高大韧稻的抗折力与茎秆结构的关系

以高大韧稻新组合桂优360与3个大面积推广的杂交组合为材料，研究了高大韧稻与非高大韧稻的茎秆结构性状。结果表明：高大韧稻桂优360的株高高于非高大韧稻组合；第一、第二、第三节间的茎粗、壁厚以及抗折力均比非高大韧稻具有更大的优势；高大韧稻桂优360的大、小微管束的数目比对照多，髓腔直径及大、小微管束面积亦比对照大。相关分析表明，水稻的抗折力与第二伸长节间小微管束数、大微管束面积及第二节间粗度均呈极显著的正相关。     

水稻结实期茎秆结构的变化动态及其与抗折力矩的关系

以抗倒能力不同的11个水稻品种为材料,研究茎秆结构特征以及其与抗折性的关系.结果表明：结实期各节间穗后30d的抗折力矩最小,越靠近茎秆基部的节间的抗折力矩越大.水稻基部第2节间的茎壁厚度对茎秆抗折性影响较大,增加茎壁厚度能有效防止水稻倒伏;茎壁厚度与外径的比值从齐穗后15d到45d变化幅度较小,相对于齐穗期显著升高.相关分析的结果表明,茎秆壁厚与抗折力呈显著正相关.     

水稻结实期茎秆物质组分的变化动态及其与抗折性的关系

通过测定11个水稻品种的不同时期茎秆物质组分,研究其变化并分析其与抗折性的关系.结果表明：茎秆中淀粉、可溶性糖等主要贮藏在上部节间,基部节间在结实期营养贮藏方面功能减弱;纤维素在基部节间贮藏量较高;纤维素含量与节间抗折力呈极显著正相关.     

玉米杂交组合灌浆期穗下节间抗折特性比较研究

通过对89个玉米杂交组合灌浆期穗下节间长、穗下节间直径、穗下节间茎皮厚、穗下节间抗折力等性状的比较,发现穗下节间抗折力相关性状呈现较强的多态性,并表现出数量性状的特点;玉米杂交组合灌浆期穗下节间长表现出偏态分布的特点;穗下节间直径、穗下节间抗折力表现出正态分布的特征。通过灰色关联度分析发现,对玉米杂交组合灌浆期穗下节间抗折力影响力大小依次是穗下第一茎节直径、穗下第一节间长和穗下第一茎节皮厚。     

硅肥用量对水稻茎秆抗折力的影响研究

研究不同硅肥施用量对水稻茎秆抗折力的影响,为水稻生产中合理施用硅肥,提高水稻抗倒伏能力提供重要参考。本研究选用了3个抗倒伏能力有一定差异的品种（组合）为材料,分析了3个水平硅肥施用量对水稻灌浆期的3个基部节间抗折力和整株抗推力的影响。施用硅肥的处理比未施用硅肥的对照处理的茎秆节间抗折力有一定程度的提高,D2处理从总体上增加抗折力的幅度较大,不同的品种抗折力的提高有所不同,其中‘绿优1号’、‘汕优63’在Si 60 kg/hm²处理下茎秆抗折力最大,‘中优838’在Si 30 kg/hm²处理下抗折力最大;而整株抗推力的表现与节间抗折力有一定差异,从分析结果看,在Si 30 kg/hm²处理下整株抗推力最大,折合成单茎抗推力也较大,且在3个品种上表现基本一致。一般的中籼水稻品种在生产中可适量施用硅肥来提高水稻的抗倒伏能力,一般施纯Si 30 kg/hm²,施硅量不宜过大,可根据不同的品种作适当调整。     

水稻茎秆性状与抗倒伏及产量因子的关系

以22个水稻品种（组合）为材料,研究水稻茎秆性状与抗倒性和产量因子的关系。结果表明：株高与倒伏指数呈显著或极显著正相关;壁厚、抗折力、节间粗和单位节间干重与倒伏指数多呈显著或极显著负相关;各节的抗折力与节间粗、壁厚和单位节间干重多呈显著或极显著正相关,与株高、秆长和节间长呈显著或极显著负相关。基部3个伸长节间的节间长度、壁厚、粗度和单位节间干重与千粒重多呈正相关,多数达到显著或极显著水平,说明秆壁粗壮厚实可以孕育大穗,并适当控制株高,对高产抗倒品种的培育有重要作用。     

