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1.
Barriers and Opportunities for the Development of Small-scale Forest Enterprises in Europe 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
The article introduces the background and summarises main research findings of the research articles in this special issue.
The focus is on the key issues relevant for forest-based entrepreneurship development in small-scale forestry in relation
to both wood and non-wood forest products and services (NWFP&S). The article draws special attention to changing forest ownership,
changing owners’ motives and values, and the evolving role of forest owners’ associations in Europe. The paper draws attention
to the finding that many small-scale forest owners do not treat their forest as an income-generating asset. The ownership
of the forests may be more important as symbolic capital than as a source of income. This is quite opposite to the traditional
wood production model that for instance most of the Forest Owners Association’s still follow. In relation to NWFP&S, the taxonomy
and indicators for NWFP&S are discussed and some conclusions from studies on forest recreation innovation and NWFP&S marketing
are presented. The NWFP&S sector is traditionally product-oriented, which is strategically peculiar because the long distances
from rural production areas to the customers would suggest highest orientation on marketing. Also surprising is the low level
of segmentation in the sector.
相似文献
B. SleeEmail: |
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3.
Understanding the changes occurring within the forestry sector is complicated by socio-economic and demographic changes within
rural communities - sometimes in areas where commercial forestry has a long tradition. These changes in some rural communities,
particularly coastal New South Wales, appear significant for forestry because land ownership and management are increasingly
disconnected from the traditional agricultural land use. There is an increasing population of landowners in ‘lifestyle’ landscapes
who do not appear primarily driven by maximising the profitability of farming. The shift from ‘production’ to ‘lifestyle’
landscapes also reflects a transition in community expectations for forestry - a profound change that is likely to require
quite different approaches to management. Landholders may be more likely to be interested in forestry with multiple values,
including both timber products and environmental services. Furthermore, well-managed native forests that are integrated into
individual properties and wider landscapes, may increase the market value of the property, representing a prudent business
investment. This paper presents a method for analysing the relationship between rural land values and the estimated agricultural
value of typical farms in a number of localities in New South Wales, as a means of interpreting the underlying social values
of landholders. It is argued that such analysis can be helpful in identifying changes in community values as a signal that
approaches to private native forestry may also need to change to accommodate the aspirations of ‘lifestyle’ landholders, who
may value the aesthetics of native forests more highly than timber production. 相似文献
4.
5.
Populations of most developed countries have been ageing, and the populations of Japanese mountain villages are estimated
to have reached into a super-ageing society. In particular, because forestry is unprofitable and due to the economic recession
in Japan, many small-scale forest owners face the problems of ageing. For policy-makers, it is important to assess the socioeconomic
impacts of forest owners’ ageing in order to ensure the sustainable management of forests. A survey was conducted of forest
owners in Yamaguchi Prefecture, which is famous for overall depopulation and ageing of the rural population. It was found
that 83% of 687 plantation forest owners who responded in the survey were 60 years or older and 76% did not have forestry
income over the past three years, but 81% had kept up ownership of their forest as the traditional family property. In terms
of forest management intentions, the respondents were found to consist of four types, namely ‘family management’, ‘commissioned
management’, ‘de-accession’ and ‘possession without proper management’. Differences in evaluations of hypothetical policies
were found among the four types. 相似文献
6.
To obtain empirical data on future market potential, a consumer survey about supply, demand and consumption of non-wood forest
products and services (NWFP&S) was conducted in six cities in different cantons of Switzerland. A total of 897 persons–about
150 per city–were interviewed through arbitrary selection in which women and youths were overrepresented in comparision to
the Swiss population. A high consumer acceptance of forest products and particularly forest services among the Swiss urban
population was observed. Preferences in purchasing honey, berries, mushrooms and roots among other NWFP were reported. The
quality of the products and their environmental friendliness ranked highest in the attitudes of potential consumers who prefer
to buy NWFP at market stands, in retail traders’ shops and in drugstores. The most popular forest activities among the respondents
are recreation and various kinds of sports activities followed by the gathering of NWFP. As far as the consumers’ wishes and
aspirations are concerned, sports, camping and adventure rank high apart from the desire to acquire environmental knowledge
about the forest flora and fauna. NWFP&S are highly estimated in Switzerland and have a considerable market potential and,
if well marketed, could add substantially to the income of forest enterprises.
相似文献
Klaus SeelandEmail: |
7.
