城市街旁绿地建设的相关问题分析与建议——以常熟为例

街旁绿地对调节城市生态环境、提升城市形象、改善百姓生活环境质量有着重要作用。本文从常熟市城市街旁绿地建设的现状入手,分析了目前城市街旁绿地存在的问题,提出了街旁绿地规划建设管理过程中需注意的事项。     

浅议宁乡街旁绿地植物景观

对宁乡15个街旁绿地进行调查分析,将宁乡街旁绿地分为沿街街旁绿地、街角街旁绿地、临街建筑前庭绿地、跨街区街旁绿地,阐述了街旁绿地植物景观配置形式,指出宁乡街旁绿地植物景观所存在的问题,进而提出了解决办法,以期为今后其他街旁绿地的植物景观设计提供参考。     

生态理念下的城市街旁绿地设计

城市的快速发展与街旁绿地产生必不可少的交集,作为城市名片的街旁绿地过分被强调其美学价值,而甚少在感悟自然层面重视生态化设计。在绿地建设生态转型的大背景下,从城市街旁绿地的设计入手,分析探究城市旁绿地的生态景观设计中的问题,提出几点可行性措施。     

城市街旁绿地的探索——以石家庄市为例

城市绿地系统是城市中唯一有生命的基础设施，而街旁绿地更是一种与城市居民密切相关的活动场所，是城市公园绿地的重要组成部分，在改善生态环境、提高城市品位等方面发挥着重要的作用。通过对石家庄市街旁绿地现状的分析，提出现阶段街旁绿地建设中存在的问题及应对策略。     

生态理念下城市街旁绿地设计探究

城市街旁绿地作为城市绿地的重要组成部分,在优化街区空间景观设置、增强市民道路体验等方面发挥着越来越积极的作用。目前,城市街旁绿地设计逐渐由以人为中心向以生态环境为中心转变,城市街旁绿地设计要重点落实生态理念。综合分析了影响城市街旁绿地设计因素,探讨当前城市街旁绿地设计的现状及具体的设计方法,以期为生态理念下城市街旁绿地设计提供相应的思想和方法参考。     

绿意满街——举例浅析北京市街旁小游园和建筑前庭绿地

通过实地调研北京裕中西里玫瑰园、地坛南门绿地、东二环西点带状结合绿地等街旁小游园,成府路清华科技园绿地、三里屯SOHO沿街绿地等建筑前庭绿地,从建设背景、场地设计、人为因子等方面对两类街旁绿地进行比较、归纳,以更好理解各自特点、其间区别,并发现问题。     

广西平果县黎明乡街道景观规划设计

黎明乡街道景观规划设计属于街旁绿地景观规划设计,该设计结合乡村的地域特点,融合岭南文化,遵循简洁、朴素、经济实用的设计理念,提高当地乡镇街旁绿地的使用性和功能性,充分发挥街旁绿地在景观、生态方面的作用,同时避免出现浪费乡村绿地的现象。     

城市街旁绿地的发展概况及其存在的问题——以福州市为例

城市街旁绿地作为城市绿地系统中的一个公共开放空间,因其开放性、可达性、小巧性、多样性等特点,与市民日常行为和生活密切相关,在城市绿地系统中起着其他绿地不可替代的作用。本文较为详尽地介绍了街旁绿地的概念及其产生与发展。通过对福州市街旁绿地的现状调查,分析总结了绿地景观存在的问题,并提出了几点建议。     

城市街旁小游园景观设计研究

城市街旁小游园属于公园绿地的范畴,具有公园绿地的共性特征,也有其作为小型开放绿地的个性特征,是城市中绿色基础设施的重要组成部分,其景观设计应该因地制宜体现城市街旁小游园的宜居宜游。     

广州市越秀区街旁绿地发展现状

以广州市越秀区的街旁绿地为研究对象,客观评价了其所产生的生态效益,并进一步提出了合理的优化设计方案,以期为促进广州市越秀区街旁绿地生态的可持续发展提供有效参考。     

The relationship between the distribution and use patterns of parks and their spatial accessibility at the city level: A case study from Tehran,Iran

