中国木材市场现状、存在问题和发展建议

介绍了中国木材市场供需和进口现状及发展趋势。建议发展木结构房屋和铁路杨木枕木等以人工林为主要原料的木材制品,改变消费观念,促进人造板工业发展,调整人造板消费结构,扩大在建筑方面的应用,以木材工业的发展促进林业的发展。提出扩大非公有制人工林发展,大力进口俄罗斯木材和新西兰木材,以弥补国产木材不足。并建议适当减少热带阔叶木材进口,以保护全球生态环境。     

Evaluation of forestry programs: A case study of the forestry incentives program in Massachusetts

A general methodology is proposed to evaluate forestry programs which are aimed at increasing timber supply from non-industrial private forest lands. A financial analysis of the forestry activities included in the program or a questionnaire submitted to the landowners should serve to establish what would have been done in the absence of the program. An economic analysis aggregating the marginal benefits and costs for each program participant can be related in different benefit—cost ratios.The methodology is applied to the evaluation of the Forestry Incentives Program (FIP) in Massachusetts. The study shows that the efficiency benefit—cost ratio is > 1 at 4% and 6.625% and that the landowner's management decisions are crucial to the performance of the program.     

An evaluation of the small-scale sawmilling and timber processing industry in northern Vietnam and the need for planting particular indigenous species

This paper reports findings of surveys into small-scale sawmilling and timber processing in Phu Tho Province and the Tam Dao National Park buffer zone in northern Vietnam. The objective of these surveys was to examine the extent to which small sawmills and timber processors utilise farm-grown timber, so as to explore the prospects for expansion of farm-grown timber markets. The operational scope, supply chain and value chain of the industry are reported. Resource availability and current and future perspectives are discussed. Timber prices were found to vary greatly between species and study areas. Species most in demand by enterprises are Artocarpus heterophyllus, Melia azedarach, Manglietia conifera, Acacia spp., Chukrasia tabularis and Erythrophloeum fordii. Small-scale sawmilling and timber processing activities fit well with rural communities in Vietnam and have potential for further development if current constraints can be overcome. Further tree planting is needed to meet the presently unsatisfied timber demand and to create income and employment. Information from sawmillers and timber processors suggests the types of species that farmers should be considering for their plantings.     

21世纪林业的技术革命——论退化人工林生态系统恢复和重建技术的作用和前景

历史进入了一个机遇与挑战并存的时代,21世纪林业在严峻的森林资源形势面前,在日益增长的对环境质量和木材的需求面前,必将进行一场技术革命。退化人工林生态系统恢复和重建技术将是这场技术革命的核心技术之一,它将为缓解木材供需矛盾、保护天然林、保护生物多样性、改善生态环境起到关键作用。其技术将是一个新技术和传统技术相结合的综合技术。     

Compiling Market and Other Financial Data on Smallholder Forestry in Leyte, the Philippines

Data collection and maintenance of databases concerning smallholder forestry presents special problems in developing countries. This paper examines forestry data collection experiences in a series of research projects in Leyte, Philippines, supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, and the prospects for developing forestry accounting networks. A variety of financial data have been collected in relation to seedling production, plantation performance and timber marketing. Seedling production cost and revenue data have been obtained through snapshot surveys conducted in 2002 and 2008, and repeated attempts have been made to estimate financial returns from growing the most popular tree species. Diverse sources have been identified for timber market information. On the supply side, these include government records of registered plantations, obtaining inventory data from barangay (community) leaders, and reporting information about timber available for harvest on community notice boards. On the demand side, official records of registered timber merchants have been accessed, a detailed survey of timber processors has been conducted, and estimates are being made of apparent per capita timber consumption by district. Experiences in the Philippines reinforce that the potential for forestry accounting networks is limited by the resource-constrained situations of developing countries, placing greater reliance on one-off surveys. Use of pre-existing local networks and institutional structures offers potential for routine collection of forestry data, such as through barangay (village) leaders in the Philippines.     

