盾叶薯蓣实生种子萌发及实生苗的生长

盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright)是一种多年生缠绕性草本植物,属薯蓣科薯蓣属,盾叶薯蓣是我国特有种.根茎横生,形似"姜",又称为黄姜.其根茎中含有薯蓣皂甙元(俗称皂素)是合成甾体药物的重要原料,在医药工业中占有重要地位.由于对皂素的需求日益增加,造成野生薯蓣资源过度采挖.因此,加快盾叶薯蓣种子繁殖和栽培利用,对盾叶薯蓣生产及其产业化意义重大.     

黄姜种子及种茎质量检测的关键技术

黄姜又称盾叶薯蓣，亦叫藤根，属薯蓣科薯蓣属的一种，其根状茎内皂素含量很高，被称为“药用黄金”。20世纪90年代以来，从湖北郧阳至陕西安康、汉中已建成世界最大的黄姜生产基地，黄姜种子及种茎质量的优劣，直接关系到基地的生存和稳定。笔者结合自身经验，又借鉴有关文献资料，现对黄姜种子及种茎质量检测关键技术简述如下，以供大家参考。     

温度和药剂处理对盾叶薯蓣实生种子萌发的影响

盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright)是薯蓣科薯蓣属一种野生的多年生缠绕性草本植物.根茎横生,形似"姜",又称为黄姜.其根茎中含有薯蓣皂甙元(俗称皂素)是合成甾体药物的重要原料,在医药工业中占有重要地位.盾叶薯蓣是我国特有种,其薯蓣皂甙元含量比墨西哥的小穗花薯蓣还高,因此,是一种理想的提取甾体激素类的药源植物.     

盾叶薯蓣组织培养技术进展

盾叶薯蓣(DioscoreazingiberensisC.H.Wright)是薯蓣科薯蓣属的一种多年生缠绕性草本植物,其根茎横生,俗称黄姜,所含薯蓣皂甙元(简称皂素)为合成甾体激素药物的主要原料。盾叶薯蓣是我国的特有种,主要分布于四川、湖北、湖南、云南、陕西等地,其根茎内的薯蓣皂甙元含量为世界最高,可达16.5%。盾叶薯蓣在云南省的生产水平较低,其根茎产量不高,在很大程度上制约了加工业的发展,其主要原因在于,一是缺乏优良的种质;二是盾叶薯蓣的栽培技术还较落后,缺乏GAP栽培;三是人工栽培的过程中盾叶薯蓣种质严重退化。虽然盾叶薯蓣可用种子或块茎作繁殖…     

盾叶薯蓣细胞工程技术研究进展

盾叶薯蓣是我国特有的重要药源植物,具有重要经济价值。开展盾叶薯蓣细胞工程技术研究,是切实解决云南盾叶薯蓣生产中一系列突出问题的有效途径。通过对现有盾叶薯蓣细胞工程技术进行综合分析、评价,展望了盾叶薯蓣细胞工程技术研究前景,并为云南盾叶薯蓣的开发利用提供了相关的科学依据。     

黄姜新品种湘云一号的选育

1 选育方法与经过 1990年 6月在湖南安化县云雾山采集 50株叶脉无白色条斑的雄性野生盾叶薯蓣,相继又在该县云台山种植基地采集 100株同类雌性盾叶薯蓣,均栽种于清塘区公所后山坡原始材料圃,取其次年杂交种子播于仙溪区仙峰山育种基地的亲本圃.     

不同盾叶薯蓣品系形态特征及产量的比较研究

为了解决盾叶薯蓣人工生产中良种缺乏的突出问题,本研究以盾叶薯蓣为研究对象,对不同品系间叶、茎、根状茎的形态特征、开花特性和单株根状茎产量等指标进行比较和分析。结果表明：盾叶薯蓣品系间在形态上具有丰富的多样性,这为盾叶薯蓣的良种选育奠定了基础。在参试的20个品系中,盾薯38综合表现较为突出,产量和质量均优于其他品系。     

盾叶薯蓣组织和细胞培养研究进展

盾叶薯蓣是一种极其重要的经济作物,可作食用、药用和工业原料。笔者综述了研究人员对盾叶薯蓣的器官培养、愈伤组织的诱导和培养、细胞悬浮培养的研究进展情况,并指出了盾叶薯蓣组织培养和细胞培养的发展前景（加速优良栽培品种的繁殖、为产生有意义突变和改良建立了良好的选择程序）及其存在的问题（对再生植株的遗传稳定性进一步研究）。     

光照强度对盾叶薯蓣试管苗保护酶活性的影响

以盾叶薯蓣试管苗为材料,测定不同光照强度下盾叶薯蓣叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化,研究不同光照强度对盾叶薯蓣试管苗保护酶活性的影响.结果表明,光照强度为750 lx和3 200 lx时,盾叶薯蓣试管苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性均相对较低,而光照强度为2 000 lx时,叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性均相对较高.因此,2 000 lx的光照强度较适宜盾叶薯蓣试管苗的生长.     

