn)分别下降50.2%和19.9%,旱地品种普冰143分别下降33.7%和12.8%,后者显著小于前者。14CO2示踪试验表明,花后15~20 d籽粒中14C-同化物快速积累,花后25 d达到最高值;灌浆中后期(花后15~20 d)穗部苞片中14C-同化物向外快速转运,灌浆末期(25 d)碳同化物已彻底转移。成熟期,中度水分亏缺下小麦籽粒中14C-同化物积累高于正常供水处理,且旱地品种普冰143积累量高于水地品种郑引1号。中度水分亏缺下,郑引1号产量下降36.7%,高于普冰143的23.2%。适度水分亏缺对旱地品种穗部净光合影响较小,并促进了灌浆中后期穗部苞片中碳同化物的向外转运,可能是维持旱作小麦稳产的生理基础。     

Drought Priming at Vegetative Growth Stage Enhances Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency Under Post‐Anthesis Drought and Heat Stress in Wheat

To study the effects of early drought priming at 5th‐leaf stage on grain yield and nitrogen‐use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress, wheat plants were first exposed to moderate drought stress (drought priming; that is, the leaf water potential reached ca. ?0.9 MP a) at the 5th‐leaf stage for 11 days, and leaf water relations and gas exchange rates, grain yield and yield components, and agronomic nitrogen‐use efficiency (ANUE ) of the primed and non‐primed plants under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress were investigated. Compared with the non‐primed plants, the drought‐primed plants possessed higher leaf water potential and chlorophyll content, and consequently a higher photosynthetic rate during post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming also resulted in higher grain yield and ANUE in wheat under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming at vegetative stage improves carbon assimilation and ANUE under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress and their combination in wheat, which might be used as a field management tool to enhance stress tolerance of wheat crops to multiple abiotic stresses in a future drier and warmer climate.     

Genetic Variation for Maize Epicuticular Wax Response to Drought Stress at Flowering

Drought stress is thought to promote epicuticular wax accumulation on maize leaves, which reduces plant water loss. We evaluated 62 maize inbred lines and their hybrid testcross progeny for epicuticular wax accumulation on flag leaves at flowering under full and limited irrigation regimes. Extracted wax was measured as a percentage of wax weight to leaf weight (WLW) and leaf area (WLA). Eleven genotypes had above average WLW as both inbred lines and hybrid testcrosses. Thirteen genotypes had above average WLA as either inbred lines or hybrid testcrosses. The drought treatment did not significantly alter WLW or WLA. Heritability of WLW was 0.17 (inbred lines) and 0.58 (hybrid testcrosses). Heritability of WLA was 0.41 (inbred lines) and 0.59 (hybrid testcrosses), suggesting it is a better trait than WLW for epicuticular wax screening. Correlations (r) between inbred lines and their testcross progeny were 0.44 and 0.18, for WLW and WLA, respectively. Heritability of grain weight per ear and plot yield was highest in hybrid testcrosses, with no correlation between inbred and hybrid germplasm. It is not warranted to evaluate epicuticular wax accumulation as the sole drought tolerance mechanism. However, it may be a good secondary trait to observe in relation to grain yield production in hybrids tested under water‐limiting conditions.     

干旱胁迫对不同小麦品种花后旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

我国小麦主产区在花后常常频发干旱,对小麦产量下降和品质产生很大影响。[目的]为筛选适于山东省旱作区栽培的优良小麦品种，在大田雨养条件下，[方法]研究了干旱胁迫对5个小麦主栽品种花后旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度及产量变化的影响。[结果]结果表明：干旱胁迫使小麦旗叶叶绿素含量降低，济麦22和临麦6叶绿素含量相对较高。干旱胁迫使小麦旗叶光合速率降低，济麦22降低较多，青麦6降低较少。干旱胁迫下鲁麦13、青麦6能在较高的蒸腾速率下保持较高的光合速率。[结论]综合考虑，水分充足条件下济麦22适合本地区推广栽种，在干旱条件下鲁麦13和青麦6产量较稳定。     

Effect of terminal water stress on leaf epicuticular wax load,residual transpiration and grain yield in barley

The effect of drought on barley leaf epicuticular wax load (EWL), residual transpiration rates (RTR) and grain yield was examined by subjecting 12 barley genotypes to controlled irrigation and terminal water stress conditions. The mean leaf epicuticular wax load was found to be 9% greater in the plants subjected to terminal water stress than in those provided irrigation, while the mean residual transpiration rate of the irrigated plants was 20% higher than in those subjected to water stress. Under these stress conditions, the correlation between grain yield and the epicuticular wax load was positive (P < 0.01), while that between the grain yield and the residual transpiration rate was negative (P < 0.05). Under the water stress conditions, the breeding lines studied showed a greater mean epicuticular wax load than the commercial varieties, while the residual transpiration rate was greater in these varieties than in the breeding lines. The greater epicuticular wax load of the breeding lines favoured their tolerance of drought, improving their yields over those of the commercial varieties.