Increasing attention has been paid to the question of whether and how community forestry links with poverty reduction in the
mountainous regions in developing countries. Household-based community forestry was first implemented in Yunnan and spread
over other parts of China in the 1980s. In this forestry management system, rural households are the main actors. Household
forestry is a form of small-scale community forestry and suits the rural areas of China, where social overhead capital and
skilled human resources are lacking. Community forestry has played a remarkable role in guiding and facilitating rural poverty
alleviation in Huoshan County, Anhui Province. This paper describes how the community forestry project in Huoshan County has
helped the farmers improve their livelihoods through the creation of a forestry model involving science and technology demonstration
households and independent farmers’ organisations. The sustainable poverty alleviation model developed in Huoshan has proved
to be effective in poverty alleviation and environmental protection, featuring the participatory forestry components of the
project, namely household forestry, science and technology demonstration households, and independent farmers’ organisations.
With technological and financial aid from government, the local farmers were able and willing to establish this small-scale
forestry management system, planting fast-growing multiple-use tree species with substantial economic benefits. 相似文献
8.
NILSSON Kjell 《中国林业科技(英文版)》2005,4(1):1-14
1 INTRODUCTIONGLOBALURBANISATIONUrbanisation is a worldwide phenomenon; the WorldResource Institute (2001) estimated that in 2025 morethan 50% of the African and Asian populations wouldbe living in urban areas. In Central and South Americathese figures will be between 75% and 85%. Urbanareas in developing countries will account fornearly 90% of the projected world populationincrease of 2.700 million people between 1995 and2030 (Figure 1) .Managing urban population change will b… 相似文献
9.
Marketing strategies for successful non-wood forest product (NWFP) commercialization are important especially in those rural
economies where NWFPs represent a considerable source of income for small and medium-scale forest-based enterprises. Two different
organisational models in mushrooms marketing—a ‘traditional approach’ and a ‘net-system approach’—are compared through a case-study
research approach. The first model is usually based on single large-scale enterprises producing large quantities of standardized,
mass-market oriented products; its main commercial goal is the improvement of the value-chain from producer to end-users,
with no special links or integration between the production area and the producers. The second, quite new approach is based
on several integrated small and medium-scale rural-based enterprises supplying relatively limited quantities of high quality
products, oriented to niche markets. In this case, product specialty identification, complementary actions, integration, and
clustering among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) within the same production area are the most important goals. In the
case studies, both organisational models have proved to be feasible and working with respect to the respective goals. Traditional
large-scale enterprises, based on vertical integration and a short value chain, can achieve substantial economic performance;
however, these are unlikely to have a significant positive impact on the socio-economic local context and are threatened by
high business risk (mainly due to its strong specialization on a ‘climate-dependent’ NWFP). The analysed forest-based business
model founded on networking, which involves not only forest-based SMEs but also other institutional, economic, and social
actors, has proved to be not only economically viable and less risky with respect to the traditional model, but also more
equitable in distribution of benefits, and effective in stimulating the local economy as a whole, integrated system based
on NWFPs and related environmental services.
相似文献
Laura SeccoEmail: |
10.
Hortensia Sixto Jordi Salvia Marcos Barrio Mª Pilar Ciria Isabel Cañellas 《New Forests》2011,42(2):163-177
Growth and production in the first year, as additional selection criteria, were assessed for nine poplar clones to be used
as short rotation woody crops (SRWC) in the production of biomass for energy purposes. In order to identify the most promising
clones in terms of growth and yield and also to assess their stability, trials were established at different locations in
Spain. The majority of these clones, which form part of the European list of base materials, have frequently been used in
plantations aimed at timber production but not for biomass in Mediterranean conditions. Others, such as those selected in
Italy specifically for biomass production (currently provisionally admitted), are being tested for the first time under different
soil and climatic conditions in Southwest Europe. The early selection of clones for rapid juvenile growth provides a valuable
additional input to the clonal selection process, especially where very short rotations are desired (no more than 3 years).
In any case, determining clonal stability in terms of growth is of great use not only when deciding on the clones to be used
in plantations but also when developing breeding programs. ANOVA and Genotype plus Genotype × Environment (GGE) biplot analyses
were used to analyse the growth and stability of the clones, which were then ranked according to mean performance and stability.
Differences were detected between clones as well as between the different environments tested. The biplot analysis allowed
different groups of clones to be identified according to their performance and degree of interaction displayed, thus providing
useful information for the selection process. The production of aboveground biomass in the first vegetative period ranged
from 1.7 to 8.0 Mg DM ha−1 at the different sites. ‘Monviso’, ‘Guardi’, ‘AF2’ and ‘2000 verde’ were the most productive clones whereas ‘Unal’, ‘Pegaso’
and ‘USA 49-177’ were the least productive. The stability analysis identified ‘AF2’, ‘Guardi’, ‘I-214’ and ‘MC’ as more stable
clones while ‘Monviso’, ‘2000 verde’, ‘Unal’, ‘Pegaso’ and ‘USA 49-177’ were found to be specifically adapted to certain environments.
