Novel method for fault line selection in arc suppression coils system using transient energy

In order to overcome low sensitivity of the protection based on transient components when the faulty voltage passes zero, regarding arc suppression coill branch as a healthy feeder line, using the relation of its transient energy and all feeders of transient energy amounting to zero, this paper presents an improved fault line selection method in arc suppression coils system using transient energy. This method has no requirements of detection fault close angle and pre setting, has a good anti interference ability and adaptability to various faults occurred in the systems with arc suppression coils. Large amount of digital simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and reliable.     

Model and Numerical Analysis of Radiation Field Created by Lightning Overvoltage Wave on Transmission Lines

The radiation field created by the transmission line stroked by lightning far from the lightning channel has been analyzed by the FDTD method.The authors we establish the calculation model and FDTD calculation method of transmission line,and discusses the import of lightning excitation source.The simulation of lightning stroked on a single transmission line in free space or stroked on three-phase high voltage transmission lines in actual environments has been done,and gives the distribution of transient radiation field around the transmission lines when lightning overvoltage wave transmits along the transmission line.The simulation result shows that: the effect of the transient radiation field caused by lightning over voltage wave done with environment is obvious,and the high frequency component of transient radiation field may disturb or do harm to the electronic facility or communication facility around the transmission lines.     

The on line monitoring method of power transmission line fault basednon linear frequency response function

A novel method for power transmission line monitoring and fault diagnosis is proposed based on non linear frequency response analysis. The power line carrier signal has been used for on line monitoring of power transmission line. As the non linear frequency response function describes the system inherent characterization, different frequency response patterns corresponding to different operation states of transmission line can be established. Based on the analysis of transmission line characteristics of fault modes, various fault features can be extracted, thereby achieve online monitoring and fault diagnosis on transmission line. Simulation experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Originality of M3S maize population and changes in allele frequencies revealed by SSR markers after two cycles of selfed progeny recurrent selection

Maksimir 3 Synthetic (M3S) maize population was developed at the Faculty of Agriculture University of Zagreb by intercrossing inbred lines, whose origins trace back to several open-pollinated varieties and local populations from different regions of the former Yugoslavia. The population was subjected to two cycles of selfed progeny recurrent selection for grain yield. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine genetic distances among the parental inbred lines of the M3S population (M3S progenitors), the M3S population before and after two cycles of recurrent selection, and elite inbred lines representing the BSSS and Lancaster heterotic group; and (ii) to examine the effect of two cycles of recurrent selection on allele frequency changes in the population. Nine M3S progenitors, three BSSS lines, and three Lancaster lines were genotyped at 24 SSR loci, out of which nine randomly chosen loci were used for genotyping 96 individuals from both C0 (the M3S population before selection) and from C2 (M3S population after two cycles of selection). A total of 101 alleles were detected across 24 loci in the 15 lines, whereas 83 alleles were found in the nine M3S progenitors. Among the latter 83 alleles 31 were unique, i.e. found only in one of the progenitors. Mean genetic distance among nine M3S progenitors was 0.61 indicating a broad genetic base of the M3S population. High mean genetic distance was found between M3S progenitors and BSSS lines (0.69) and M3S progenitors and Lancaster lines (0.71). This indicates that the M3S population represents a germplasm source unrelated to both the BSSS and Lancaster germplasm. Mean genetic distance between the M3S population and BSSS as well as Lancaster lines decreased slightly after two cycles of recurrent selection suggesting the need to introduce testers from both groups in future selection in the M3S population in order to maintain heterotic complementarity of the M3S population to these groups. A test of selective neutrality identified several non-neutral loci in the population whose allele frequency changes from the C0 to the C2 cannot be explained by genetic drift. The majority of non-neutral alleles, whose frequency increased after two cycles of selection, were present in at least one line from the BSSS or Lancaster heterotic group.     