云南高原盾叶薯蓣低产因子分析

盾叶薯蓣 (ＤｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｚｉｎｇｉｂｅｒｎｅｎｓｉｓＣ .Ｈ .Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ)是薯蓣科薯蓣属的一年或多年生缠绕性藤本药用植物 ,又名黄姜 ;其根茎富含皂苷素 ,是制造甾体激素类药及避孕、消炎、镇痛等药的重要原料。云南高原是盾叶薯蓣原产地之一 ,生态环境较适宜盾叶薯蓣的生长 ,种质资源十分丰富。由于长期大量采挖 ,使其野生资源日益减少 ,自然恢复能力急剧下降 ,已趋于枯竭的境地。近年来 ,随着盾叶薯蓣的开发利用日趋加大 ,人工栽培面积也不断扩大 ,但由于盾叶薯蓣种质资源退化及栽培不当等原因 ,致使一些产区的产量低下 ,严重…     

不同肥料组合对高油大豆合丰47品质和产量的影响

研究了不同肥料组合对高油大豆合丰47脂肪、蛋白质含量和产量的影响,结果得出,处理B、C、E、G、H、I均具有增加其脂肪含量的作用,处理D、E、F、G、H、I均具有增加其蛋白质含量的作用,处理C、D、F、G、H均具有增加其小区产量的作用,部分处理增加了其单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重。     

不同处理对桔梗种子萌发特性的影响

[目的]采用不同化学试剂对桔梗种子萌发特性进行研究,为桔梗种子的人工栽培、种苗培育提供科学依据.[方法]选用6种常用种子处理试剂即0.1％ HgCl2、10％ H2O2、0.5％KMnO4、75％ C2H5OH、2.0％NaClO和0.16％HCHO分别浸种5,10,20 min处理,对桔梗种子萌发及幼苗生长进行测定.[结果]用0.1％HgCl2处理5 min效果较好;用10％ H2O2浸种10 min效果较好;用0.5％ KMnO4浸种10 min效果较好;用75％C2 H5 OH浸种5 min效果较好;桔梗种子采用2.0％ NaClO处理20 min效果较好;用0.16％ HCHO处理10 min效果较好.综合分析表明,用2.0％NaClO浸种20 min后,桔梗种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和根长均达到所有处理中的最大值,因此,2.0％ NaClO浸种20 min为桔梗的最佳处理方法.[结论]筛选出桔梗种子萌发的适宜浸种试剂和浸种时间,对桔梗种子育苗具有重要指导意义.     

Early diagnosis of ploidy status in doubled haploid production of maize by stomata length and flow cytometry measurements

Reliable discrimination of haploid (H), doubled haploid (DH) and crossing (C) plants in early growth stages could streamline DH production in maize. By detecting in early growth stages undesirable sterile H plants and undesirable heterozygous C plants, a large proportion of resources required for DH production could be saved. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of early classification of plants in growth stages V3‐V4 as H, DH or C in the context of DH production using flow cytometry and stomata length. As the reference classification, we used a field score based on plant phenotype commonly applied in DH production and research. Our results show that identification of misclassified C seeds is possible because the overlap in distributions of stomata length between H&DH and C plants is small and the association between flow cytometry and the reference field score is high. In contrast, overlap between H and DH distributions is substantial. Consequently, the main application we see for these classification methods in early growth stages is the identification of C seedlings.     

华重楼种子预处理对其萌发特性的影响

目的:筛选华重楼种子最佳预处理方法,为生产上及早破除种子休眠,促进种子萌发提供指导.方法:新鲜的华重楼种子经不同去皮方式、不同层积基质及不同浸种药剂处理后,于18℃层积条件下进行发芽试验,每周观察并记录,比较分析种子的发芽率、发芽势、平均发芽天数的差异.结果:与带皮种子相比,冷冻去皮可显著缩短种子平均发芽天数,而砂搓、纱布、手剥去皮的种子发芽率和发芽势均有显著降低;与壤土基质相比,细砂、蛭石、木屑层积的种子发芽率及发芽势均有显著提高,且蛭石基质层积可显著缩短平均发芽天数;NaN3、H2O2、KNO3浸种处理均能显著提高种子发芽率.结论:华重楼生产上宜采用冷冻法去除种子外种皮,使用0.001％浓度的H2 O2浸种14 h后于18℃蛭石中层积.     

