5种除草剂茎叶涂抹处理对棉田莎草防除效果评价

为了探索棉田莎草杂草的高效防除技术,以清水处理为对照,设置30%（质量分数,下同）苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂、10%吡嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂、35%草甘膦二甲胺盐水剂、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂（均以柴油为溶剂）,以及33%嗪吡嘧磺隆水分散粒剂（以水配制成药液）处理,分别对棉田莎草进行茎叶涂抹,调查其防除效果（防效）,并观察因涂抹失误引起的棉花药害。涂抹药剂后20 d,30%苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂、35%草甘膦二甲胺盐水剂和41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂的相对株防效分别为97.3%、99.7%和96.5%,均极显著优于其他处理;药后10 d,这3种药剂的目测防效和相对株防效均已超过90%;药后3 d、7 d,30%苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂、35%草甘膦二甲胺盐水剂的目测防效以及死草速度明显优于41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂。从涂抹失误造成的棉花药害来看,在涂抹时切勿接触到棉花茎叶,且应考虑采用安全性高的助剂。综上,从对棉田莎草的防效考虑,使用草甘膦二甲胺盐、苄嘧磺隆、草甘膦异丙胺盐涂抹为佳。     

42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂桶混二甲戊灵对覆膜棉田恶性杂草防除效果及安全性

为了掌握氟啶草酮对覆膜棉田恶性杂草的防除效果及对棉花的安全性,在新疆生产建设兵团南北疆14个团场开展了氟啶草酮与二甲戊灵混用防除棉田龙葵等杂草的田间药效示范试验。结果表明,氟啶草酮与二甲戊灵桶混后于棉花播前土壤封闭处理,对棉田恶性杂草龙葵及灰藜、稗草等一年生阔叶和禾本科杂草均有很好的防除效果,持效期60 d左右,且对棉花出苗和生长安全。     

除草剂混配施用对棉田常见杂草的防除效果

为了检验除草剂防除棉田杂草效果,以三氟啶磺隆、嘧草硫醚和精喹禾灵之间不同剂量的混配施用.试验表明：三氟啶磺隆和精喹禾灵两种混用及三氟啶磺隆、嘧草硫醚和精喹禾灵3种混用均对棉田杂草都有较好的防除效果.施药后7天杂草表现药害症状.施药后20天,三氟啶磺隆与精喹禾灵两种除草剂混用,随着三氟啶磺隆用量的增加对禾本科杂草的防效由89.2％增加到95.3％,对阔叶类杂草的防效由86.3％增加到94.9％,总体株防效由87.8％增加到95.2％;三氟啶磺隆与精喹禾灵、嘧草硫醚混剂3种除草剂混用,在精喹禾灵用量相同的条件下,增加三氟啶磺隆或嘧草硫醚的用量,对禾本科杂草、阔叶类杂草、杂草总体株防效均提高.施药后40天的株防效和鲜重防效均80％以上,说明混配药剂的持效期较长.     

安徽省沿江植棉区春季直播棉田杂草防除措施研究

按照安徽省沿江植棉区春季直播棉田杂草发生规律，选用5种除草剂在棉花不同生长时期施用，结合中耕除草，研究这些除草措施对春季直播棉田杂草的防除效果；同时调查了不同除草措施对棉花生长、产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明，播后芽前喷施土壤处理除草剂可较好地防治棉田主要禾本科杂草和小粒阔叶类杂草。苗期中耕除草的株防效与除草剂组合差异不显著，质量防效则低于除草剂组合；草甘膦+精喹禾灵+三氟啶磺隆组合的防效优于草甘膦+精喹禾灵组合，但两者差异不显著。蕾期喷施草甘膦+精喹禾灵+三氟啶磺隆的除草效果优于三氟啶磺隆+精喹禾灵。不同的除草措施对棉花生长、产量产生显著影响，对纤维品质影响不明显。推荐该地区春季直播棉田最佳除草措施为：播后芽前土壤处理除草剂+苗期中耕除草+蕾期茎叶处理除草剂。     

脱叶剂第二次施药混配草甘膦异丙胺盐对棉田田旋花防效及对棉花产量构成、品质的影响

为了提高田旋花的防除效果,明确脱叶剂混配草甘膦异丙胺盐对棉花产量及品质的影响,在棉花收获期开展第二次叶面喷施脱叶剂（540 g·L^－1噻苯·敌草隆）时加入41%（质量分数）草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂7 500 mL·hm^－2的效果试验,以常规喷施脱叶剂为对照。结果表明：第二次药后7 d,处理对田旋花株防效为40.14%,药后15 d株防效在80.15%;药后15 d,处理和对照的棉花铃重、衣分无显著差异,棉纤维的马克隆值、长度、长度整齐度指数、断裂比强度、断裂伸长率均无显著性差异。可见,第二次喷施脱叶剂噻苯·敌草隆时加入41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂7 500 mL·hm^－2对田旋花有较好的防效,且对棉花安全。     