Parks are recognised as important elements of urban green infrastructure and for providing many benefits to city residents. In countries where urban growth is unplanned and sprawling, green space provision falls behind, inadequate amounts are provided or spaces are not located in the most effective places. Tehran, the capital of Iran, has experienced huge growth in population and corresponding sprawl in recent years. There has been no study of the effectiveness of parks as part of the range of green spaces in the city − their location, accessibility within the urban structure, relationship to the socio-demographic character of the population, amount per capita or quality and condition. Using a combination of existing data supplemented by new data from site surveys, this study firstly looked at the citywide scale of public open space in relation to population and socio-economic patterns. Second, a representative sample of 16 parks was examined in terms of their accessibility within the urban street structure using space syntax. The syntactical results were correlated with several different aspects of each park collected and rated on a 1–5 scale. The results showed a wide range of availability of parks with no specific pattern related to whether the district is better off or poor. The data on green space per district was often heavily biased by the presence of large areas of forest park or non-recreational land which gives a false picture.Many of the best parks are poorly integrated into the street network and found in the better off districts yet are very popular because they are “destination” parks in cooler, hilly areas. Poorly integrated parks in the inner city districts tended to show lower levels of maintenance, were often little used and had vandalism. Much more attention is needed to provide green space in an equitable way.     

Challenges of urban green space management in the face of using inadequate data

Effective urban planning, and urban green space management in particular, require proper data on urban green spaces. The potential of urban green spaces to provide benefits to urban inhabitants (ecosystem services) depends on whether they are managed as a comprehensive system of urban green infrastructure, or as isolated islands falling under the responsibility of different stakeholders. Meanwhile, different urban green space datasets are based on different definitions, data sources, sampling techniques, time periods and scales, which poses important challenges to urban green infrastructure planning, management and research. Using the case study of Lodz, the third largest city in Poland, and an additional analysis of 17 other Polish cities, we compare data from five publicly available sources: 1) public statistics, 2) the national land surveying agency, 3) satellite imagery (Landsat data), 4) the Urban Atlas, 5) the Open Street Map. The results reveal large differences in the total amount of urban green spaces in the cities as depicted in different datasets. In Lodz, the narrowly interpreted public statistics data, which are aspatial, suggest that green spaces account for only 12.8% of city area, while the most comprehensive dataset from the national land surveying agency reveals the figure of 61.2%. The former dataset, which excludes many types of green spaces (such as arable land, private and informal green spaces), is still the most commonly used. The analysis of the 17 other cities confirms the same pattern. This results in broader institutional failures related to urban green infrastructure planning, management, and research, including a lack of awareness of green space quality (e.g. connectivity) and benefits (ecosystem services), and the related political disregard for urban green spaces. Our comparison suggests that a better understanding of green space data sources is necessary in urban planning, and especially when planning urban green infrastructure.     

Perceptions of parks and urban derelict land by landscape planners and residents

As urban green spaces are important for residential satisfaction, human preferences are a key criterion in their design. However, preferences may vary between landscape planners and residents, which may result in differences between residents’ demands and the actual design. With urban derelict land becoming an important part of the urban green infrastructure, information about the perception and acceptance by residents compared to formal urban parks is important for their planning and design. It was thus examined how different types of urban green spaces are perceived by landscape planners and residents. Criteria for the classification of green spaces used by both participant groups were compared, as were the criteria that influenced preference.Participants sorted and rated photographs of parks and urban derelict land in two different tasks. Hierarchical cluster analyses and multidimensional scaling analyses were used to characterize the participants’ perceptual space. By conducting multiple regression analyses the resulting perceptual dimensions were related to preference.The identified perceptual criteria used to distinguish green spaces were degree of canopy closure, artificiality vs. naturalness, prospect, physical accessibility, and beauty. For residents, the degree of canopy closure was the most important criterion for classification; for landscape planners, it was artificiality. Preferences varied between groups: whereas landscape planners preferred rather natural areas with low accessibility and high species richness, the residents showed a greater preference for formal parks.As a practical implication, the study suggests that residents generally accept urban derelict land as recreational areas if a minimum of maintenance and accessibility is provided. When designing green spaces, landscape planners may consider these differences in their preferences compared to residents.     

