Photoperiodic effect on flowering and seed development in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Abstract

Sensitivity to photoperiod in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) was studied under controlled conditions to enhance crop adaptation to environments outside its centre of origin. Two varieties, a traditional variety from Bolivia (Real), which will not mature under Danish conditions, and an early maturing variety (Q52), developed for Danish climatic conditions, were used in this reciprocal transfer experiment. Plants were moved from a short daylength of 10 h (SD) to a long daylength of 18 h (LD) and vice versa at set intervals from sowing to 100 days after sowing (DAS). A reaction of LD in time to flowering was observed only in the Bolivian variety Real. Under SD both varieties flowered after 39 DAS. For Real the LD regime resulted in a moderate increase in time to flowering to 44 DAS. The non-sensitive, juvenile period in Real was estimated to be approximately 16 days. In Q52 a moderate increase in the number of leaves was formed on the main stem after flowering at LD, which indicates that some daylength sensitivity remains. The most striking difference occurred during seed filling, when going from SD to LD. In Q52 the time from the end of flowering to maturity increased from 39 to 52 days. Under SD, Real had a seed-filling period similar to Q52, but at LD Real remained with green leaves during seed filling. Hard seed was observed in the still green perigonium 57 days after end of flowering. At this moment re-shooting occurred from the inflorescence, and seed maturity was not reached at the termination of the experiment at 150 DAS. This study shows that flower induction is not a major problem for adaptation of quinoa to North European conditions but that a very strong, daylength sensitive, stay green reaction is the main cause of the late maturity of South American introductions.     

FLORAL ANALYSIS AS A NEW APPROACH TO EVALUATE THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF OLIVE TREES

The main objective of this work was to evaluate if inflorescence analysis could be considered as an alternative to foliar diagnosis in determining the nutritional status of the olive orchards. Olive leaves from ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Chetoui’ cultivars in irrigated and rained systems were sampled within 8 phenological growth stages (dormant inflorescence bud, cluster development, petals whitening, fruit set, fruit development, stone hardening, fruit color break, and fruit ripening) from different sites of Tunisia during 2006 and 2007. Inflorescence samples were taken at petal whitening stage. Results showed that when ignoring the site of experimentation, some significant correlations were obtained between leaves and inflorescence during both years for ‘Arbequina’, at the stone hardening stage: standard date for leaf sampling, for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn). Further work is required to assess the possibility of using inflorescence analysis to diagnose the nutritional status of olive trees.     

基于生理发育时间的日光温室番茄发育模拟模型

掌握温室番茄生育期是温室番茄专家决策系统中进行生产安排和市场销售的重要内容，本研究将温度对番茄发育速率影响效应的大小用相对热效应（RTE）来衡量，通过研究Beta函数的性质提出基于幂函数的模型来描述RTE与温度之间的关系。每日相对热效应（RTE）决定每日生理发育效应（PDE）的大小，其累积形成每日的生理发育时间。采用生理发育时间（PhysiologicalDevelopmentTime，PDT）作为定量发育进程的尺度，建立了温室番茄发育模拟模型。利用模型对日光温室2年4茬番茄生长发育期资料进行检验的结果表明：模型能较好地预测各个发育期（发芽、苗期、开花座果、结果和采收期）的出现时间和持续时间，各生育期模拟值与观测值的回归估计标准误差（RMSE）分别为1．32d，1．73d，0．35d，1．58d，2．52d，显著优于以有效积温模拟模型的预测精度（其生育期模拟的RMSE分别为2．55d，9．74d，2．06d，9．27d，11．99d）。     

Diversity in White Lupin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus albus</Emphasis> L.) Landraces from Northwest Iberianplateau

All the accessions (35) of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) landraces collected from northwest Iberian plateau and maintained at the Spanish germplasm collection (CRF of INIA), were studied with the general objective of assessing the biodiversity of these landraces and to ascertain their value as genetic resources for the development of germplasm adapted to the areas where they were collected with long and chilly winters. The characterization study comprised 51 qualitative and 50 quantitative characters. Quantitative parameters were analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The 2-dimensional plot (49.3% of cumulative variability) formed a main group of accessions and 4 outliers (#1, #9, #27 and #28) separated in the first PC. The characters with a higher contribution to the first PC were inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. The presence of alkaloids, the percentage of plants killed by soil borne fungal diseases, the phenology, the yield per plant and yield components were also assessed. Twenty six accessions (the main group in the PCA plot) showed high homogeneity, with the following highlights: bitterness, indeterminate growth habit, early ripeness and spring sowing with the exception of #18, in which seeding date is unknown and it had a later phenology. By contrast accessions #9 and #27 were bitter of autumn sowing with determinate growing habit and they had the longest values of primary inflorescence length and a later phenology when they were sown in spring. Average values for yield and yield components showed a broad range of variation between accessions. The main yield component was the number of pods per plant. Accession #22 had the highest mean seed mass, although this had not significant influence in yield. Accession #17 showed the highest yield and #1 the lowest. This last also had the lowest values of inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. No significant differences of resistance to soil-borne fungi were found between accessions. The year had a significant effect in the phenology, yield and yield components except for number of seeds per pod. The studied material might be of interest for the development of spring sowing germplasm adapted to north Iberian peninsula.     

