Über die Ursachen und Kriterien der Immissionsresistenz bei Fichte,Picea abies (L.) Karst

Causes and criteria of resistancë to air pollution in Norway spruce. 3. Tolerance of toxic materials (“internal” resistance). Comparing relatively resistant and not resistant Norway spruce clones, an attempt was made to find differences by investigating the relation of needle colour and absorption of sulfur, needle pH-value and buffer capacity, sulphur distribution within several of their needle components and within the total plant, the ratio of organically fixed sulfur to total sulfur content of noedles, and content of sulfhydril groups, protein and chlorophyll of needles. Significant differences were shown only in buffer capacity of unfumigated needles, and in thc propornon of organically fixed sulfur before and after SO₂ fumigation.     

磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶与抗松针褐斑病的关系

松针褐斑病（Ｌｅｃａｎｏｓｔｉｃｔａａｃｉｃｏｌａ）是我国南方重要病害。在湿地松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｅｌｌｉｏｔｔｉｉ）抗褐斑病选育研究的基础上对湿地松针叶中的６－磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶与抗病性的关系进行了研究分析。结果表明二年生健康针叶的６－磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶的活性水平与针叶的抗病性有密切关系。在测定的１３个无性系和单株中，４个易感株的酶活性较低，９个抗病无性系中除个别酶活性与易感株相近外，其余无性系的酶活性和比活性都明显比易感株高。苯丙氨酸解氨酶的株间差异相对较小，但在总体水平上，抗病无性系的酶活性和比活性也比易感株略高。用松针褐斑病菌毒素液处理后，无论是抗病针叶还是易感针叶，６－磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶的活性均呈上升趋势，升幅为０．５—１倍，但苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性在用毒素处理后无明显变化。     

Physiological studies on variation in resistance of Pinus sylvestris to Lophodermium pinastri

Buffering capacity and pH values of extracts of pine needles varied with age in the course of the ontogeny of needles. Significant differences between a resistant and a susceptible pine clone group in relation to resistance against Lophodermium pinastri could be shown in autumn and winter. Also the variability of the parasite influences the host-parasite interaction as shown by alteration of pH values by 3 L. pinastri strains in cultural trials on needle extract medium.     

Multiplex real-time PCR detection of pathogen colonization in the bark and wood of Picea sitchensis clones differing in resistance to Heterobasidion annosum

A quantitative multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed to assess the extent of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. growth in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) bark and wood and to determine correlations between lesion length and fungal colonization. Based on lesion length and real-time PCR, the responses of four 3-year-old Sitka spruce clones to inoculation with H. annosum were characterized as showing either resistance or susceptibility to the pathogen. In susceptible clones, the extent of bark colonization did not differ from the visible length of the bark lesion, whereas lesions were longer than the extent of fungal colonization in resistant clones. The resistant clones contained considerably less fungal DNA than the susceptible clones, relative to the amount of host DNA in both the bark and the wood, indicating less resistance and more host cell death in the susceptible clones following inoculation. In both resistant and susceptible clones, fungal colonization in the wood extended beyond the visible necrotic lesion in the bark, indicating that host defense responses are weaker in wood than in bark. The spread of the pathogen in both bark and wood was less in the resistant clones than in the susceptible clones, indicating that defenses in both bark and wood of the resistant clones were superior to those in the susceptible clones.     

Über die Ursachen und Kriterien der Immissionsresistenz bei Fichte,Picea abies (L.) Karst1

Causes and criteria of resistance to air pollution in Norway spruce. 1. Morphological and anatomical resistance. Pollution resistance of selected visibly resistant clones is not due to environmental causes or to length of the growing season. Between the resistant and other clones there are significant differences in morphology and anatomy of the needles. The average length, width and weight of the needles of resistant spruce grafts arc greater than those of none resistant. The resistant grafts have more stomata and, at least in winter, lower permeability of needle tissue to gases.     

普通油茶无性系抗炭疽病评价

[目的]评价110个普通油茶无性系对炭疽病的抗病性,为油茶炭疽病抗性种质材料筛选和优良品种推广提供科学依据。[方法]采用田间调查方法和病情指数法,调查2014、2016年两年中110个普通油茶无性系的抗病性。[结果]在参试的110个普通油茶无性系中,未发现免疫(I)、高抗(HR)、高感(HS)无性系,抗病无性系10个,中抗无性系30个,中感无性系65个,感病无性系5个,其中9号、21号、27号、40号、45号、66号、150号、164号、177号、219号是10份抗病无性系。[结论]综合两年调查结果筛选出9号等10份抗病无性系,为深入研究普通油茶抗炭疽病机制和抗病育种提供了育种基础材料和参考依据。     

Development of the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata in shoots of poplar clones with differing resistance1

Differences in the development and rate of spread of C. fimbriata hyphae between susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones were observed. Conidia of various shapes and ascospores appeared in necrotic parts of shoots of susceptible and moderately resistant clones while in the resistant one only cylindrical conidia were present.     