Influence of leaf and silique photosynthesis on seeds yield and seeds oil quality of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

With the purpose of enhancing oil production, the present work was carried out to elucidate relationships between photosynthesis of leaves, siliques and seeds yield and seeds oil accumulation of oilseed rape. Field trials, in which two repeated experiments was carried out during 2012–2014 growth season, a rape hybrids the “Qin You No.7” (Brassica napus L.) variety was taken into account. The results showed that, on rape plant the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid contents of leaf were significantly higher than that of silique shell. Oil content of 94.7% was achieved in young seeds (sampled at 25th day after flowering ending stage of the tested rape plant) versus to mature seeds, saturated fatty acids percent was higher whereas oleic acid percent was lower of oil extracted from young seeds. During flowering period of the rape plants tested, area and dry weight of leaves attained maximum, treatments of removing leaves induced reduction in seeds number per silique, siliques number, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content, these indexes were respectively decreased by 73.6%, 43.4%, 83.4% and 10.5% in maximum, and seeds oil composition was not significantly influenced; during seeds growing period of the tested plants, surface area and dry weight of siliques attained maximum, under shading siliques treatment, the 1000-seed weight, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content were respectively reduced by 57.5%, 61.4% and 44.7% in maximum, and seeds oil oleic acid (C18:1) and linolenic acid (C18:3) percent was decreased, linolic acid (C18:2) and erucidic acid (C22:1) percent was increased. So for oilseed rape plant during flowering period, surface area and photosynthesis of leaves dramatically influenced siliques number, seeds number and seeds yield; while in seeds growth period, surface area and photosynthesis of siliques greatly influenced 1000-seed yield, seeds yield, seeds oil content and oil composition; oil accumulation in rape seeds initiated early since seeds commencing growth, seed mature degree influenced oil composition of seeds.     

广西绞股蓝种子休眠与萌发特性研究

对广西绞股蓝种子进行了生活力测定、发芽试验、吸水率测定及离体胚萌发试验,并对广西绞股蓝种子进行酸碱处理、低温层积和干藏处理、GA₃和6-BA溶液处理,探讨不同的处理对广西绞股蓝种子萌发的影响。结果表明新鲜广西绞股蓝种子的活力高达98%,但在6个恒温和1个变温条件下,其萌发率最高仅为11.7%,说明广西绞股蓝具有明显的休眠现象。种子吸水性测定结果表明,广西绞股蓝种皮限制种子吸水,离体胚萌发实验证实广西绞股蓝种子的胚在离体条件下没有休眠现象,说明种皮障碍是导致广西绞股蓝种子休眠的主要原因。低温层积不能解除广西绞股蓝种子的休眠,而干藏则会导致种子内部失水,从而导致种子生活力降低。浓硫酸和不同浓度的NaOH溶液处理均不能打破种子的休眠,仅6-BA溶液处理对4℃层积后的种子萌发起到一定的促进作用。     

中国黄瓜杂交种子生产研究进展

介绍了国内外杂交种子生产现状，综述了杂交种子生产在栽培技术方面的研究进展，指出黄瓜杂交种子生产的适宜密度为5500株/667ｍ2，授粉的适宜温度为25℃左右，每667ｍ2施钾肥40kg增产效果较好，并指出了中国黄瓜杂交种子生产的发展前景。     

Compatibility and incompatibility in witloof-chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). 1. The influence of temperature and plant age on pollen germination and seed production

Summary For the production of inbred lines and F₁ hybrids in witloof-chicory information is wanted on characteristics such as the incompatibility system. These characteristics can only be studied properly if the influence of temperature and physiological status of the plant on pollen germination and seed production is known. Investigations were carried out with 9 self-incompatible (SI) and 6 self-compatible (SC) clones in glasshouses of the IVT phytotron at constant temperatures of 10, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26°C. In general, in vivo pollen germination percentages were rather low after self pollination with an optimum for germination around 17–20°C. No seeds were formed at the lowest temperature (10°C) while seed production for SC clones was usually (rather) good at higher temperatures. At 26°C seed production in some clones decreased. Both pollen germination and seed production decreased at the end of the flowering period. There was a rather positive relationship at e.g. 17 and 20°C between pollen germination after selfing and seed production. When no pollen germination was observed, no seed formation occurred. When pollen grains did germinate, seed development would not necessarily occur in all cases. So this relationship only enables negative mass selection for SC.     

烤烟胞质雄性不育杂种双季制种技术研究初报

为提高烤烟杂种制种的产量和降低生产成本,试验从头季父母本比例、施肥水平等方面对烤烟胞质雄性不育杂种制种技术进行了研究,同时,从杂种种子产量、质量、生产投入和劳动量等方面对头季、二季杂种制种进行了对比。结果表明,烟草杂交制种父母本比例以1:3较好;在中等肥力田块制种头季以施纯氮195~210kg/hm2较理想;利用头季杂交种收获后萌生的腋芽进行杂种二季制种在提高杂种种子产量,降低劳动量和生产成本等方面具有较理想的效果。     

软叶刺葵种子萌发生理和脱水耐性研究

对软叶刺葵种子进行不同的化学催芽处理，结果表明：20％过氧化氢和浓硫酸浸泡5min、0．3％亚硝酸钠和0．2％的硝酸钾溶液浸种24h后，发芽率显著升高，发芽速度显著加快，尤以亚硝酸钠和浓硫酸处理效果为好；200～1000mg／L赤霉素和20～100mg／L激动素溶液浸泡24h也能显著促进种子萌发，但催芽效果与其溶液浓度有关。成熟种子轻度脱水，发芽率有所上升，但含水量下降至17％以下，发芽率急剧下降；当含水量下降10％以下，发芽力完全丧失，表明软叶刺葵种子很可能是中间型种子。