不同播期对胡麻生长发育及产量的影响

白银市胡麻生产现已基本实现良种普及,但与之相配套的高产栽培技术试验及推广相对滞后。为了充分挖掘胡麻新品种的增产潜力,以白银市当前主栽胡麻品种陇亚10号、定亚24号、陇亚13号为试材,研究了不同播期对胡麻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,播期对胡麻生长发育影响显著,生育期随着播期的延后而缩短,生育进程则加快,播期每推迟7 d,生育期则缩短3～4 d。播期延后对胡麻出苗率、株高、单株分茎数、主茎分枝数、单株果数、单株粒重等主要农艺性状影响较大,且均呈现先增后减的趋势,而对蒴果大小、千粒重影响则不显著。不同播期处理对胡麻品种的折合产量影响显著,陇亚10号、定亚24号、陇亚13号的折合产量均以3月24日播期处理最高,分别为2 493.3、2 533.3、2 433.3 kg/hm2。综合考虑认为,陇亚10号最适播期为3月24 — 31日,陇亚13号最适播期为3月17 — 24日,定亚24号最适播期为3月24日。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON NICKEL ACCUMULATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COFFEE PLANTS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

Nutritional and physiological significance of micronutrients in coffee plants, especially with regard to nickel (Ni) is still unknown. The dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and Ni accumulation in coffee fruits, as well as their relationships with total soluble protein, amino acids, reducing sugars, and starch content during coffee fruit development (green, ripe, and dry fruits), were investigated. Coffee trees received three N fertilizer rates (0, 150, and 300 kg of N ha^?1) as ammonium sulfate split into three applications per year. Nitrogen fertilization increased reducing sugars and starch concentrations in ripe fruits. In contrast, green fruits showed the highest amino acid and Ni concentrations. Fruit Ni concentration decreased in both green and ripe fruits as N rates increased; thus, indicating the possibility of either a N-associated dilution effect on Ni concentration or that Ni uptake by roots and/or transport to developing fruit was limiting. Plant nutritional status and fruit development stage influenced the coffee grain chemical composition. Furthermore, the variation in reducing sugars and starch content was more closely linked to the stage of fruit development than to N supply. A supposed relationship among the decreased of caffeine, starch, amino acids, and proteins with Ni content during green fruit development suggests a fundamental role for Ni in coffee fruit ripening. The interaction between N and Ni metabolism during fruit ripening might influence the chemical parameters involved in the coffee grain quality. This is the first report documenting changes in Ni concentrations of coffee fruit as a function of N fertilization rates and the development stage, but further research is needed to better understand the significance of N-Ni interaction in developing coffee fruit.     

双低油菜(Canola)硫营养临界期与最大效率期的研究

利用温室砂培盆栽试验，分别在油菜生长的五个自然生育期严格控制营养液供硫浓度（高S0．75mmol／L或低S0．075mmol／L），研究各生育期供硫水平对油菜生长的影响。结果表明，发芽－莲座期（0～35天）低S处理容易短时间内表现缺硫症状，对子粒产量与含油量有明显的影响；开花期前后充足供硫可明显提高菜籽产量。后期增加供硫浓度不仅可明显增加菜籽的硫浓度、含油量，而且菜籽的硫甙含量也显著提高。比较各生育期供硫不足与菜籽产量的关系，以莲座期与开花期的影响最大。莲座期可作为油菜硫营养的临界期，开花期为最大效率期。硫的两个吸收高峰恰与油菜生长对硫的临界期与最大效率期相吻合。生长前期供硫充足主要促进植株的营养生长，茎枝重量较高但子粒产量很低，而后期供硫充足则显著促进植株的开花结果，增加角果数、角果重及子粒饱满度。前期供硫不足会使作物的花期明显延迟，中后期增加供硫浓度时还会造成植株的再次开花结果而使成熟期显著延迟。     