Changes in host chitinase isoforms in relation to wounding and colonization by Heterobasidion annosum: early and strong defense response in 33-year-old resistant Norway spruce clone

We studied the defense reactions of 33-year-old susceptible and resistant clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) to the major root-rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. and determined if tissue cultures can be used as a model system for studying defense responses of mature trees at the molecular level. Quantitative PCR analysis of genomic DNA obtained from samples taken at different times along the lesion length in living bark indicated that the fungus was present in higher amounts and extended further into the host tissue in the susceptible clone than in the resistant clone. In protein extracts from the same lesion samples, there were differences in temporal and spatial changes in host chitinase isoform profiles between the resistant and susceptible clones. Host chitinase isoforms with pI values approximately 4.8, 4.4 and 3.7 increased more during the first 7 days after wounding and inoculation and extended further along the lesion length in the resistant clone than in the susceptible clone. These results suggest that the time from wounding and infection to induction of defense-related expression is shorter in the resistant clone indicating a more efficient host defense response than in the susceptible clone. Tissue cultures from the same clones were not resistant to H. annosum and showed no difference in the timing of the increase in chitinase isoforms in response to the pathogen. However, tissue cultures from both clones showed an increase in chitinase isoforms within 6 to 24 h past inoculation, indicating that increased chitinase expression in response to the pathogen is part of a general defense response common to both mature clones and tissue cultures.     

Relative natural resistance of Populus deltoides clones against defoliator Clostera cupreata (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) in northern India

Populus deltoides (poplar) that is extensively being planted commercially in agroforestry combinations in northern India is prone to attack by a defoliating insect, Clostera cupreata. In order to evaluate the relative susceptibility/resistance of different clones and to identify the resistant ones, 80 clones of American origin were evaluated in Dehra Dun, India. The feeding potential of the pest on different clones varied significantly. The clones were grouped into six categories depending on their susceptibility as most resistant or R1 (12 clones), moderately resistant or R2 (14 clones), marginally resistant or R3 (10 clones), marginally susceptible or S1 (17 clones), moderately susceptible or S2 (18 clones) and most susceptible or S3 (nine clones). Clone 110120 of Tennessee was most resistant where as Oklahoma clone 104 was most susceptible to this pest. Amongst the most resistant clones (R1), only three clones, WSL-4, WSL-12 and WSL-18 (source: WIMCO Seedlings Ltd, India) were found to be superior, in terms of growth increment, as compared to the standard and most widely planted clones in northern India i.e. G-3 and G-48, and are promising clones for plantation in defoliator prone areas.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanisms of Douglas-fir resistance to western spruce budworm defoliation: bud burst phenology, photosynthetic compensation and growth rate

We compared growth rates among mature interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) trees showing resistance or susceptibility to defoliation caused by western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman), and among clones and half-sib seedling progeny of these trees in a greenhouse. We also investigated bud burst phenology and photosynthetic responses of clones to budworm defoliation in greenhouse experiments. Resistant mature trees had a higher radial growth rate than susceptible trees, especially during periods of budworm defoliation. Clones from resistant trees grew larger crowns than clones from susceptible trees, whereas stem base diameter at the ground line and height did not differ. Half-sib seedling progeny from resistant trees had larger stem diameter, height, and total biomass than progeny from susceptible trees. Mean 5-year radial growth increment of mature trees was more strongly correlated with growth of seedlings than with growth of clones. Clones from resistant trees had later bud burst than clones from susceptible trees, and budworm defoliation of clones depended on the degree of synchrony between bud burst phenology and budworm larval feeding. Clones of resistant and susceptible mature trees showed similar responses of net photosynthetic rate to 2 years of budworm defoliation. We conclude that phenotypic differences in crown condition of Douglas-fir trees following western spruce budworm defoliation are influenced by tree genotype and that high growth rate and late bud burst phenology promote tree resistance to budworm defoliation.     