我国林业产业发展面临的挑战与对策

发展林业产业是拓宽农民就业渠道、促进农民增收、实现农村产业振兴、经济发展的重要途径。文中介绍自中华人民共和国成立以来我国林业产业发展取得的巨大成就,分析由于内外部环境发生深刻变化而面临的木材安全、林业劳动力成本攀升、林业产业链与供应链稳定性和竞争力不强、林业应对气候变化任务繁重与林产品贸易壁垒加剧等挑战,提出了应树立新型木材安全观、扩大林产品内需市场、优化林业要素结构、加强林业科技推广以及深化林业供给侧结构性改革等对策建议,为推动我国林业产业高质量发展及实现巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴有效衔接提供参考。     

Market analysis for timber and forest products in China

lntroductionChina'sterritoryisvast,buttheforestedareaisless.About29%areaofChinaisdesertandbaremOuntains(Zhangetal.1997).ThefourthnationaIforestsurvey,whichwasconductedbytheMinistryofForestryin1989~1993,indicatesthat133.7millionhm2or13.92%oftheIandareaofChinaareforest.Thestockoflivingtreesis11.785bilIionm',ofwhich1o.1biIIionisinforest.Thenetgrowthofstandingvolumeiso.4biIIionm3peryear,whiIethecutisO.3billionm',ofwhichatleastonethirdisfarfueIwood.Sotheforestresourcesarenotrich,forestcoveri…     

Visions and realities for a Wik Forestry Industry on Cape York Peninsula,Australia

The large and unutilised native forest timber resource on traditional Wik land on Cape York Peninsula, Australia, could be managed for timber production to contribute to Wik socio-economic objectives. Wik elders have a set of forestry objectives and envisage that these will be best achieved by a timber industry selling unprocessed logs and woodchips. On the other hand, Balkanu Cape York Development Corporation, a government-funded indigenous community development organisation, anticipate that an industry utilising high-technology equipment and producing dried and dressed finished products including strip-flooring will best satisfy Wik forestry objectives. The Wilderness Society envisages small-scale ‘community development’ activities such as protable sawmilling and niche market furniture manufacture as being appropriate types of forestry activities on Wik land. Goal programming analysis of forest use opportunities indicates that Wik forestry objectives are unlikely to be best satisfied by adopting the timber utilisation options espoused by any one of the stakeholder groups.     

Evaluation of the performance of the community rainforest reforestation program in North Queensland,Australia

The Community Rainforest Reforestation Program (CRRP) in north Queensland, Australia, was a multi-faceted experiment in facilitating farm forestry. It was motivated in part by the World Heritage listing of the Wet Tropics of Queensland rainforests, which removed a large resource from the timber industry. Survey results indicate that some landholders have applied high-quality silvicultural management to their stands with a view to timber production, while others have been more interested in wildlife habitat and other non-wood benefits. Although not necessarily a success in terms of its stated goals, the program can be credited with a number of achievements. It yielded valuable experience in growing native tree species, job training for young unemployed people, and collaboration between Federal, State and local government in forest industry development. The program generated positive environmental outcomes and lessons for future timber and environmental planting programs on private lands. While the area planted and quantity of timber produced will fall far short of initial expectations, and some limitations arose with the job training activities, it nevertheless appears to have been a worthwhile project.     

1973～2003年中国林业生态足迹的研究

生态足迹是评价可持续发展能力重要指标之一,该方法自提出以来得到广泛关注和迅速应用。首先,本文分析了中国1973-2003年木材生产、进口和出口情况,结果表明,中国在1973-1995年期间木材生产呈明显波动变化趋势,1995年后呈现连续下降趋势;木材进口在1995年后特别是天然林保护工程实施后呈增长趋势,而木材出口在1995年后呈逐年下降趋势。然后,采用改进的生态足迹方法(即森林可持续产量法与森林实际生产法)计算了中国1973-2003年间的林业生态足迹(包括进口与出口林业生态足迹),分析表明,1978-1988年期间,实际生产法计算林地真实面积小于可持续产量法计算结果,而1989-2003年正相反,上述两种方法的计算结果均大于用全球产量计算的林业生态足迹。说明中国在1978-1988年间森林资源消耗量大于生长量,林业发展是不可持续的;1989年后森林资源消耗出现长大于消的局面,林业朝着可持续的方向发展,但同林业发达国家相比仍有较大的差距。最后,讨论了林业生态足迹与国家重要政策(包括外贸、经济与森林保护政策)的关系,并提出了减少林业生态足迹与增强林业可持续发展能力的几点建议。图3表1参31。     

四川省生态环境恢复与重建中发展人工用材林的前景及对策

分析天然林保护工程实施后四川省林材资源的供应状况，论述发展人工用材林的可行性，提出了几种相应的发展模式。     

优化林业产业结构 提高系统经营效果

作者在指出单效林业的弊病后,提出建立系统林业的观点。文中详尽介绍了系统林业的产业结构、功能和效益。还对其建设步骤和具体实施方法作了说明。     

森林认证的现状与发展趋势

森林认证出现于20世纪90年代初,10年来,森林认证在全球范围内取得了快速的发展。文中介绍了森林认证的起源和发展现状,指出了森林认证的发展趋势,并对我国开展森林认证提出了建议。     

How to improve the marketing of timber in France?