西藏高原环境下印度芥菜型油菜农艺性状的典型相关分析

为了调查西藏高原环境下, 印度芥菜型油菜的农艺性状表现, 本文以引进的20份印度芥菜型油菜为材料, 采用单因素随机区组设计并结合典型相关分析方法, 对其主茎性状(4个变量)、分枝性状(3个变量)、角果性状(3个变量)、生育期性状(4个变量)、产量性状(4个变量)等5组农艺性状(共含18个变量)间的典型相关关系进行了研究。结果表明: 印度芥菜型油菜单株产量主要由单株有效角果数决定; 影响印度芥菜型油菜产量性状最主要因素是角果性状, 其次是分枝性状、生育期性状和主茎性状; 印度芥菜型油菜在产量性状、角果性状、分枝性状、生育期性状、主茎性状等5组性状间均有密切的联系。本文所得结论可为引进印度芥菜型油菜新品种资源的开发和利用提供科学依据。     

西藏高原环境下印度芥菜型油菜农艺性状的典型相关分析

为了调查西藏高原环境下,印度芥菜型油菜的农艺性状表现,本文以引进的20份印度芥菜型油菜为材料,采用单因素随机区组设计并结合典型相关分析方法,对其主茎性状(4个变量)、分枝性状(3个变量)、角果性状(3个变量)、生育期性状(4个变量)、产量性状(4个变量)等5组农艺性状(共含18个变量)间的典型相关关系进行了研究。结果表明:印度芥菜型油菜单株产量主要由单株有效角果数决定;影响印度芥菜型油菜产量性状最主要因素是角果性状,其次是分枝性状、生育期性状和主茎性状;印度芥菜型油菜在产量性状、角果性状、分枝性状、生育期性状、主茎性状等5组性状间均有密切的联系。本文所得结论可为引进印度芥菜型油菜新品种资源的开发和利用提供科学依据。     

Season-Dependent Fruit Loading: Effect on Dry Mass,Water, and Nitrogen Allocation in Tomato Plants

Tomato plants were grown hydroponically in greenhouse under common commercial cultivation practice during two seasons: winter, with lower temperatures (LT) and summer, with higher temperatures of (HT), and results were compared. The effect of season on fruit load was drastic and the hypothesis was advanced that nitrogen (N) homeostasis at the whole plant level might be significantly affected, as measured by the extractable N of the stem. During LT, dry-mass accumulation occurred more or less at the same rate in all plant parts. The high fruit load at HT altered the picture, with dry-mass accumulation present at different rates in the various plant organs. Low temperatures positively affected root weight, which was significantly higher; influenced root morphology; and negatively affected fruit load. There were significant differences between the two seasons at the time of flowering, fruit setting, and fruit maturation in terms of the number of leaves and inflorescences on the main stem and in the rate of their appearance. In summer, water content of leaves and roots was lower, but not that of stem. Also, water content of roots increased considerably increase in the last five weeks, which coincided with the temperature and fruit-load decrease at the end of the season. Nitrogen concentration of leaves was higher than that of roots throughout HT, while extractable N concentration increased significantly at the middle part of the stem, where it bore the main fruit load. This effect was more profound when more fruits were ripening. Low temperature conditions were characterized by a significant decrease of root water content, while extractable N allocation was not significantly affected and root total N was higher.     

播期对高蛋白大豆新品种(系)农艺性状、品质及产量的影响

为明确高蛋白大豆新品种(系)在黄淮海区的适宜播期,本研究以黄淮海地区高蛋白大豆新品种(系)圣豆18、圣豆24、菏豆37、菏豆38为试验材料,设置不同播期试验,研究不同播期对各大豆品种(系)生育期、农艺性状、干物质积累、籽粒品质及产量的影响。结果表明,播期推迟,出苗至始花期缩短幅度较大,大豆全生育期缩短;大豆株高、底荚高、主茎节数随播期推迟均逐渐降低;各大豆品种植株有效分枝、有效荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、根干重、茎干重、豆荚干重、植株总干重、籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量以及产量均随着播期推迟呈先升后降的趋势,且随着播期推迟,豆荚干重变化幅度较大,根、茎干重所占比例均逐渐缩小,豆荚干重所占比例均逐渐增大;播期对籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量、产量的影响均占主导地位;圣豆18、圣豆24、菏豆37、菏豆38均在6月15日播种时产量最高,分别为3 940.95、3 750.24、 3 252.37、3 905.54 kg·hm^-2,且单株粒重与产量相关性最大。综上可知,只有适期播种,大豆营养生长和生殖生长才能实现合理过渡,促使植株生长、干物质积累及分配等达到最佳状态,从而保证大豆优质高产,进而推动大豆及高蛋白大豆产业发展。     