Method of Computing Sinusoidal Steady-state Solutions of Lossy Uniform Transmission Lines

There is no universal method of finding the analytic solutions to transmission lines discribed by partial differential equations,so many researchers are studying and developing transmission line theories.Computing steady-state solutions of uniform transmission lines is one part of the study.The paper introduces another method of computing sinsoidal steady-state solutions of lossy uniform transmission lines.First,the complex expressions of voltage and current with zero initial state are obtained from the complex frequency-domain model of lossy uniform tansmission lines.The network functions,which are the ratios of voltage and current's image functions to the excitation's image function,can be found from the complex expressions.Sinusoidal steady-state solutions can be obtained by using the relation between network function and system's frequency characteristic.Finally,the method is demonstrated to be effective by an example.     

A New Fault Location Method Based on Two Terminal Information of Self synchronous Rectification

In accordance with the high and extra high voltage long distance transmission line,this paper presents a fault location method based on two terminal information of self synchronous rectification.We adopt the long transmission line model,consider the effect of distribution capacity and can correct the sample phase angle difference in the real time btween two terminals.So that this method can avoid the fault location error owing to asynchronous message on the two terminals.Tested by a lot of simulations,the results are very satisfied.     

高粱组培无性变异系R111的选育

选用综合农艺性状好，配合力高，但抗病性和品质较差的高粱恢复系晋粱５号为改良对象，通过组织培养获得高粱体细胞无性变异系Ｒ１１１，田间鉴定和室内化验分析表明，Ｒ１１１比原亲本材料抗丝黑穗病，抗倒，耐旱，耐瘠，品质等性状明显提高，同现有几个主干不育系测配后，选育出一个新的杂交种，试验表明，通过组织培养，选育优良的无性变异系，是创造新的种质资源的有效方法，这种方法不仅可以保持为本材料的优点，而且可以改良其     

基于广义谐振理论的输电线路中波无源干扰谐振频率预测

现有IEEE（institute of electrical and electronics engineers）标准,目前只能明确0.5~1.7 MHz有限频段的输电线路无源干扰谐振机理。为拓展输电线路无源干扰谐振的研究频率,引入广义谐振理论,提出了一种基于电磁场能量平衡的干扰谐振频率预测构想。将大尺度空间下输电线路铁塔阵列及天线等效为广义封闭系统,从而基于复坡印廷定理,推导了电磁开放系统广义谐振因子的表达式,求解得到的广义谐振因子零值点为无源干扰谐振频点。该方法由于避开了传统将铁塔等效为半波天线的局限,因此可以实现中波频段无源干扰谐振预测。采用IEEE标准算例进行验证,结果表明：1.7 MHz频率以下,基于广义谐振理论的无源干扰谐振频率预测值和缩比模型实测值最大误差不超过±0.169 MHz。     

Improvement of the homogeneity of the barley variety balder

Summary For the improvement of the purity of the Swedish barley variety Balder, a selection within this variety was started at the Plant Breeding Station of the Centraal Bureau at Hoofddorp in 1949.During the period 1950–1954 it appeared that a large number of types occurred which differed more or less distinctly from each other. The differences concerned inclination and colour of the leaves, length of straw, date of heading, stiffness of straw, length and inclination of the ear, earliness, yield capacity, grain- and malting quality.Of about 5,000 lines (progenies of selected ears) of 1950, only one, Balder 50.4 was chosen ultimately in 1954. Already in 1954 the breeder's seed of Balder was obtained by multiplication of selection 50.4.The purpose of the selection, described in this paper, viz. to give the barley variety Balder a sufficient approximation of a pure line, can be considered as being achieved. Certainly there is no indication that a decrease in yield capacity and malting quality occurred.Moreover, in comparison with the original variety Balder, selection 50.4 has distinctly stiffer and somewhat shorter straw, and a little earlier maturity. The attitude of the ear approximates more that of the erectum-type.     