黄河流域棉区北部机采棉田恶性杂草的化学防除研究

影响黄河流域棉区北部棉花机械采收的恶性杂草主要有藜、反枝苋、铁苋菜、龙葵、苘麻、田旋花、打碗花和裂叶牵牛等。于2013、2014、2016年研究了这些杂草的化学防除方法。苗蕾期用嘧硫草醚和三氟啶磺隆对藜、反枝苋、龙葵、苘麻、田旋花、打碗花的防效较好,药后30～40 d的株防效超过95%;对铁苋菜和鹅绒藤的防效较差,同期株防效不足85%;对裂叶牵牛的防效居中,同期株防效为84%～94%。花铃期用嘧硫草醚和三氟啶磺隆对上述恶性杂草的防效下降;而乙氧氟草醚的杀草活性较强,药后25～40 d株防效可达100%（裂叶牵牛除外）。草甘膦在苗蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期对各种恶性杂草的株防效均在95%～100%（花铃期的裂叶牵牛除外）。上述处理对棉花均未产生明显药害,对产量也无显著影响。针对黄河流域棉区机采棉田,苗蕾期应用嘧硫草醚或/和三氟啶磺隆,花铃期应用乙氧氟草醚或草甘膦,吐絮期应用草甘膦,可较好地防除恶性杂草。     

42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂滴施防治新疆棉田杂草研究

为探索42%（质量分数,下同）氟啶草酮悬浮剂 （SC,龙草净  ）随水滴施防除新疆棉田杂草的可行性,开展了相关室内试验和田间药效试验研究。结果表明：龙草净在不同剂量、不同土壤条件下对不同杂草、不同草龄的防治效果有差异,除草活性随剂量增加而增加、随草龄增大而降低。温室盆栽条件下,龙草净在126 g·hm^－2（有效成分用量,下同）剂量下滴灌能防除2叶期之前的灰藜、龙葵及芽前反枝苋;在252 g·hm^－2剂量下滴灌处理能防除3叶期之前的龙葵,2叶期之前的灰藜和反枝苋;在504 g·hm^－2剂量下滴灌处理能防除3～4叶期的龙葵、6叶期之前的灰藜、2叶期之前的反枝苋;供试剂量下对花期灰藜、反枝苋、龙葵和稗草的活性均较差。田间试验结果表明,龙草净随水滴施对棉花安全,在砂土地总体防效最高,其次为黏土地,在下潮地效果最差;对龙葵防效最好,其次是灰藜、反枝苋、灰绿藜,对稗草、黄蒿、扁秆荆三棱效果一般,对苘麻、田旋花效果差;随草龄增大,除草活性下降。该项技术可作为棉田土壤封闭处理剂使用失败后的补救措施之一。     

42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂滴施防治新疆棉田杂草研究

为探索42%（质量分数,下同）氟啶草酮悬浮剂 （SC,龙草净 ）随水滴施防除新疆棉田杂草的可行性,开展了相关室内试验和田间药效试验研究。结果表明：龙草净在不同剂量、不同土壤条件下对不同杂草、不同草龄的防治效果有差异,除草活性随剂量增加而增加、随草龄增大而降低。温室盆栽条件下,龙草净在126 g·hm^－2（有效成分用量,下同）剂量下滴灌能防除2叶期之前的灰藜、龙葵及芽前反枝苋;在252 g·hm^－2剂量下滴灌处理能防除3叶期之前的龙葵,2叶期之前的灰藜和反枝苋;在504 g·hm^－2剂量下滴灌处理能防除3～4叶期的龙葵、6叶期之前的灰藜、2叶期之前的反枝苋;供试剂量下对花期灰藜、反枝苋、龙葵和稗草的活性均较差。田间试验结果表明,龙草净随水滴施对棉花安全,在砂土地总体防效最高,其次为黏土地,在下潮地效果最差;对龙葵防效最好,其次是灰藜、反枝苋、灰绿藜,对稗草、黄蒿、扁秆荆三棱效果一般,对苘麻、田旋花效果差;随草龄增大,除草活性下降。该项技术可作为棉田土壤封闭处理剂使用失败后的补救措施之一。     

无人机喷施噻苯隆·敌草隆对棉花的脱叶催熟效果

为评价无人机喷施棉花脱叶剂的效果，利用3WQF120-12型植保无人机在棉田开展了噻苯隆·敌草隆悬浮剂与不同用量的乙烯利水剂及烷基乙基磺酸盐助剂混合喷雾试验。结果表明，无人机喷施135 g·hm－2 噻苯隆·敌草隆时，添加乙烯利和助剂的处理对棉花的脱叶药效和吐絮药效显著高于单剂处理，其中噻苯隆·敌草隆135 g·hm－2、乙烯利1 200 g·hm－2和助剂900 g·hm－2混合喷施，对棉花的脱叶及催熟效果最好。     

超薄除草地膜防除移栽棉田杂草初报

超薄除草地膜（药膜）是一种具有药层的新型农膜，移栽棉田使用该地膜不仅能增温保墒促进棉花早发，而且能有效防除棉田杂草，简化移栽地膜棉覆膜前喷施除草剂的操作程序，为此，进行药膜防除移栽棉田杂草试验研究，测定药膜的除草效果及对棉花的安全性，为进一步推广移栽...     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。