Chlorophyll and carotenoid patterns in olive fruits, Olea europaea Cv. arbequina

In olive fruits of the cultivar Arbequina, the chlorophyll pigments decrease significantly throughout ripening, while the carotenoids decrease more gradually and discontinuously. There is no degradation of the carotenoid fraction in stages before complete ripeness. The presence of esterified xanthophylls exclusively in this variety suggests that the chloroplast pigment metabolism is different from that in other olive varieties studied previously. There are increases of specific carotenoids, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein epoxide, and esterified xanthophylls between the light green and yellowish green ripening stages. Such increases are related to the detection of precursor carotenoids (phytofluene and xi-carotene) in the yellowish green stage. Chlorophyllides (a and b) and alpha-carotene have also been detected exclusively in this variety. Quantitatively, the drastic change in color between light green and yellowish green ripening stages characteristic of this variety can be explained by the considerable reduction found in the chlorophylls/carotenoids ratio. The study of the pigments present in skin and pulp has shown that the pattern of carotenoid distribution differs depending on the fruit part concerned.     

Temporal sequence of cell wall disassembly events in developing fruits. 1. Analysis of raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

Raspberry fruits were harvested at five developmental stages, from green to red ripe, and the changes in cell wall composition, pectin and hemicellulose solubilization, and depolymerization were analyzed. Fruit softening at intermediate stages of ripening was associated with increased pectin solubilization, which occurred without depolymerization. Arabinose was found to be the most abundant noncellulosic neutral sugar in the cell wall and showed dramatic solubilization late in ripening. No changes in pectin molecular size were observed even at the 100% red stage. Subsequently, as fruit became fully ripe a dramatic depolymerization occurred. In contrast, the hemicellulosic fractions showed no significant changes in content or polymer size during ripening. The paper discusses the sequence of events leading to cell wall disassembly in raspberry fruit.     

Changes in sugars,acids, and volatiles during ripening of koubo [Cereus peruvianus (L.) Miller] fruits

The columnar cactus Cereus peruvianus (L.) Miller, Cactaceae (koubo), is grown commercially in Israel. The unripe fruits are green, and the color changes to violet and then to red when the fruit is fully ripe. The content of soluble sugars was found to increase 5-fold during ripening. Glucose and fructose were the main sugars accumulated in the fruit pulp, and each increased from 0.5 to 5.5 g/100 g fresh weight during ripening. The polysaccharides content decreased during ripening from 1.4 to 0.4 g/100 g fresh weight. The titratable acidity decreased and the pH increased during ripening. The major organic acid found in the fruit was malic acid, which decreased from 0.75 g/100 g fresh weight at the mature green stage to 0.355 g/100 g fresh weight in ripe fruits. Citric, succinic, and oxalic acids were found in concentrations lower than 0.07 g/100 g fresh weight. Prominent accumulation of aroma volatiles occurred toward the end of the ripening process. The main volatile found in the ripe fruit was linalool, reaching concentrations of 1.5-3.5 microg/g fresh weight.     

Micronutrients in the fruits and leaves of irrigated and non-irrigated coffee plants

The growing requirement for micronutrients by increasingly more productive Robusta coffee genotypes and for the expansion of coffee plantations into low fertility soils has led to the need for better understanding of the micronutrient dynamics in Robusta coffee plants. The aim of the present study was to investigate micronutrient concentrations and their accumulation from flowering to fruit ripening, as well as micronutrient leaf concentrations throughout the year, in irrigated and non-irrigated Coffea canephora plants. Three-year-old Robusta coffee plants of genotype 02 were used. The fruit micronutrient accumulation curves for irrigated and non-irrigated Robusta coffee plants were best fitted by sigmoid functions. Irrigation resulted in higher micronutrient accumulation in fruits. Iron and boron were the micronutrients found in the highest amounts in fruits and leaves.     

NaCl胁迫下3种盐生植物生长发育及离子在不同器官分布特性研究

盆栽试验研究不同浓度NaCl盐胁迫下盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)、中亚滨黎(Atriplexcentralasiatica)等3种盐生植物生长发育及离子在不同器官分布特性结果表明,随土壤含盐量的升高,盐生植物出苗率明显降低,但对碱蓬和中亚滨黎株高、碱蓬花序长度等有一定促进作用,并与土壤含盐量密切相关。盐地碱蓬和碱蓬叶片内Na 含量随土壤含盐量的增高而升高,其他离子有少量下降或变化不明显,而盐地碱蓬茎中离子含量随土壤含盐量的变化不显著。植株中各离子含量为Na>K/Mg>Ca,不同器官内含盐量为叶>茎。     