This implies that where information on site conditions is not available, the ‘AF2’ and ‘Guardi’ clones offer greater assurance
of successful establishment and higher initial growth. The growth of ‘Monviso’ ‘2000 verde’ ‘Unal’ ‘Pegaso’ and ‘USA 49-177’
clones is highly dependent on site conditions during the establishment phase. Similarly, the SH (Shore Henares river) and
LT (La Tallada) sites were identified as the most highly discriminative environments for the set of clones while CS (Cubo
de la Solana) and AR (Atarfe) were identified as those where performance levels were average. 相似文献
11.
Agroforestry systems (AFS) have received much attention from policymakers and others for their perceived ability to contribute
significantly to economic growth, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability. Yet in many areas of the developing
world where AFS have proven their agronomic potential, they have yet to be widely adopted. This paper approaches the issue
with a focus on one such area – the western Brazilian Amazon, an area where economic integration within the region itself,
across national boundaries, and between the region and the rest of Brazil (’regional integration‘) may soon vastly shift incentives
to natural resource users. The paper addresses AFS adoption via a conceptual framework that argues for scrutinizing agronomic
and socioeconomic characteristics of AFS and their potential adopters. This framework facilitates a priori assessment of whether
specific AFS will be adopted, and if so, by whom and with what likely impact on the development objectives at hand. It highlights
characteristics that lend socioeconomic and agronomic ’agility‘ – connoting flexibility to easily shift production systems
and accompanying marketing strategies in response to unforeseen or rapid change (due to qualities of the AFS itself, or the
producer). Financial performance indicators (net present value of AFS during establishment and for the life of a project,
and years to positive cash flow) are presented for selected AFS, and juxtaposed to a livestock production system that is already
gaining wide adoption in the area. This juxtaposition illustrates the practical effects of socio-economic and agronomic characteristics
posited as influential. Against this backdrop, trends in ’regional integration' are discussed, along with implications this
integration process has for AFS adoption. The paper ends with a discussion of the roles and limitations of policy in promoting
AFS adoption.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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A comprehensive European overview of recent and ongoing research in Europe has been carried out within the framework of COST Action E12 'Urban Forests and Trees', a pan-European research network. This paper presents some of the main findings of a comparative analysis of 20 individual country reports. The analysis shows that research on urban forests and urban trees in Europe has a wide scope and is rather fragmented and uncoordinated. Universities and state research institutes, mostly with a forestry or horticultural background, dominate the research. Relevant research is primarily funded from state and municipal sources. Significant differences exist between countries with regards to the level of activity, research topics and institutions involved. 相似文献
14.
Nick F. Emtage 《Small-Scale Forestry》2004,3(3):319-336
This paper reviews the existing social and community forestry programs in the Philippines, these being the leading programs
for natural resource management and rural development in the country. The paper takes the form of a stakeholder analysis of
those involved in the Community-Based Forest Management Program, drawing on literature discussing the roles of and challenges
faced by the various stakeholder groups and on interviews with participants in the program. Challenges to the success of the
program come from a variety of sources, in particular from the economically and socially marginalised position of the target
communities, lack of resources available to support them, deficiencies in physical and social infrastructure in the Philippines,
and the difficulties caused by the continual revision of forestry policies and regulations. It is concluded that in order
for CBFM to be successful, greater efforts are needed to ‘empower’ the communities, provide adequate budgetary support to
agencies administering the program, and provide a stable policy and regulatory framework. 相似文献
15.
A Small-Scale Forestry Perspective on Constraints to Including REDD in International Carbon Markets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this article the authors contend that the constraints to including reduced emissions from avoided tropical forest deforestation
and degradation in international carbon markets stem from problems associated with: (1) correctly measuring emissions savings
from avoided tropical forest deforestation and degradation; (2) the permanence and ‘leakage’ of tropical forest conservation
regimes; (3) ensuring economic incentives for the avoidance of tropical forest deforestation and degradation are sufficiently
effective; (4) the exclusion of reduced emissions from avoided tropical forest deforestation and degradation from critical
international climate change policy agreements; and (5) the behaviour of investors in carbon markets. Case analysis of the
‘Emissions Biodiversity Exchange Project for the 21st Century’ (EBEX21) program of Landcare Research New Zealand is used to
examine how a government-supported market-based forest conservation initiative can be used to address these constraints, particularly
in the context of small-scale forestry conservation. 相似文献
16.
我国乡村地区分布着大量林地,林业不仅是乡村地区生态文明建设的主阵地,更是发展乡村经济促进农民增收致富的重要途径,但在现实发展中,林业对于乡村振兴的助力作用尚未得到充分发挥。文中总结林业助力乡村振兴的成效,分析其不足,认为主要问题为对林业作用认识不足,发展内生动力缺乏;林业总体助力程度不够,区域发展不平衡;林业支撑路径较为单一,出现同质化趋势;生态工程带动不足,生态产品价值实现困难;乡村林业现代化水平不高,产业附加值有待提高;基层林业工作力量薄弱,推动有效治理作用发挥不充分。在此基础上,提出林业如何更好推动乡村地区振兴发展的对策建议:1)加大宣传力度,提升发展动力;2)加强顶层设计,发挥政策引导作用;3)因地制宜,结合资源禀赋走差异化绿色发展道路;4)发挥生态工程辐射带动作用,促进生态产品价值实现;5)提高现代林业产业发展水平,促进产业融合;6)加强基层林业管理,推动乡村有效治理。 相似文献
17.
