不同类型果园苹果绵蚜及其天敌种群动态和空间分布

苹果绵蚜是一种重要的外来入侵性害虫,近年来危害逐年加重并不断扩展蔓延。本文调查研究了粗放园与化防园苹果绵蚜及其天敌的种群动态规律,分析了苹果树上苹果绵蚜及其天敌空间分布差异。结果表明,粗放园中苹果绵蚜及天敌数量均高于化防园。2007年粗放园与化防园中平均虫落数量为40.9个/株和4.9个/株,2008年为19.6个/株和2.1个/株。粗放园中苹果绵蚜趋向于整个树冠分布,主枝、树干相对较少;在化防园中苹果绵蚜向树的下部转移,主枝上分布较多,树冠分布较少。化防园中天敌数量低,对苹果绵蚜控制作用减弱。     

金纹细蛾幼虫空间分布及二阶抽样技术研究

金纹细蛾是苹果树重要潜叶害虫。该文利用Iwao等10种聚集度指标法对金纹细蛾幼虫的空间分布格局进行了测定。结果表明,该虫在苹果树间和苹果树内的空间分布型都属于聚集分布,分布的基本成分是个体群;该虫在苹果树内垂直方位上的数量表现为下部>中部>上部,在东南西北内膛五个水平方位上差异不明显。本文计算了金纹细蛾幼虫二阶抽样的理论抽样数,进行了金纹细蛾幼虫二阶抽样的序贯分析。     

陕西苹果园天敌昆虫分布调查

对陕西不同地区苹果园天敌昆虫进行了调查研究,结果获得天敌昆虫17种,隶属于8目11科。天敌昆虫在陕西不同地区的苹果园的分布存在一定的差异。随着苹果园海拔高度的升高,果园天敌昆虫的种群及数量分布有逐渐减低的趋势。天敌昆虫的分布不仅与自然地理条件、植被等因素直接有关,而且与管理等人为影响有较大的关系。     

新疆额敏县山杨楔天牛发生与为害调查

山杨楔天牛(Saperda carcharias)在新疆额敏县主要为害杨树,2年发生1代。对山杨楔天牛在额敏县的生活史及为害情况进行了调查,研究了山杨楔天牛的为害程度与受害树冠幅的关系,以及山杨楔天牛在树干上的垂直分布与水平分布规律。结果表明,山杨楔天牛在额敏县主要为害山杨、北京杨和苦杨,树木受害率达85%以上。生长季节可见山杨楔天牛的不同虫态,世代交替现象明显。山杨楔天牛在受害树上的株虫孔数量与树冠的垂直投影面积呈二次曲线关系。在寄主树上主要分布于树干下部0～3m的范围内,在树干不同水平方向上的分布差异不明显。初步提出了山杨楔天牛的防治策略。     

黄土高原苹果金纹细蛾种群动态

为明确金纹细蛾种群动态规律,采取时空不放回抽样的调查方法,应用分布型测定、生态位指标及聚类法分析不同套种苹果园种群变化.结果显示,黄土高原苹果园金纹细蛾虫疤显现于6月;7月种群分布先均匀后聚集;8月相对多度强势上升,危害状明显;9～10月数量增长显著.树冠分布为:垂直方向下＞中＞上且差异显著,水平方向差异不显著.总体为聚集分布,个体间相互吸引.生态位占居:垂直、水平和时序三个方向上分别为0.179、0.371和0.594,对树冠下部资源利用达53.73％,上部几乎没有.对树冠四方位资源利用以北、东最高,分别达27.90％和21.66％;与山楂叶螨的生态位重叠指数垂直方向为92.65,水平方向为64.95,时序上为66.36.进入8月后苹果幼龄园不同套种水平下的优势度指数明显增加,中旬增幅最大,其中套种黄豆园最高,套红薯园最低,杂草丛生园则波动较大.     