榆属树种的叶子结构与抗虫性的关系

榆树是我国重要的造林树种，在全国各地尤其是“三北”地区有大面积栽植。但最近几年来，榆树一直遭受着严重的虫害，特别是食叶害虫榆蓝叶甲，使榆树的生长发育和木材产量受到严重的影响。因此，选育抗虫品种和进行科学管理已成为当务之急。据观察，榆树在遭受虫害后，不同的树种或同一树种的不同无性系间的受害程度差别很大，是什么原因引起受害程度的不同呢？现有的研究己清楚指出，物理因素和化学因素共同构成了植物抵御害虫的防御体系。植物可以利用存在于它们组织的，经长期进化而形成的物理因素（形态结构）来阻止或破坏害虫的为害。本研究采用了电镜扫描和石蜡切片法，结合生物测定和田间调查，分析了榆属树种的叶子结构与其抗虫性之间的关系。结果表明，①榆属树种的气孔以大密度分布在叶子的下表面，气孔的保卫细胞具有角质层和木质化的壁。这种特点使幼虫不易从叶子下表面取食到叶肉，所以它们往往转移到叶子上表面取食，从而造成叶子上表面的结构特点与抗虫性的强弱直接相关；②抗虫性强的树种或无性系的叶子表面有很厚的蜡质层，而易感虫的树种或无性系的叶子上表面蜡质较薄。下表面无此规律；③叶子上表面的表皮毛密度（Ｘ１）和角质层厚度（Ｘ２）与叶面积受害指数（Ｙ）呈高度负相关（     

油用樟树无性系炭疽病抗性测定

采用室内人工接种法,对前期筛选出的25个油用樟树无性系进行炭疽病抗性测定,为抗病无性系的选育和应用提供理论基础。结果表明,不同油用樟树无性系对炭疽病存在一定抗性差异。其中高抗无性系有3个,分别为LL002(芳樟醇型)、BL508(龙脑型)和711(邻伞花烃型);抗病无性系有GLC95(芳樟醇型)、LL001(芳樟醇型)和LL004(芳樟醇型)等14个;中抗无性系有LLT11(芳樟醇型)、CN001(柠檬醛型)和SA001(黄樟油素型)等5个;中感、感病和高感无性系均为1个,分别是CA627-1(桉叶素型)、LR201(右旋芳樟)和SA002(黄樟油素型)。     

Physiological responses of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids to infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata

In Brazil, the selection and planting of eucalyptus clones resistant to Ceratocystis fimbriata is the pre‐eminent control strategy for the wilt pathogen. However, little is known about host defence responses associated with resistance of eucalyptus to C. fimbriata infection. In this work, enzymatic activity, sugars, lignin, total phenols and phenolic compounds involved in the defence response of eucalyptus clones resistant (RC) and susceptible (SC) to the Ceratocystis wilt were evaluated. Changes were detected in the sugars produced by RC clones, with higher concentrations occurring compared with SC. A similar response occurred with lignin content at 28 days after inoculation (dai) in RC plants. SC plants had an increase in polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities at 7 dai. In contrast, RC plants demonstrated high activity of the same enzymes at 2 and 4 dai, decreasing afterwards. There was no difference in phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity between resistant and susceptible clones. Hydroxycinnamic acid concentration was higher in RC than in SC; however, there was no difference between RC and SC in flavonoid concentrations. RC had high concentrations catechin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Histochemical tests demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds and lignin, at higher intensities, in xylem of RC plants. Inoculation with C. fimbriata induced defence responses in both resistant and susceptible eucalyptus clones, but both the intensity and speed of the responses were higher in RC. Alterations in the concentrations of sugars and lignin, as well as certain enzymes and phenolic compounds, could be used to predict the relative susceptibilities to Ceratocystis wilt of different phenotypes of eucalyptus clones.     

Field survival and growth of clonal,micropropagated Eucalyptus marginata selected for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi

Clones of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), micropropagated from glasshouse-grown seedlings selected for resistance or susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi, were planted in a former bauxite mine-site in the jarrah forest and inoculated with P. cinnamomi. Mortality after 13 years in resistant clones was 0–30%, while that of susceptible clones was 40–100%. Mean heights of resistant clones after 13 years were 7.8–13.6 m, while heights of surviving susceptible clones were 0.9–6.7 m. The resistance character of the seedling ortets was transmitted consistently to the clones. The field mortality of clones of some rare, apparently resistant seedlings selected from susceptible half-sib families was low after 1 year, but approached that of the susceptible clones after 2 years. The results show that Phytophthora-resistant jarrah ortets can be selected using stem-inoculation of glasshouse-grown seedlings; the resistance of the resulting clones has been validated in the field in an inoculation trial.     

Über die Ursachen und Kriterien der Immissionsresistenz bei Fichte,Picea abies (L.) Karst1

Causes and criteria of resistance to air pollution in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. IV. Recovery of injured needles, connections between forms of resistance and summary of results to date. Water potential measurement of resistant clones of Norway spruce treated with SO₂ showed that they recovered better than control clones or were at least not so permanently affected. From a variety of experiments on fumigation, it was concluded that reflexive and “internal” resistance were associated. The results of the series of papers so far are summarised.     