Andy Selter 《Small-Scale Forestry》2003,2(1):37-48
In this study the interactions between forest management and the preservation of rural structures, as well as the economic
implications should there be a shut-down of silvicultural activities in the small-scale private forestry of the Southern Nature
Park of the Black Forest in Germany, are examined. The jobs, which are connected to the production of wood and the quality
of the landscape, are characterized and projected on the region as far as possible. The creation of value by owners managing
forests for production is demonstrated for the area of investigation. In combination with estimated average monetary values
for the infrastructural benefits of the forests, scenarios point out the consequences of management as well as of a shut-down
of the smallscale private forests. Finally, the paper explores whether it is it is appropriate to extend the meaning of the
term ‘Environmentally Sound Forest Management’ beyond the conventional sense of forest functions, and to an holistic approach
which integrates the people as well as forests and other landscape features. If an holistic approach is adopted, a redefined
model of the mixed farm forest enterprise, which pursues many targets in the same area, must be developed. In this way, it
seems possible to solve conflicts regarding land-use in rural areas and to achieve desirable socio-political development. 相似文献
18.
John C. Bliss Erin Clover Kelly Jesse Abrams Conner Bailey Janice Dyer 《Small-Scale Forestry》2010,9(1):53-66
In the past decade ownership of the corporate forestry sector in the USA has undergone remarkable transformation. Corporate
consolidation, separation of processing capacity ownership from timberland ownership, and disinvestment from timberland ownership
altogether have occurred rapidly and on a global scale. Vertically-integrated forest products companies, once the standard
model for publically-traded corporations, have all but disappeared. A new class of timberland investors now dominates the
timberland estate. These new owners can be viewed as the most recent manifestation of capital from the core seeking rent in
the distant periphery. While in this respect they resemble their industrial forestry predecessors, they differ markedly with
regard to landholding objectives, time horizons, management capacities and other characteristics. This transformation has
created new challenges and opportunities for other forest owners and for rural communities. Many timber processing mills have
closed, restricting markets for smallholder wood. While much former industrial timberland remains in industrial-style timber
management, some has been subdivided for ‘highest and best use,’ and conservation buyers have assumed control of a few large
blocks. Further fragmentation of the industrial forest estate is anticipated, presenting both challenges and opportunities
to small-scale forest owners and rural communities. This paper outlines the dynamics of forest ownership restructuring, posits
alternative future scenarios for small-scale forestry, and points to potentially useful future research. 相似文献
19.
Helmut Brandl 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(1):1-18
This paper documents the history of the first 20 years of the Small-scale Forestry Group of the International Union of forest
Research Organisations (IUFRO). The origins of the Small-scale Forestry Group can be traced back to the ‘Five Year Report
1982–1986, IUFRO Division 3 Forest Operations and Techniques’ where ‘Division 3 took the initiative to intensify research
in the area of Small-scale Forestry by promoting a new project group P 3.04 ...’. In 1986 this group was founded during the
IUFRO World Congress in Ljubljana. The emergence of the Small-scale Forestry Group reflects the expanding interest in small-scale
forestry as a field of study and its increasing social and economic importance. This paper describes and critically assesses
the how the Group has developed during the last 20 years, and reviews the activities which have been undertaken, and makes
some forecasts about the future of the Group. The key impression is that the Group has been remarkably active, and has achieved
much more than could have been predicted at the time it was formed. 相似文献
20.
Community forestry is practiced in various countries throughout the world, with respect to both native forests and plantations,
for livelihood and forest protection purposes and also for urban amenity values. While forests have been managed to some extent
by communities for thousands of years, modern models of community forestry have been practiced widely for only about 30 years.
Community forestry takes many forms; there is no unique definition or categorisation, although a number of characteristics
are frequently present. There is in general, involvement of a local community in forest planning as well as management, for
a form of forestry which is usually relatively small-scale, motivated by multiple objectives, and receiving some financial
support and organisational assistance by government and non-government organisations. Where plantations are established, these
may be managed as common property, individual property rights may apply, or there may be a combination of both. Analysis of
the specific research studies included in this issue reveals that community forestry systems have been refined over time as
experience is gained in program designs, and notable successes have been achieved. However, ‘the jury is still out’ on whether
community forestry has lived up to the optimistic expectations of its proponents. 相似文献