申家店林区捕食性天敌昆虫资源调查

申家店林区植物种类较多,植被保存完好,通过对申家店林区捕食性天敌昆虫调查研究分析,结果表明,试验中采集和观察到的捕食性天敌昆虫共7目14科41种385只;捕食性天敌昆虫种类较多,个别种类数量大;不同样地捕食性天敌昆虫分布差异较大,且具有区域性。本调查研究可为黑龙江省东部地区捕食性天敌昆虫多样性研究提供参考。     

不同害虫管理措施梨园的天敌群落多样性

通过田间试验和系统调查,研究了北京地区不同害虫管理措施梨园的天敌群落结构。调查发现了主要天敌6目,18科,25种,树冠捕食性天敌多,而地表寄生性天敌多。梨园捕食和寄生性天敌种类分别为76%和24%。整个生育期喷施农药3次的试验梨园树冠优势捕食性天敌数量显著大于喷药次数超过8次的常规梨园,试验梨园地表寄生性天敌数量略大于或显著大于常规梨园。试验梨园中天敌总个体数是常规梨园1倍以上,化学药剂施用次数与梨园天敌个体数量呈负相关。分析显示,试验梨园树冠天敌群落多样性指数和均匀性指数显著大于常规梨园,而天敌群落丰富度和优势度指数没有明显差异。研究结果对提倡生物防治、减少化学农药的使用以保护梨园天敌提供了部分实践依据。     

天敌昆虫控害作用机制和评价方法研究进展

天敌昆虫是自然界生态系统中防控害虫的重要因子。利用天敌昆虫防治害虫是安全、有效的害虫防控策略。在农田生态系统中,天敌昆虫对害虫起着重要的调控作用,因此,充分利用天敌昆虫的控害作用就显得非常重要。本文阐述了天敌昆虫的控害机制,包括天敌昆虫控害作用的化学通讯机制、寄生蜂对寄主免疫的调控和天敌昆虫的间接控害作用三方面,还介绍了定量评价天敌昆虫控害作用的三种方法:罩笼接虫法、稳定同位素法和分子标记技术。     

苹果园杂草多样性及其对天敌昆虫的影响

陕西渭北的黄土高原是我国苹果的主要产区,该地区果园地形复杂,地面植被丰富,生产上往往需要投入大量的人力和物力清除杂草。果园植物的种类对果园昆虫多样性有明显影响,果园生物多样性指数维持较高水平时害虫不易成灾。严毓骅和段建军及王大平研究表明,在苹果园保留夏至草,或间作苜蓿、三叶草、白花草木犀、百脉根等可提高天敌昆虫的多样性,有助于发挥天敌昆虫的作用。果园地面杂草覆盖度较高时,捕食性蜘蛛的丰富度和多样性也较高,可有效控制果园中的主要害虫。目前,关于黄土高原苹果园杂草多样性以及不同杂草对天敌昆虫的影响尚未见报道。本试验对陕西省黄陵县不同地形的苹果园地面植被进行系统调查,明确杂草种类及优势种,并对杂草群落与果园天敌昆虫群落相似性进行了比较。     

害虫天敌昆虫的保护措施

害虫的天敌种类很多,包括病原微生物（病毒、细菌、真菌和原生动物）、天敌昆虫（捕食性和寄生性昆虫）和脊椎动物。在害虫防治中应用最多的是天敌昆虫。据统计．在昆虫纲100多万种昆虫中．害虫只占1％．其余99％都是无害或是有益的。在自然界中几乎每种害虫都有一种或几种甚至几十种天敌昆虫．如为害大叶黄杨、月季、龙柏等植物的红蜡蚧的天敌有扁脚跳小蜂．山楂红蜘蛛的天敌则有小黑花蝽、小黑瓢虫等．而棉铃虫的天敌有50种左右．黏虫的天敌有48种。     