Large forest estates actively participate in the marketing of timber in France. However, the marketing of wood from private and public large forest estates (over 25 ha) could be improved by better managing price risk in multiannual supply contracts of the timber industry: creation of compensation funds for forest owners or calls to financial markets linked to processed timber products for industrialists. But, the development of supply contracts does not mean that private or public auction procedures should be abandoned. Similarly, by supplementing “forest area development schemes”, it would be possible to increase the mobilisation of timber produced on small (1 to 10 ha) and medium (10 to 25 ha) forest estates: more forestry cooperatives or local forest agencies and a new timber pre-sale mode adapted to small forest estates are necessary (sales subject to the buyer's choice of purchasing standing timber or cut wood delivered to a depot by the seller).     

新西兰林业发展之路

新西兰林业经过50余年的发展．实现了对天然林的保护．木村生产从完全依靠天然林转变为只有1％的锯材来自天然林；一个只有不足400万人口的国家，现在年产木材已达到2100万m^3，木材及木制品出口创汇占全国创汇的12％，成为国民经济的支柱产业，未来25年木材产量将翻番．而且完全来自可持续利用的人工林；这些经验已成为世界林业实现可持续发展的典范。文中分析了新西兰林业成功的经验，希望有助于正在蓬勃发展的中国林业。     

The shrinking profitability of small-scale forestry in Japan and some recent policy initiatives to reverse the trend

About 80% of annual wood fiber consumption in Japan is imported. Even though most of the land surface is covered by forests in Japan, the domestic forestry and forest industry are threatened by such imports flooding the local market. Fragmented land ownership, steep terrain, rapid growth of weeds, and high labor costs have all contributed to the decline of domestic forestry. Further, the purchasing power of the Japanese Yen has become very strong in recent years, and the decreasing prices of imported timber have depressed the prices of domestic timber, eroding profitability and discouraging small-scale forestry. In spite of these difficult circumstances, there are several interesting new developments in Japanese forestry. One is the revision of the Basic Forestry Law of 1964, through which the Japanese government is steering forest policy from timber production towards environmental services. Because of this change, new ways to assist rural forestry activities will become available in the near future. Another change is the certification movement, where recent examples of Japanese companies acquiring ISO 14001 and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) forest certifications provide hope to depressed domestic forestry activities. In particular, FSC group certification is useful in motivating small-scale forest owners to implement and maintain sustainable forestry practices. This paper is based on the presentation at IUFRO Group 3.08.00 Symposium at Joensuu, Finland 2001. The original article, ‘The economic situation of small-scale forestry in Japan’, is in Niskanen and Vayrynen (2001).     

集体林权制度改革下林农对用材林的投入行为分析

集体林权制度改革使得林农成为了林业发展的重要主体。林农是否有意愿投入用材林,是决定今后木材供需平衡的一个重要因素。本文利用调研得到的325户有效数据,建立logistic模型,通过统计软件SPSS11.5回归,分析影响林农投入用材林的重要因素,并提出对策建议。     

法国木材公共采购政策及启示

尽管林业非常发达, 法国仍然实施木材公共采购这一世界森林保护领域的新兴工具。文中回顾了法国木材公共采购政策出台的背景, 对其政策目标和内容进行了具体分析, 认为这一政策措施为保障我国木材可持续供给提供了新的思路。     

1990年全球森林资源评估

根据联合国粮农组织公布的《1990年全球森林资源评估》和《1980年世界森林资源统计》等文献,详细地介绍了当代全球森林面积、覆盖率、蓄积量、生物量、1980～1990年森林资源消长及2010年原木消费量预测,为研究世界和各国林业可持续发展战略提供了可靠的依据。     

Beetles, trees, and people: Regional economic impact sensitivity and policy considerations related to the mountain pine beetle infestation in British Columbia, Canada

This article investigates the regional economic impact sensitivity to the current mountain pine beetle infestation in five study areas of British Columbia, Canada, using a computable general equilibrium framework. Baseline general equilibrium economic databases are constructed for each region using a hybrid data collection approach involving primary and secondary sources. A computable general equilibrium model is constructed for each region and used to simulate the sensitivity of a suite of economic indicators to changes in forestry sector exports resulting from the impacts of mountain pine beetle on the available timber supply. The computable general equilibrium models constructed for each region provides an indication of economic vulnerability to the infestation and can assist decision-makers with the identification of policy considerations and priority areas for mitigation planning in response to the anticipated fluctuations in timber supply.