Planning small for winning big: Small urban green space distribution patterns in an expanding city

While major urban areas are expanding, becoming more crowded, vegetated lands areshrinking. Built-up densification limits the planning of large urban green spaces,depriving urban dwellers of the benefits provided by such structures. In this context,small public urban green spaces (SPUGS) become of high value for urban landscapes,and their distribution throughout the city should aim to compensate the lack of largergreen areas. The driving forces of SPUGS distribution may be linked to the urbanfunctions they are usually paired with.The current study aimed to determine which are the urban functions that benefit ofhigher amounts of SPUGS in their proximities and to map the distribution and densityof SPUGS within Bucharest, helping us expose the green deprived communities.Results revealed that multi-dwelling residential areas are the ones with higher share ofSPUGS within walking distance. Nevertheless, analysis on SPUGS deprivation withinthe city showed that communist planned residential neighbourhoods are greener thanthe ones developed in the past three decades. Healthcare and commercial functionswithin the city recorded smaller shares of SPUGS in their proximity, highlighting thatvulnerable groups (such as ill people) are exposed to less vegetation, and that publicplanning documents are not encouraging developers to allocate more land for greenfeature development.These results are relevant for projecting the quality of outdoor environmentsthroughout Romania’s capital and for assessing potential future managementchallenges. The outcomes of this research provide local policy makers and plannerswith the vulnerable areas in which immediate action for expanding the greeninfrastructures should take place. At the same time, the methodological approachdescribed in the study proved to be efficient in assessing the distribution of SPUGSthroughout the city and the determinants of this distribution. It can be easily replicatedin other cities by scholars and planners.     

Private trees contribute uniquely to urban forest diversity,structure and service-based traits

The urban forest provides our communities with a host of benefits through the delivery of ecosystem services. To properly quantify and sustain these benefits, we require a strong baseline understanding of forest structure and diversity. To date, fine-scale work considering urban forest diversity and ecosystem services has often been limited to trees on public land, considering only one or two green space types. However, the governance of urban green spaces means tree species composition is influenced by management decisions at various levels, including by institutions, municipalities, and individual landowners responsible for their care. Using a mixed-method approach combining a traditional field-inventory and community science project, we inventoried urban trees in the residential neighbourhood of Notre-Dame-de-Grȃce, Montreal. We assessed how tree diversity, composition and structure varies across multiple green space types in the public and private domain (parks, institutions, street rights of way and private yards) at multiple scales. We assessed how service-based traits – traits capturing aspects of plant form and functions that urban residents find beneficial – differed across green space types, with implications for the distribution of ecosystem services across the urban landscape. Green space types displayed meaningful differences in tree diversity, structure, and service-based traits. For example, the inclusion of private trees contributed an additional 52 species (>30% of total species) not found in the local public tree inventory. Trees on private land also tended to be smaller than those in the public domain. Beyond patterns of tree richness, size, and abundance we also observed differences in the composition of tree species and service-based traits at site-scales, particularly between street rights-of way and private yards. While species composition varied considerably across street blocks, blocks were very similar to one another in terms of mean service-based traits. Contrastingly, while species composition was similar from yard to yard, yards differed significantly in mean service-based trait values. Our work emphasises that public tree inventories are unlikely to be fully representative of urban forest composition, structure, and benefits, with implications for urban forest management at larger spatial scales.     

The effects of naturalness,gender, and age on how urban green space is perceived and used

Neighbourhood green space serves an important function for the urban population, and provides valuable ecosystem services for human well-being. In this article, we investigate the effects of naturalness, gender, and age on the activities, aesthetics, and self-reported well-being associated with urban green space. Our findings are based on a postal survey of residents living in close proximity to six different green spaces in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. It is shown that higher perceived naturalness generated more activities and higher aesthetic values and self-reported well-being for residents living close to urban green spaces. The results also indicated that, regardless of the type of naturalness, women were more active in urban green spaces than were men. Women also saw greater aesthetic value in green spaces than men did, and had higher self-reported well-being associated with the urban green spaces. Finally, older residents were shown to participate in a greater number of nature-related activities than younger residents. Older residents also saw greater aesthetic values and had higher self-reported well-being associated with urban green spaces than younger people did. Seemingly, this poses a considerable planning challenge if areas of perceived naturalness are to be retained in cities, since the present trend is for reduced green spaces in cities and a ‘parkification’ of surviving natural areas. Further, because of the importance of perceived natural areas to the elderly, and in particularly women, distances to urban green areas should not be too great.     