不同水直播方式水稻植株抗倒特性研究

为研究不同水直播方式水稻植株倒伏的差异,在稻麦两熟制下,以2个常规粳稻(常农粳7号、超级稻南粳44)和2个杂交粳稻品种(甬优2638、甬优7号)为试材,设置水直播点播和条播2种方式,于齐穗后30 d,研究了不同直播方式高产水稻植株地上部分各节间抗倒伏能力的差异,并对倒伏指数、抗折力与茎秆主要物理性状进行相关分析。结果表明,条播方式水稻倒伏比例较大,水稻植株基部第2,3节间抗折力和弯曲力矩,点播方式显著高于条播方式;条播方式倒伏指数显著较高。点播方式水稻株高、重心高度高于条播方式,但相对重心高度低于条播方式。点播方式水稻基部第1,2节间长度显著小于条播方式,基部3个节间的茎秆内径长均显著高于条播方式,除基部第1节间外,基部第2,3节间外径长和茎壁厚度点播方式显著高于条播方式。点播方式基部第1,2节间单位节间干质量显著高于条播方式。上述茎秆性状在不同类型品种间有较大差异。直播水稻茎秆的抗折力和倒伏指数与水稻茎秆基部节间长、茎壁厚、节间充实度等性状密切相关。点播方式水稻具有基部节间短而粗、茎壁较厚,且充实度好的特点,是其抗倒伏能力强的直接原因。     

高大韧稻恢复系特恢的选育和应用研究

用明恢63、古154、靖西中稻大粘等三个茎秆比较粗壮、高大的恢复系、农家品种进行杂交、复交,从其后代中选择茎秆粗壮、高大、穗长大的单株与珍珠高粱杂交,杂交后代经过24代的选择,选育出新型恢复系特恢。比较了特恢与明恢63、9311、253、838、桂99、207等恢复系的生物学性状、农艺性状和产量表现。结果表明特恢具有高大韧,与不育系配组杂种优势强大等优良特性。     

水稻抗倒伏特性及其与茎秆性状的相关性研究

以22个中籼稻品种(组合)为对象,研究了水稻倒伏的敏感期和敏感节位,及倒伏指数与茎秆性状的相关性.结果表明:水稻的倒伏敏感期是在齐穗后21～28 d,敏感节位是基部第一个伸长节间;相关分析和通径分析表明倒伏指数与节间长、基部节间到穗顶的长和基部节间至穗顶的鲜重呈极显著正相关,与基部节间外径、基部抗折力、基部节间壁厚、单位节间干重和秆形指数呈极显著负相关.抗折力对倒伏指数的负向直接作用最大,其次是单位节间干重.说明改善水稻茎秆的质地结构、增加基部节间的充实度是提高水稻的抗倒伏能力的关键.     

高大韧稻育种论

高大韧稻育种论是水稻育种上的一个新学说,也是今后的发展方向,主攻高产的目标.阐述了水稻由高秆到矮秆,现又由矮秆返高粗韧秆的有着本质不同的新飞跃.利用多年来实践获得的结果说明培育根发达、茎粗韧、秆适高、叶挺坚、穗长大、结实高、谷饱满是获得高产的关键,也是今后水稻育种的发展趋势.     

Durability of resistance against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens; present situation

In evolutionary sense no resistance lasts forever. The durability of a resistance can be seen as a quantitative trait; resistances may range from not durable at all (ephemeral, or transient) to highly durable. Ephemeral resistance occurs against fungi and bacteria with a narrow host range, specialists. It is characterised by a hypersensitive reaction (HR), major gene inheritance and many resistance genes, which often occur in multiple allelic series and/or complex loci. These resistance genes (alleles) interact in a gene-for-gene way with a virulence genes (alleles) in the pathogen to give an incompatible reaction. The pathogen neutralises the effect of the resistance gene by a loss mutation in the corresponding avirulence allele. The incompatible reaction is not elicited any more and the pathogenicity is restored. The pathogens can afford the loss of many avirulences without loss of fitness. Durable resistance against specialised fungi and bacteria is often quantitative and based upon the additive effects of some to several genes, the resulting resistance being of another nature than the hypersensitive reaction. This quantitative resistance is present to nearly all pathogens at low to fair levels in most commercial cultivars. Durable resistance of a monogenic nature occurs too and is usually of a non-HR type. Resistance against fungi and bacteria with a wide host range, generalists, is usually quantitative and durable. Resistances against viruses are often fairly durable, even if these are based on monogenic, race-specific, HR resistances. The level of specialisation does not seem to be associated with the durability of resistance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gene‐for‐gene resistance is expressed in cotyledons,leaves and pods,but not during late stages of stem colonization in the Leptosphaeria maculans–Brassica napus pathosystem

The blackleg fungus, Leptosphaeria maculans, interacts with canola (Brassica napus) in a gene‐for‐gene manner. These major resistance genes are well characterized in the seedling stage of development, but not in other plant organs. Cotyledons, leaves, pods and stems of plants of two cultivars of B. napus, each harbouring a different major resistance gene (Rlm1 and Rlm4), were inoculated with two individual L. maculans isolates with different alleles of the corresponding avirulence genes (AvrLm1, avrLm4 and avrLm1, AvrLm4), and the disease phenotype in terms of lesion development was determined. Major gene resistance was expressed in cotyledons, all leaves and during pod set, but not in the stems of the adult plant. This is the first time major gene resistance has been shown to be effective in B. napus pods.     

