河北省冬小麦生产干旱风险分析

利用河北省冬麦区49个气象站1980-2010年的气象资料及其相应的冬小麦产量资料,选取三种干旱指数,根据自然灾害风险分析的基本原理,计算了气候干旱、作物干旱、产量灾损三种风险度,并进行了相应的风险区划,根据区划结果提出了不同风险区的减灾对策.结果表明:(1)冬麦区气候干旱风险以中风险或较高风险区域为主,作物干旱风险则以较高风险区为主,产量灾损低风险区域较大.(2)气候干旱、作物干旱、产量灾损各等级风险区分布无明显相关关系,产量灾损风险与各地的灌溉条件关系密切.(3)产量灾损各风险区应采取不同的减灾对策,高风险区应以防旱为主,采取一系列保墒措施,提高自然水分利用率;较高风险区应以抗旱防旱为主,加强农田水利基本建设,改善灌溉条件;中低风险区应以发展优化灌溉制度为主,实现节水高产.     

河南省冬小麦气候干旱风险评估

冬小麦生育期内降水亏缺,不能满足作物的需要,是形成冬小麦气候干旱的首要条件.本文从自然降水角度,分析了河南省干旱发生的强度、概率和对冬小麦产量的影响,构建了冬小麦气候干旱风险模型.在此基础上,对河南冬小麦干旱风险进行了评估、分区.     

甘肃临夏州双低油菜产量动态气候模型

采用数理统计和多元回归方法,主要分析了临夏地区油菜气候生态条件以及气候条件对油菜产量及其构成因素的影响。发现影响该地区油菜生长发育的主要气候要素为降水、气温和日照;根据临夏地区双低油菜不同生长阶段所需气候条件,把双低油菜从春播到成熟,划分为五个生育期,建立了气候生态适生种植区划综合指标体系和各生育期时空动态气候预测模式,实现双低油菜产量气象预测。     

甘肃省玉米气候生态适应性研究

选取代表甘肃省不同气候生态区的成县(温热湿润区)、礼县(温暖半湿润区)、平凉(温和半湿润区)、武威(温和干旱区)4个点资料,运用积分回归方法分析了玉米生育期光、热、水气候生态因子对玉米气候产量的影响,并建立了不同气候生态区气候产量静态模型;以筛选后的关键气象因子为主要区划指标,对甘肃省玉米进行气候生态适生区划,并对玉米高产优质气候生态资源合理开发利用的途径进行了探讨。     

气候变化对陕西省冬小麦种植布局的影响分析

利用陕西近35 a(1971—2005年)的气候资料和同期的冬小麦产量资料,将对冬小麦生长有指标意义的越冬期≤0℃负积温、4~5月降水量、5月降水日数、冬前10~11月降水量等气候指标与产量进行统计分析,建立冬小麦适宜气候资源指标体系。运用模糊综合评判方法和GIS系统的空间分析功能,分别计算20世纪70年代、80年代、90年代以后三个时期冬小麦的气候可种植面积。计算结果表明:随着全球气候变暖,极端气候事件的增多,冬小麦最适宜种植区面积在缩小;但同时随着冬季气温的升高,冬小麦一般适宜种植区的面积在扩大,北移到定边、靖边、横山、子洲、米脂、佳县一线;不适宜区的面积也在缩小。     

河北省冬小麦旱灾风险评估和区划方法研究

分别以冬小麦年雨量平均值±0.5倍样本标准差和平均值±1.5倍样本标准差界定不同等级的干旱年份,以气象产量减产大于等于3%界定冬小麦受灾年份,分析了河北省各市冬小麦旱年的平均减产率及其空间分布,研究了冬小麦不同旱灾强度的频率分布规律.提出了冬小麦干旱灾害风险指数的概念和计算方法,分析了河北省冬小麦干旱灾害风险指数的区域分布规律,并以旱年平均减产率、干旱灾害风险指数和冬小麦年雨量等因子为指标,利用地理信息技术将全省冬小麦种植区区划为干旱灾害高、中、低3种风险区,并探讨了各类风险区不同旱灾年景的平均减产率和防灾减灾措施.     

基于GIS的宁夏酿酒葡萄优质生态区区划与应用

目前国内外酿酒葡萄生态区划多侧重于气候区划,本研究在前人研究的基础上,综合考虑气候和环境资源,本着循序渐进、分层推进、优中选优的区划原则,提出酿酒葡萄优质生态区的区划指标,运用GIS技术,完成宁夏酿酒葡萄优质生态区区划。结果表明：宁夏中北部大部地区可以种植酿酒葡萄,约占宁夏国土总面积的1/3;在可种植区域内,气候最适宜区面积占32％,主要集中在北部灌区特别是贺兰山东麓大部地区;在气候最适宜区内,生态特优区占1．8％,分布在距银川市西约30公里的贺兰山东麓,青铜峡鸽子山和中宁白马、余丁乡北部部分山地。研究成果可大大提高宁夏酿酒葡萄区划结果的精细化程度,直接服务当地酿酒葡萄基地选择和区域化发展。     

西北半干旱区主要农作物对气候暖干化的响应

应用西北半干旱区33个气象站1951-2004年温度、降水等气象观测资料、气象灾害统计资料和不同海拔高度代表点主要作物生长发育观测资料,分析西北半干旱区主要气候要素变化规律,主要农作物对气候暖干化的响应。结果表明:西北半干旱区降水量近55a来年际变化趋势除个别地方外,绝大多数地区呈下降趋势,气温距平呈上升趋势。由于气候变暖,冬小麦越冬死亡率有所下降,冬小麦越冬天数有所减少,整个生育期缩短。生态气候环境变化比较有利于冬小麦生长。同时由于冬季气温升高也带来了冬小麦小穗发育不良,不孕小穗增多等不良影响。冬季气温升高对冬小麦生长发育产生了较大影响。气候暖干化使玉米各发育期日期提前,全生育期生长天数缩短。春秋季气温增高有利于马铃薯生长发育及产量形成。     

气候变化对陇东塬区冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

分析西峰农业气象试验站冬小麦生育期的观测资料表明,气候变暖使陇东塬区冬小麦全生育期天数缩短,主要是越冬期天数缩短,而冬小麦实际生长的天数并未缩短;气候变暖使冬小麦播种期推迟,成熟期提前,从而使麦田的休闲期延长,延长了复种作物的生长期,为提高气候资源的利用率和单位面积的产量提供了保证。气候变化对冬小麦气候产量的影响具有明显的周期性。     

天水市冬小麦生长对气候变暖的响应

通过分析冬小麦生育期、产量与温度的关系及变化趋势,建立回归模拟方程,揭示冬小麦对气候变暖的响应,为种植结构调整和粮食安全提供理论依据。结果表明:1980年以来,天水冬小麦对气候变暖的响应主要表现为出苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期缩短,返青期推迟;增温使出苗～返青期、拔节～抽穗期延长,返青～拔节、抽穗～成熟期缩短;随着冬小麦全生育期平均气温和地温的升高,全生育期以6.7 d/10a的速度缩短;小麦全生育期与5、10、15、20 cm平均地温均呈负相关。小麦产量有先降后升的变化趋势。天水市小麦适宜播期应在10月1日左右。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.