The influence of bird information,attitudes, and demographics on public preferences toward urban green spaces: The case of Montpellier,France

Urban sprawl is a major driving force of land use change. To develop strategies for sustainable urban development, planners need suitable indicators, one of which is the quality and quantity of green spaces in a city. To implement conservation strategies for urban areas, an assessment of how people perceive green spaces is required. The aim of this paper is to analyze: (1) willingness to contribute financially to two types of urban green spaces, (2) how people's attitudinal and socio-economic characteristics affect this willingness, and (3) to what extent this willingness is affected by the information that green spaces are important for avifauna conservation. We found that 72% of the respondents in Montpellier, France preferred natural (versus ornamental) green spaces and wanted them to be increased in the city. To achieve this, 52% of the respondents were willing to pay a percentage of their monthly household income. Giving information about birds to residents increased their preferences (especially for those having a “favourable” attitude for urban fauna) for “natural” green spaces and increased willingness to pay for green spaces among people using green spaces at least monthly. For people less concerned about nature, there was no such effect of providing bird information on preferences for green spaces.     

道路景观规划设计如何体现城市风貌——以河南省周口大道为例

良好的绿化美化环境和赏心悦目的道路景观,是城市道路不可或缺的功能之一,道路绿化就是实现这一功能的主要手段。文章通过对周口大道"简洁、明快、大方"的绿化规划设计,以突出周口大道绿化景观强劲的时代感,反映周口城市建设取得的丰硕成果。     

Understanding spontaneous biodiversity in informal urban green spaces: A local-landscape filtering framework with a test on wall plants

In densely urbanized areas, small pockets of vegetated areas such as street verges, vacant lots, and walls can be rich in biodiversity. In spite of their small size, these ‘informal urban greenspaces’ can provide critical ecosystem services to urban residents. Maintaining and enhancing the provisioning of ecosystem services requires a systematic understanding of biodiversity patterns and drivers in informal urban green spaces. The ‘environmental filtering’ (a process of certain species selected by specific environmental conditions) concept in community ecology theory may serve as a useful tool for this goal. We tested a multi-scale filtering framework by examining the spontaneous plant diversity patterns (from 83 surveyed sites) on the vertical surfaces of the ancient city wall of Nanjing, China. We found that the variables representing local-habitat filtering (e.g., wall substrates and aspect) and landscape filtering (including spatial configuration of urban land cover, and nighttime light intensity surrounding the local habitats) can jointly explain substantial fractions of variations in taxonomic diversity (up to ca. 60%) and functional diversity (up to ca. 40%). The explanatory power was stronger in the repaired wall habitats than in the unrepaired counterparts, in line with the prediction that environmental filtering is more pronounced during the early stages of community assembly. While the strength of landscape filtering showed clear scale-dependency, its relative importance consistently outweighs local-habitat filtering across all study scales of 200–1600 m, suggesting that configuration of neighboring landscape context can play an important role in shaping local-scale biodiversity of informal urban green spaces. Our results have useful implications for the study, design, and management of informal urban green spaces. Well-tailored multi-scale filtering frameworks may contribute to understanding urban biodiversity patterns in a systematic way.     

浅谈北方居住小区商业街景观设计

居住小区商业街最早作为居住小区的配套设施而出现,随着城市的发展,已成为一种新的商业模式,并由城市空间向居住区空间延伸.居住小区商业街景观设计是小区建设不可或缺的一部分,直接影响着人们的生活.文章介绍北方居住小区商业街的发展历程和景观设计,强调其在居民及城市发展中所占据的重要地位,从而对今后的房产开发商有一定的指导作用.