Application of Serial Ports Simulation in a Non-communication Fault Detection Device of Distribution Networks

This paper summarizes two kinds of fault detection techniques for distribution automation, that is with and without communication in fault detection, and then analyzes their merits and shortcomings. Moreover, according to the development tendency of distribution automation techniques, this paper presents an approach, through which the noncommunication FTU devices can detect transient fault voltage of distribution systems effectually. To detect transient fault voltage without standby batteries, the PIC Single Chip microcomputer with low power consumption and DSP chip with powerful data processing capabilities are adopted to form a dual CPU system. To realize the communication between the two CPUs, the general I/O port,s of the DSP chip are firstly used to simulate the UART communication of the serial ports and communicate with the PIC Single Chip microcomputer. The novel FTU devices based on this approach are tested in static and dynamic simulation experiments, the results are satisfied.     

Marker assisted recurrent selection for cumulating QTLs for bread-making related traits

We used a computer program to manage marker data in a recombinantinbred line population. The objective was to select pairs of inbred lines tobe intercrossed, in order to cumulate all favourable alleles, either withadditive effects or with interactive effects. The population size required tohave 95% chance of obtaining the best line from a given cross iscomputed, taking into account the number of QTLs and the probability thatno recombination event occurs in any QTL confidence intervals. It is shownthat the accuracy of QTL location greatly affects selection efficiency andthat a recurrent selection scheme is highly preferable for pyramiding manyQTLs. Dough strength (W) was chosen to illustrate the use of this method.In a population of 187 DH lines from the cross Courtot × Chinese Spring,W was found to be controlled by 8 additive QTLs and two pairs ofinteractive QTLs. None of the 187 DH lines possess all favourable allelesor combination of alleles. The best possible line could be produced by asingle cycle of crossing followed by line extraction, but several thousandlines needed to be produced to achieve this goal. Alternatively, a recurrentcrossing scheme allows to obtain the best line in two generations, andrequires less than 150 lines per cycle.     

甘蓝型油菜高/低含油量近等基因系构建及鉴定

为了探讨油菜种子中脂肪酸代谢调控的机制,发现有价值的高油基因,为高油育种研究提供基础材料,构建了甘蓝型油菜高/低含油量近等基因系。以高油品系NJ9为基础试材,连续自交2代后,选择农艺性状基本一致、含油量不同的姐妹系30份,进行连续自交和含油量的选择,最终获得9份拟近等基因系材料。以来源于芸薹属DB公共数据库的156对SSR引物对9份拟近等基因系株系材料进行扩增,筛选出32对引物用于近等性分析。基于32对SSR引物PCR扩增结果,经过遗传相似性系数估算以及聚类分析,结果显示,9份拟近等基因系试材遗传相似性系数均为0.85~0.94,其中,YC13-554和YC13-559的遗传相似性系数最大,为0.94,确定其为近等基因系。成熟期农艺性状调查结果,进一步确定YC13-554和YC13-559为高/低含油量近等基因系。结果表明,连续自交和定向选择的方法可用于构建近等基因系,丰富了近等基因系的来源。     

The residual background genome from a donor within an improved line selected by marker-assisted selection: impact on phenotype and combining ability

A successful marker-assisted selection (MAS)-derived line should express new characteristics derived from the donor, and have a small number of donor chromosomal fragments. Different selection strategies can result in a different proportion of donor residual background within the improved line. The effects of the residual background on phenotype and combining ability mostly remain unknown. In this study, waxy ( wx ) and a restorer gene ( Rf3 ) of S-type cytoplasm sterility were selected as a model for MAS breeding by three strategies, to develop MAS-derived lines with a different level of residual background. Three MAS-derived lines were successfully developed by introgression of the target gene. Furthermore, the genetic background, agriculturally important traits and combining ability of the three MAS-derived lines were assayed. The results suggested that the three MAS-derived lines retained 4–18% of the chromosomal fragment of the donor, respectively, and the residual background impacted on the phenotype of important traits and combining ability of MAS-derived lines. We also showed that whole genome background screening each backcross generation can accelerate recovery of the recurrent parent genome, phenotype and combining ability.     