Breakdown of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola

Sorghum midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett) is an important pest of grain sorghum worldwide. Several sources of resistance to sorghum midge have been identified in the world sorghum germplasm collection, of which some lines show a susceptible reaction in Kenya. Therefore, we studied the insect density damage relationships for a diverse array of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible sorghum genotypes, and variation in association of glume and grain characteristics with expression of resistance to sorghum midge. AF 28 and IS 8891 showed resistance to sorghum midge both in India and Kenya; DJ 6514 and ICSV 197, which are highly resistant to sorghum midge in India, showed a susceptible reaction at Alupe, Kenya. Sorghum midge damage in general was greater in Kenya than that observed in India at the same level of midge density suggesting that the breakdown of resistance in Kenya is due to factors other than insect density. Glume length, glume breadth, and glume area were positively associated with susceptibility to sorghum midge at both locations. However, under natural infestation, the correlation coefficients were stronger in India than in Kenya. Grain mass at 3 and 6 days after anthesis was positively associated with susceptibility to midge in India, but did not show any association with midge damage in Kenya. Grain growth rate between 3 and 6 days after anthesis was more strongly correlated with susceptibility to midge in Kenya than in India. Variation in the reaction of sorghum genotypes across locations may be partly due to the influence of environment on association between glume and grain characteristics with susceptibility to sorghum midge, in addition to the possible differences in midge populations in different geographical regions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘兰型油菜新品种油研6号的产量品质及抗性研究

通过对贵州省近年培育和引进推广的优秀品种进行产量、品质及抗性的综合分析表明,油研6号确具高产稳产,增产潜力大,品质优良和对油菜菌核病抗(耐)性较强等优点,是一个综合性状表现极佳的品种。一般每公顷产2100公斤左右,明显高于油研1、2号,中油821和蜀杂1号,与(?)油2号、油研5号产量相当,对油菜菌核病的抗(耐)性优于油研1、2号,蜀杂1号和中油821,含油量、芥酸含量、硫甙含量和油酸含量分别为41.43％、0.89％、28.77μmol/g和67.34％,含油量及油酸含量均较油研1、2号高,芥酸、硫甙含量均低于油研1、2号,并符合国际双低高油酸品种标准。     

Response of accessions within tomato wild species,Solanum pimpinellifolium to late blight

Late blight (LB), caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases of the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) worldwide. Most commercial cultivars of tomato are susceptible to LB. Previously, three major LB resistance genes (Ph‐1, Ph‐2, Ph‐3) were identified and incorporated into a few commercial cultivars of tomato. Reduced effectiveness and potential breakdown of the resistance genes has necessitated identification, characterization and utilization of new sources of resistance. We evaluated the response of 67 accessions of the wild tomato species, S. pimpinellifolium to LB, under multiple field and greenhouse (GH) conditions and compared them with six control genotypes. Sixteen accessions were identified with strong LB resistance in both field and GH experiments. However, 12 accessions exhibited resistance similar to a control line which was homozygous for Ph‐2 + Ph‐3. Genotyping accessions with molecular markers for Ph‐2 and Ph‐3 were not conclusive, indicating that resistance in these accessions could be due to these or other resistance genes. Strong correlations were observed between field and GH disease response and between foliar and stem infection.     

Recurrent selection for quantitative resistance to soil-borne diseases in beans in the Mixteca region, Mexico

Most of the bean breeding for disease resistance has been done considering it as a qualitative trait. This work reports on bean breeding for resistance as a quantitative trait. Recurrent mass selection was used in order to simultaneously increase the polygenically inherited resistance to all locally important bean pathogens but with emphasis on bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bacterial blight (BB) in the Mixteca Region, Mexico. Qualitative resistances against soil-borne diseases, induced mainly by facultative pathogens, possessing little parasitic specialization, are unlikely to occur, and although breeding against these kinds of diseases was not originally planned, it turned out to be part of collateral field screening. The accumulation of quantitative resistance against soil-borne diseases in advanced lines of this program is described and includes two field experiments, a cycle for seed augmentation in large plots and two greenhouse experiments. The majority of lines of the advanced breeding cycles produced consistently higher yields and higher survival rates, when compared with the original parents and commercial varieties. However, the regional land races still have higher survival rates but they have lower yields. Soil-borne diseases were present during all breeding cycles carried out under field conditions in the Mixteca Region. This work indicates that breeding for quantitative resistance involves all locally important pathogens. It is then feasible to accumulate high levels of quantitative resistance, in a relatively short time, even to these intermittently severe, soil-borne diseases that are otherwise so difficult to manage. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