Variation among Italian and French elm clones in their response to Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi inoculation

In 1995 a clone bank of elms from across Italy was created at Antella (Florence, I) under a European Union project. In 1998 an experimental planting of some clones from this source was established in Antella together with material from a similar clone bank in France and two reference clones: Commelin (relatively susceptible) and Lobel (relatively resistant). In May 2001, the elms were inoculated with Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi and disease development was assessed throughout that summer and the next. Significant differences in susceptibility were found between taxonomic groups, with putative natural hybrids between Ulmus minor and Ulmus pumila being the most resistant and Ulmus glabra the most susceptible. Significant differences were also found within U. minor, some clones being as resistant as Lobel. For U. minor, a statistically significant relation was found with latitude, southerly clones showing less disease than more northerly ones. Relationships were also found between disease severity and times to bud burst, these relationships applying both to the different taxonomic groups and within U. minor. Relationships between growth increment and disease severity were inconsistent. These results are discussed in relation to the intrinsic genetically‐controlled differences that exist between elms and to differences in susceptibility that occur as the growing season proceeds and as a consequence of environmental influences.     

Ice nucleation and frost resistance of Pinus canariensis seedlings bearing needles in three different developmental states

Frost resistance and ice formation in different developmental states of needles of P. canariensis seedlings were assessed. Regrowth after frost damage was used to determine the overall frost survival capacity. Two distinct freezing exotherms (E1, E2) were registered. E1 was between ?1.7 and ?2.0 °C. Initial frost damage (LT₁₀) was 1.5–2.7 °C below E1. E2 was between ?5.6 and ?6.0 °C, and either corresponded with LT₅₀ or occurred in between LT₁₀ and LT₅₀. Current year needles were less frost resistant than 1-year-old needles. The overall recuperation capacity of seedlings revealed that frost survival may be underestimated when only needle damage is assessed. Freezing of seedlings with or without roots had no effect on the frost resistance of needles but recuperation capacity was significantly affected. Seedlings survived ?10 °C during summer indicating that they withstand the lowest naturally occurring frosts in Tenerife.     

31个杂交杨无性系对青杨叶锈病的抗性评价

在大田条件下对从北美新引种的31个杂交杨无性系对青杨叶锈病的抗性进行调查和评价的结果表明:所引进无性系对杨树叶锈病的抗性表现出很大的差异,从高度抗病到高度感病均有,但没有免疫的无性系。HE-2,XMH-10,XMH-9,HE-1,XMH-1,XMH-11,XMH-12,XMH-2,MH-8,XMH-7这10个无性系表现出高度抗病性,MH-9,DMH-3,MH-10,MH-4,MH-1,MH-6,MH-7,MH-2这8个无性系表现为高度感病。DN、NE杂交的大多数无性系有较高的抗病性,而TD、TN杂交的绝大多数无性系为感病或高度感病。同一杂交组合的不同无性系间,其抗性存在很大差异,有高抗,也有高感。     

毛白杨不同无性系对叶锈病（Melampsora magnusiana）抗病性的研究

本文收集了来自全国不同地区215个毛白杨无性系,经室内人工接种试验和田间自然发病情况调查表明,来源于不同地区的毛白杨无性系对叶锈病(Melampsora magnusiana)的抗病性差异显著。来自陕西西南部,甘肃东南部和山西中南部的毛白杨无性系对叶锈病抗性较强,而来自河南大部、河北中南部和山东西部的无性系较感病。其中,最抗病的无性系集中分布于陕西西南部,最感病的无性系则多分布于河南中南部。     

Effects of genetic entry and competition on above ground biomass production of Norway spruce grown in southern Finland

The effects of genetic entry and competition on the above ground dry biomass production (i.e. stem wood, needles, branches and harvest index) was studied in 20 Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) clones grown in southern Finland. Furthermore, the measured above ground biomass components were compared against the corresponding estimations based on biomass models developed previously. The clones included both Finnish and Russian clones, as well as provenance-hybrids clones. Differences existed between clones in stem dry mass production, but not in harvest index or in crown dry mass. However, the competition caused by neighboring trees also significantly affected above ground dry biomass, as well as the biomass of crown and stem separately. Differences in competition between the clones could not be found. Unlike the dry mass of branches, the dry mass of needles and stem could be estimated well for individual sample trees with the available biomass models. Moreover, the clone with the largest above ground dry biomass production had nearly doubled production, on average, than the average over all clones. Thus, some of the clones showed especially high potential for biomass recovery in energy wood thinning.