Evaluation of parent selection methods for yield improvement of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary The mean aim of this study was to identify an effective method of predicting cross-potential in respect of yield improvement of the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) through hybridization and subsequent selection.Three prediction tests based on data collected from experiments with ten cowpea lines and the F1 and F2 generations of all possible crosses between these lines were evaluated. The three prediction tests were based on: i Yields of prospective parents. ii. General combining abilities estimated from F1 and parental data iii. Frequencies of superior plants in F2 populationsEach of the three procedures was used to identify the crosses with the lowest or highest yield potential, i.e. those crosses most likely to produce the greatest number of lines with yields higher or lower than those of either parent. Crosses selected on the basis of these criteria were evaluated in the following growing season on the basis of biometrical analysis of F2 and backcross populations and the performance of the respective F3 and F4 generations.Six different crosses were selected from the 45 tested on the basis of the three prediction tests. Analyses of F2 and backeross populations from each cross provided estimates of [d] the difference in parental means and 1/2D the additive genetic component which, in turn, were used to predict the frequency of transgressive inbred lines obtained by single-seed descent from the F2. Both crosses selected on the basis of F2 data were expected to produce a much higher frequency of transgressive lines than those selected on the basis of parental yields. The high potential cross selected on the basis of general combining ability was expected to produce a higher frequency of transgressive lines than the corresponding low yield potential cross. Replicated trails of F3 bulks of the selected crosses showed that high yield potential crosses were significantly higher yielding than low yield potential crosses for all prediction criteria. In a trial with 22F4 lines of each of the two crosses selected on the basis of parental yields and frequency of high yielding F2 plants, the high yield potential cross in each case had a greater mean and variance for seed yield than the corresponding low yield potential cross.It was concluded that parental yields provide a sound basis for an initial screening of prospective parents. This screening should identify a high yielding line which can be crossed with a number of contrasting lines to produce F2 populations for the final screening phase.     

Optimum number of crosses and progeny per cross in breeding self-fertilizing crops. I. General approach and first numerical results

Summary Based on maximization of selection response, Peek (1986) proposed methodology for determining the optimum number of crosses and progeny per cross in breeding self-fertilizing crops. By this method the total selection response is obtained by adding the individual responses from the two steps of selection: selection between crosses and selection within crosses. In this paper, Peek's approach has been generalized for finite or nonnormal populations. Optimum numbers of crosses are determined by testing capacity, number of selected crosses, number of selected lines from each selected cross, and heritability.In the case selection of the best line from the best cross, the optimum number of crosses increases monotonically with increasing testing capacity (for any given fixed heritability). For increasing heritabilities, however, the optimum number of crosses exhibits relatively flat maxima (for any given fixed testing capacity). These maxima are located at intermediate or sub-intermediate heritabilities.For varying numbers of selected crosses and selected lines from each selected cross the main results are: The optimum number of crosses i) increases with increasing testing capacity, ii) increases with increasing number of selected crosses and iii) decreases with increasing number of selected lines from each selected cross.     

Effectiveness of honeycomb selection for yield superiority at three interplant distances: a field simulation study using chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) inbred lines