洛川县红富士苹果树冠层特性初步研究

在洛川县苹果园选择不同修剪强度(轻度修剪、中度修剪和重度修剪)、不同树龄(5 a、11 a和16 a)和不同树形(开心形、纺锤形和疏散分层形)的苹果树作为研究对象,用Hemi-View植物冠层半球影像系统测定了其冠层特性,分析了不同修剪强度、不同树龄和不同树形的苹果树冠层特性及其与光照的关系.结果表明:重度修剪能较大程度地提高树体透光性.随着树龄的增加,叶面积指数呈增加趋势,有利于截获辐射能,但在同时又降低了透光性.开心形树形较其它两种树形能增加透光性,提高光能利用率.     

结合药液表面张力与苹果树冠层参数预测喷雾药液用量的方法及应用

为了保证果树精准施药，减少药剂流失，通过4种常用表面活性剂调节药液的表面张力，借助界面张力仪、微重力天平和植物冠层扫描仪等测定手段建立了药液表面张力与苹果叶片最大稳定持液量 (R_m) 之间的关系，并结合果树常用冠层参数，提出了一种预估果树施药液量的方法。结果表明:生长前期苹果叶片近轴面的R_m值明显高于生长后期；在同一生长期，苹果叶片远轴面的R_m值均高于近轴面，且R_m值随叶倾角的增大而减小；生长前期苹果叶片远轴面的R_m值受药液表面张力的影响大于近轴面，但随着叶倾角的增大，叶片近、远轴面的R_m受药液表面张力的影响减小。当药液中表面活性剂的浓度未达到其临界胶束浓度 (cmc) 时，药液的表面张力与苹果叶片的R_m值成正相关关系，由此可建立一元线性回归方程，结合果树平均叶片倾角、叶面积指数和冠层地面投影面积等植物冠层参数，可以估算果树的最大施药液用量。采用4种常用的农药制剂验证了所建方法的实用性。该研究结果可以为苹果园喷雾施药时预估药液用量、减少药剂流失提供理论依据。     

On the apple proliferation symptom display and the canopy colonization pattern of “<Emphasis Type="Italic">Candidatus</Emphasis> Phytoplasma mali” in apple trees

Notwithstanding the availability of several different real time PCR protocols for “Candidatus Phytoplasma mali”, it is still unclear how informative is the estimation of the concentration of phytoplasma cells in the leaves of apple proliferation infected trees, and how the reliability of the estimations may be affected by an erratic and uneven distribution of the pathogen in the host. Here we investigated these issues systematically and showed that phytoplasma concentration varies significantly among seasons, but not between two cultivars that appeared to have different degree of susceptibility on the basis of the symptoms displayed. In fully symptomatic trees sampled at the end of the season the phytoplasmas were detectable in most leaves, but in more than half of the leaves at low concentrations. Both the pattern of colonization of the canopy and the amount of phytoplasmas varied greatly in trees that show symptom remission, although a direct relation between symptom severity and colonization could not be established. The sampling of the apple canopy for the purpose of evaluation of concentration of “Candidatus Phytoplasma mali” should take into consideration the complex pattern of colonization and seasonal variation.     

苹果害螨为害叶等级的光谱鉴别法

本文用室内光谱分析法找出了苹果害螨为害等级与680nm/800nm这一比值光谱指数的定量关系,并证明这种害虫在为害苹果树时对树冠没有方位性选择。这种病虫害为害与光谱相关关系的研究结果可使为害等级鉴别客观化和定量化,并为病虫害的遥感监测提供了依据。     

Heterogeneity of the aerial concentration and deposition of ascospores of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia inaequalis</Emphasis> within a tree canopy during the rain