Characterization of monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam.), a potential new crop for arid regions

The green monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam., Loganiaceae), a tree indigenous to tropical and subtropical Africa, produces juicy, sweet-sour, yellow fruits containing numerous hard brown seeds. The species has recently been introduced into Israel as a potential new commercial crop. However, little is known about its agronomical performance, fruit development and ripening, or postharvest physiology. The current study shows that during ripening in storage, the peel color changes from green to yellow, accompanied by a climacteric burst of ethylene and carbon dioxide emission. Total soluble solids slightly increased during storage, whereas total titratable acidity and pH did not change significantly. The major sugars that accumulated during ripening in storage were sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and the main acids, citric and malic acids. The main volatiles present in the peel of ripe fruits were phenylpropanoids, trans-isoeugenol being the major compound.     

Effect of different water supply on plant growth and fruit quality of Lycopersicon esculentum

It is well known from earlier work that water stress and salinity results in depressed plant growth and high fruit quality of tomato (e.g. increased sugar and acid levels), but generally is associated with a low marketable fruit yield. In the present work we investigated whether even a small reduction in water supply (without visible symptoms of water stress) also results in a high fruit quality together with high marketable fruit proportions. To characterize fruit quality sugars (glucose and fructose), titratable acids, odour-active aroma volatiles and vitamin C were investigated. Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Vanessa) were grown in soil and with the onset of fruit development water supply was varied (70% and 50% water capacity). In the treatment with lower water supply plant growth, and in particular the number of fruit settings were depressed and the sugar and vitamin C concentrations in the fruits were significantly increased, especially during fruit ripening. Furthermore, with lower water supply the concentrations of titratable acids and of C₆ aldehydes (hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-hexenal) were significantly increased in the red fruits. Fruit growth was identical in both treatments. The higher levels of sugars, titratable acids, aroma volatiles and vitamin C are responsible for the higher fruit quality under conditions of lower water supply. Since not all fruits of the well watered plants became mature, the marketable yield in both treatments was rather similar and hence, together with a higher fruit quality in the treatment with lower water supply, high proportions of marketable fruits can be harvested.     

耕作方式、播深及覆土对机播套作小麦麦苗素质的影响

为了探索提高丘区套作小麦机播质量的农艺措施,本试验分别在翻耕和免耕条件下,设置了播深（2,5,8 cm）、覆土（不覆土为对照）处理对麦苗素质的影响。结果表明,3种措施中播深对麦苗素质影响最大,5 cm播深利于培育壮苗,播深2 cm时表现为出苗率、基本苗,根系活力、干物质质量及叶面积显著下降,而播深8 cm时地中茎极显著增长导致出苗率下降,单株茎蘖数、最高苗、干物质质量及叶面积极显著降低;翻耕条件下分蘖节埋得较深,促进了植株分蘖,但地中茎加长,出苗率变低;免耕条件下植株生长量大,株高和绿叶面积增大;覆土处理单株茎蘖数、最高苗及根系活力显著提高,幼苗素质较不覆土高。因此,丘区套作小麦机播配套的农艺措施应选择“免耕+播深5 cm+覆土”利于提高麦苗素质。     

播种方式对稻茬小麦生长发育及产量建成的影响

目前稻茬麦机播面积不断扩大,为研究播种方式转变对小麦播种出苗、生长发育与产量建成的影响,2009-2012年,在成都平原稻茬麦区开展撒播(免耕+人工撒种+人工覆盖稻草)与机播(免耕+稻草粉碎覆盖+2BMFDC-6型播种机播种)比较试验。结果表明,机播处理的播种效率、出苗率、麦苗均匀度,以及中前期的个体与群体质量均显著高于撒播处理。但到了生育后期,机播小麦的个体与群体质量反而不及撒播小麦,进而影响穗部性状。机播小麦开花期干物质积累量和叶面积指数的年均值较撒播小麦低1.8%、8.9%,成熟期单穗结实小穗数和穗粒数较撒播处理低4.2%、3.5%,但千粒质量较撒播高4.9%,籽粒产量则基本相当。机播小麦开花期耕层土壤的速效氮含量较撒播处理低7.8%,植株全氮含量低19.4%。增施氮肥后,机播小麦个体和群体质量得到改善,增产趋势明显。表明,2BMFDC-6型机播有利于提高稻茬小麦播种效率和质量,但需要适当提高施氮水平以提高中后期个体与群体质量,进而实现高产。研究结果可为稻茬小麦高产高效栽培技术的熟化完善提供理论和技术依据。