The effect of interplant distance on differentiation and selection a) of the superior lines from a mixture of inbred lines, and b) of individual plants originating from the top lines, was studied in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). For this, 28 chickpea inbred lines were evaluated on a single plant basis in a honeycomb design and in the same field at three interplant distances, for four growing seasons, at Larissa, Greece. The interplant distances were 15 cm (520000plants/ha, strong allo-competition), 30 cm(128630 plants/ha, medium allo-competition) and 100 cm (11500plants/ha, without competition). In addition, the inbred lines were evaluated in replicated plot trials under an agronomically accepted plant stand (520000plants/ha, crop environment) and the ranking of the 28 lines based on the average yield per plot over growing seasons was determined. Selection was applied in each season for each interplant distance and the three and six top lines with the highest average yield per plant were identified. These top lines from each interplant distance were compared with the three and six top lines(say: proven superior lines) identified after their evaluation under crop environment over seasons. In addition, selection was applied at the individual plant level with six selection pressures in each season and each interplant distance. Then we determined for each experiment and selection pressure the number of the selected plants which belonged to the six proven top lines. It was observed that the ranking obtained under crop environment was best correlated with the ranking at the intermediate interplant distance (30 cm), followed by the ranking at the high interplant distance (100 cm). In contrast this correlation was very weak for the ranking at low interplant distance (15 cm).In addition, the interplant distance identifying the highest number of the proven high yielding lines after their evaluation in one season was the intermediate interplant distance followed by the high interplant distance and certainly not the low interplant distance. The relative effectiveness was further increased when selection was based on average performance of the lines across seasons. This, together with the relatively small number of seeds produced per plant, renders selection at low interplant distance less favorable than selection at the intermediate or high interplant distance.The individual plant selection was effective at all three interplant distances. Selection effectiveness generally increased as the selection pressure increased. Again the best results were obtained when selection was applied at intermediate or at high interplant distance. It was concluded that line selection as well as individual plant selection was more effective at intermediate interplant distance and certainly not at low interplant distance. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦高代重组自交系中HMW-GS基因的分子鉴定

以JY970012群体内11个F8代重组自交系为材料，采用SDS—PAGE技术和AS—PCR技术对HMW—GS组成进行鉴定。结果表明：每个重组自交系在Glu-A1、Glu—B1、Glu—D1位点上HMW—GS组成稳定。F8代，AS—PCR技术在苗期鉴定表明：含有1亚基的株系具有约1500bp的特异带，而含有null亚基的株系没有此带；含有null亚基的株系在约920bp处出现特异带，而1亚基没有。SDS—PAGE和AS—PCR两种技术鉴定结果一致，同时，PCR技术简便、快速、准确、科学，可检测优质亚基基因，为小麦品质选育提供理论依据。     

A New Method of Extracting Fault Components Under Power System Swing

To solve the problem that the existing method of extracting fault components is easily affected by power system swing,a new methed has been proposed in this paper,which can be used in high speed protection of transmission lines. This proped method ean greatly decrease unbal-ance outputs under power swing condilions without frequency tracking circuits,therefore it can make the protection using fault compnents operate correctly.     

Parameter optimized Morlet wavelet de noising method based on cross validation method

A new de noising method based on parameter optimized Morlet wavelet is put forward. The Morlet wavelet is chosen as the mother wavelet because its shape is similar to the mechanical shock signals. The mother Morlet wavelet is improved by adding two parameters which decide the shape of the mother wavelet in time domain. The added parameters and the appropriate scale parameter for the wavelet transformation are designed by the cross validation method. Finally, the useful components of the signal can be obtained by the improved Morlet wavelet de noising method. The gear fault diagnosis experimental result shows that the proposed method has a good de nosing performance and it is effective in fault feature extraction.     

Agronomic and Bioenergetic Consequences of Selection for High Groat-Oil Content and High Protein Yield in Oat*

Few studies have examined the effects of selection for high oil or protein content on the chemical composition of cereal seeds. This study was conducted to examine agronomic and bioenergetic consequences that result with changes in the chemical composition of groats of oat (Avena sativa L.). Oat lines with low and high groat-oil content (GO) and with low and high groat-protein content (GP) were chosen from each of five cycles of a recurrent selection program for increasing GO and from each of four cycles of a recurrent selection program for increasing protein yield via elevating GP, respectively. These lines were evaluated at three Iowa locations in 1988. The results indicated that GP was not significantly affected by selection for high GO and that GO significantly increased during selection for high protein yield via elevating GP. Both selection procedures resulted in oat lines with higher groat-energy contents. A bioenergetic cost analysis showed that for GO in the oil population and GP in the protein population to be increased, additional photosynthate needed to be available.