酶动力学方法在黄曲条跳甲抗性监测中的应用

摘要：利用酶标仪动力学方法测定4个菜区黄曲条跳甲的总酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性分布频率,并与浸叶法测定的药剂敏感性进行比较分析,结果表明利用酶标动力学方法能够快速测定黄曲条跳甲总酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在不同活性区段的频率分布,通过分析总酯酶活性大于3.2⊿D(450nm)?min-1?insect-1、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性小于0.016⊿D(405nm)?min-1?insect-1的个体数可以快速监测黄曲条跳甲田间种群的药剂敏感性水平高低。     

有毛野生甘蓝(Brassica incana)抗蚜虫特性研究

甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.)是重要的十字花科芸薹属蔬菜,但生产中常遭受蚜虫危害,鉴定抗虫资源并了解其抗虫机制是抗虫育种的重要基础。课题组前期征集到1份周身覆盖浓密表皮毛的野生甘蓝(B.incana),为调查该材料是否具有蚜虫抗性,并明确其抗性是否与表皮毛有关,本研究利用该有毛野生甘蓝与1份无毛芥蓝(B.alboglabra)杂交,对双亲及其F2:3家系中有毛和无毛家系进行室内蚜虫接种发现,蚜虫在无表皮毛甘蓝上的平均产卵数(36.7枚)和存活天数(22.2 d)均显著高于有表皮毛甘蓝(平均产卵8.1枚,平均存活13.1 d)。为进一步明确该野生甘蓝对蚜虫是否具有化学毒杀或排拒作用,采用有毛和无毛甘蓝叶片的浸提液对蚜虫进行胃杀、触杀和拒食性调查发现,2种浸提液对蚜虫均无胃杀和触杀作用,但有毛甘蓝浸提液对蚜虫存在一定的趋避作用。表明野生甘蓝B.incana对蚜虫的抗性一方面源于其表皮毛的物理阻碍,另一方面与其体内化学物质的趋避作用有关。     

In vitro tolerance and resistance to burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, in Anthurium species

Five Anthurium species closely related to two of the cultivated ornamentals, A. andraeanum Lind. ex André and A. scherzerianum Schott, and one species of breeding interest, were screened in vitro for tolerance and resistance to the nematode Radopholus similis Cobb, 1893. Adjustment of the tolerance measurement to the initial and uninoculated treatment measurement improved the screening method. Use of a nematode strain with a relatively slow reproduction rate enabled concurrent screening for tolerance and resistance to R. similis in Anthurium. Based on a lower relative symptom index, A. pittieri Engl., A. ravenii Croat and Baker, A. antioquiense Engl. and A. aripoense N. E. Br. reduce nematode damage as compared to the reference standard, ‘Midori’. However, A. antioquiense and A. aripoense had higher root damage than ‘Midori’. Lower nematode damage in A. pittieri and A. ravenii is positively correlated with greater plant vigor or to fewer target roots for nematode infection. A. ravenii was among the most resistant species as measured by nematode reproduction. This is followed by A. aripoense and A. pittieri. Thus, strong plant vigor, fewer target roots for nematode infection, and/or lower nematode reproduction (higher nematode resistance) resulted in lower nematode damage in A. pittieri and A. ravenii. Combining the nematode damage and nematode reproduction results, A. pittieri and A. ravenii were identified as more tolerant than the reference standard ‘Midori’. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding of transgenic rice restorer line for multiple resistance against bacterial blight, striped stem borer and herbicide

In this paper, we described the breeding of transgenic rice restorer line for multiple resistance against bacterial blight, striped stem borer (SSB) and herbicide by conventional crossing of two transgenic parental lines transformed independently with different genes. Two stable transgenic rice lines used as donor parents were developed, one was Zhongguo91 which contained cry1Ab gene (for insect resistance) and bar gene (for tolerance of herbicide), and the other was Yujing6 which contained Xa21 gene (resistance to bacterial blight). The elite restorer line Hui773 was used as recipient and crossed with the two stable transgenic rice lines. Then five successive backcrosses were made using Hui773 as recurrent parent. Two rice elite restorers, T773-1 expressing cry1Ab and bar genes and T773-2 expressing Xa21 gene, were obtained, which were confirmed by PCR analysis and testing selectable marker genes in the hybrid progenies. The cross was made between T773-1 and T773-2 to select stable restorer line carrying Xa21, cry1Ab and bar genes. Finally, we obtained transgenic restorer line T773 with good agronomic traits and obvious multiple resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and herbicide. The hybrid F₁ generation produced from the cross between transgenic restorer line T773 and a corresponding male sterile line Zaohua2A maintained obvious resistance to rice bacterial blight, rice leaffolder and striped stem borer, and showed significant heterosis. Our results indicate that it is feasible to develop transgenic hybrid rice cultivar through breeding transgenic restorer lines.