Scab is an important disease of apple and its control depends almost exclusively on frequent use of fungicides. Primary scab infection in the spring assumes several steps: ascospore maturation, liberation of ascospores that become airborne, deposition on susceptible tissues, and infection. However, the spatial heterogeneity of ascospores within the tree canopy is unknown. Aerial concentration of ascospore (ACA), ascospore concentration in rain water (ACR) and ascospore deposition (AD) were therefore measured at six heights (20–257 cm from the ground) with rotating-arm air samplers, funnels, and greased glass slides, respectively, during five rain events in 2001 and in 2002. In addition, ACR and AD were measured at eight locations within tree canopy at 196 cm height. Apple scab was assessed at the end of the primary infection period in each sampling location within the apple tree. A similar experimental design was used in 2003 to study the spatial heterogeneity of both AD and primary scab lesions. ACA and AD decreased with increasing height, while ACR increased with increasing height. Based on both variance to mean ratio and the power law relationship in both years, the ACR was heterogeneous, while AD was heterogeneous only during the peaks of ascospore release. The ACR was significantly higher at the centre of the trees and the AD was significantly higher at the centre and at the western edge of the trees. Only the cumulative AD was significantly correlated with apple scab lesions at the same location (r = 0.83). In 2003, a similar pattern of spatial heterogeneity within the tree canopy was observed for AD and primary scab lesion counts and there was a linear relationship (R ² = 0.84) between these two variables. It was concluded that ACR and AD within the tree canopy are not randomly distributed at least during peaks of ascospore release and that AD is a good estimate of primary scab lesion development. This spatial heterogeneity should be considered when estimating ascospore deposition using mathematical models or when quantifying ascosporic inoculum using spore samplers.     

抗苹绵蚜的苹果砧木免疫系——山荆子JIN67

苹绵蚜为害苹果属值物地上部及根部,根部被害程度重于枝梢,但目前对其防治方法较少。采用枝梢罩微型笼和根部罩木箱的接种法测试苹果属8个种30个品种或品系,选出了山荆子 Jin67免疫系,用它作砧木可使根部免受苹绵蚜为害,并兼有矮化性、抗干腐病、白粉病和抗寒力强等优良特性,适合作苹果抗苹绵蚜及矮化的砧木。如在 Jin 67砧木上高位芽接栽培品种,主干主枝换成抗性植物后,能更好地发挥砧木抗苹绵蚜作用。     

Recovery in apple trees infected with the apple proliferation phytoplasma: an ultrastructural and biochemical study

ABSTRACT Localization of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and the roles of peroxidases, malondialdehyde, and reduced glutathione in three apple cultivars were compared in healthy trees, trees infected with apple proliferation phytoplasma (APP), and trees that had recovered from the infection. In recovered apple trees, symptoms of the disease and the pathogen had disappeared from the canopy, but phytoplasmas remained in the roots. H(2)O(2) was detected cytochemically by its reaction with cerium chloride to produce electron-dense deposits of cerium perhydroxides.H(2)O(2) occurred in the plasmalemma of the phloem of leaves of recovered apple trees, but not in healthy or APP-infected leaves. In all cultivars, the peroxidase activity detected in tissue from APP-diseased trees was greater than or equal to that of tissue from recovered trees, which equaled or exceeded that of tissue from healthy trees, at two sampling times (May and September). In contrast, the glutathione content of leaves decreased in the reverse order. More malondialdehyde was observed in leaves from recovered trees than in leaves from healthy or APP-infected trees in three of six cultivar-date combinations; in the other three combinations, the malondialdehyde contents of leaves from healthy, infected, and recovered trees were not significantly different from one another. The results suggest that some components of the oxidant-scavenging system in recovered leaves are not very active, leading to an overproduction of H(2)O(2) and, possibly, to a membrane lipid peroxidation.The production of H(2)O(2) appears to be involved in counteracting pathogen virulence.     

Characterization of irrigator emitter to be used as solid set canopy delivery system: which is best for which role in the vineyard?

Background

The timely and flexible treatment of solid set canopy delivery systems (SSCDS) is expanding. Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the performance of three different irrigators (Pulsar™ system and nozzle combination), typically used in anti-frost and irrigation in vineyards/apple orchards, for plant protection product (PPP) delivery in a Guyot-trained trellised vineyard.

