渔业节能减排知识与成功案例(下)

<正>七、新能源的利用在渔业上发挥什么作用?1.液化天然气(简称LNG)推进渔船LNG储量丰富、价格低廉、运输方便、使用安全,利用LNG作为渔船动力燃料,可以降低燃料成本,增加渔民收入。适合我国沿海地区渔船安装使用的柴油与LNG混合燃料装置,安装工艺简单,可以大幅度减少有害气体排放,降低整体燃料费用20%以上。2.电力推进渔船电力拖网渔船较常规拖网渔船节能5%左右,而     

液化天然气在渔船上的应用

阐述了液化天然气(LNG)的性能、特点和作为渔船燃料所具有的优点,介绍了LNG在我国渔船上的应用实践。     

混合动力渔船LNG冷量的应用分析

液化天然气(LNG)是清洁能源,同时又蕴含大量冷量,我国已经提出渔船推广使用LNG作为动力燃料。目前,渔船制冷能耗占全船能耗30%～40%。为了确定混合动力渔船中LNG的应用优势,本文结合实际生产中的50 m型围网渔船进行了计算分析。结果显示,在该型渔船上采用柴油/天然气混合动力,替油率80%时每年可节省燃料费用61万元。将LNG冷量用于冷海水系统,每天可制取0℃冷海水10.4 t,减少冷海水制冷系统工作时长1.6 h,部分冷量用于系统的过冷循环,可使系统COP提高5.2%。分析表明,利用混合动力渔船的LNG冷能可显著节能,降低营运成本。     

基于轴功率测量的渔船动力装置优化配置研究

渔船船、机、桨不匹配现象较为普遍,不但降低了渔船的经济效率,而且给渔船的安全生产带来隐患.轴功率是反映船舶柴油机及其动力装置最重要的性能参数之一.通过对渔船主机轴功率进行实船测试,不仅可以发现主机的技术状况是否良好,而且可以判断船、机、桨的匹配情况,为船厂和用户提供可靠的试验数据,以便及时进行修理或调整,保证主机和整个船舶始终处于良好的技术状态.本文结合船舶轴功率-转速特性图,对实现渔船动力装置优化配置进行了理论分析,结论有利于选择最佳工况、提高整个动力装置的经济性.     

渔船轮机基本知识问答(一)

问:渔船动力装置由哪些部分组成? 答:渔船是捕捞作业的主要工具,一条渔船大体上由船体和动力装置两大部分组成。 在近代渔船上装置着各种各样的机械与设备,以保证渔船正常航行、作业、停泊以及船员正常工作和生活的需要,这些机械设备的综合体称为渔船动力装置。因而它是指推进装置、辅助装置、管路系统、船     

渔船轮机基本知识问答(四)

问:除了直接传动与间接传动以外,渔船动力装置还有什么传动方式? 答:渔船动力装置还有如下传动方式,①电力传动:主机至推进器之间没有机械的联系,发动机直接驱动发电机,发出的电供推进电动机,然后由电动机驱动螺旋桨,以完成船舶的推进工作。可见电力传动方式存在二次能量转换。它具有一系列的特点:     

渔船轴系的扭转振动特点及减振措施

扭转振动现象是渔船动力装置的重要动力性能之一。由于它有可能产生严重的损坏事故，因此为广大动力装置设计制造工作所重视。特别是现代渔船柴油机及其动力装置向高强化、大功率和低油耗迅速发展，其扭转振动特性及其事故的预防措施，是当今造船界极为关注的课题。本从渔船轴系的扭转振动特点出发，     

渔船动力装置推进方式分析

通过对渔船动力装置推进方式分析、比较，提出比较适合我国情况的渔船动力装置型式为多级齿轮推进系统。     

采用氨吸收制冷提高渔船动力装置热效率

<正> 一、我国渔船动力装置的特点及现状渔船动力装置的特点除必须保证渔船具有足够的快速性(往返渔港和转移渔场)外,还要满足捕捞作业的动力要求,同时需具备一定的鱼品保鲜、冷冻、冷藏的能力,而船员所需的水、电、通风等生活方面的要求,则相近于一般运输船舶。当前我国渔船以拖     

群众渔业深水灯光围网渔船动力装置配备

本文根据舟山群众渔业深水灯光围网渔船作业情况,对深水围网渔船的动力装置的配备进行了介绍,并提出改进的建议。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).