Results

Results showed that irrigator setups perform best when matched to the task—flat fan emitters for horizontal spray application (canopy top) and circular emitters for middle and low canopy application. A combination configuration of a double-sided flat fan and circular emitter system was indicated as the best option for homogenous coverage and minimal ground losses.

Conclusion

The tested emitters hold promise for SSCDS delivery of PPPs in vineyards. Further validation of the alternative use of this technology is warranted. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

河北省苹果果实黑点病的发病规律及药剂防控研究

 近几年,河北省苹果产区苹果果实黑点病大面积发生。该病害在河北省的流行规律以及时空分布尚不清楚,给病害防控带来挑战。2018年对河北省不同市区的4个果园分别进行黑点病调查,并对其在苹果树上的空间分布以及发生时间进行动态监测,开展田间药剂防效试验。结果表明:苹果果实黑点病在7月中下旬开始出现明显症状,果树中层内膛病果率较高,上层外膛病果率较低;套袋苹果的萼洼处发病率较高,以黑点型症状为主;不套袋苹果的果面发病率较高,以晕斑型症状为主;‘斗南'、‘富士'品种的发病率较高,‘中秋王'、‘乔纳金'品种的发病率较低。田间药剂防效试验表明,50%异菌脲1 500倍液防效最好,防治效果均达54%以上。其次为10%多抗霉素1 000倍液,而80%代森锰锌600倍液、10%吡唑醚菌酯1 500倍液防效较低。研究结果可为河北省苹果果实黑点病的综合防控提供理论支持。     

果园生境对金纹细蛾寄生蜂发生影响及优势寄生蜂空间分布研究

为研究苹果园金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella寄生蜂的空间分布动态以及生境对寄生蜂发生量的影响,在陕西洛川和杨凌果区选择样地果园,以5点取样法调查统计金纹细蛾寄生蜂种类数量。结果显示,在不同生境的果园,金纹细蛾的危害率在弃管园最重,达21.13%,覆膜套种幼园最轻4.76%;嘎啦品种受害最大,达10.01%,红星最轻1.56%。金纹细蛾的寄生蜂有5种,分别是瘤羽角姬小蜂Sympiesis soriceicornis、茶细蛾雕绒茧蜂Glyptapanteles theivorae、褐足光盾跳小蜂Ageniaspis testacesipes、光额羽角姬小蜂Sympiesislaevifrons、什毛姬小蜂Pnigalio sp.,其中,瘤羽角姬小蜂在无草老园寄生数量最多,达到37.44头.500片1虫疤叶,覆膜套种幼园寄生最少;茶细蛾雕绒茧蜂在弃管园寄生最多,达到256.82头.500片1虫疤叶,在套种幼园寄生最少;跳小蜂数量在杂草老园果园寄生最多,达到22.23头.500片1虫疤叶;3种蜂均在嘎啦品种上寄生最多。金纹细蛾幼虫、瘤羽角姬小蜂、茶细蛾雕绒茧蜂、跳小蜂在树冠空间分布型整体均趋向于聚集分布,金纹细蛾幼虫、瘤羽角姬小蜂和跳小蜂偏向于树冠内侧和下层,瘤羽角姬小蜂为北侧最多,跳小蜂为北侧最少,茶细蛾雕绒茧蜂在各个方位分布比较均衡。据此可知,果园生境对金纹细蛾及其寄生蜂的发生有密切的影响,精细的管理果园是减轻金纹细蛾的有效途径。在时空动态上,金纹细蛾优势寄生蜂中茶细蛾雕绒茧蜂又显得跟随性以及数量均高于瘤羽角姬小蜂和跳小蜂,茶细蛾雕绒茧蜂可以作为金纹细蛾生物防治的首选寄生蜂。