Analysis of sanding parameters on surface properties and coating performance of red oak wood

Sanding is the most common machining process used to prepare wood surfaces prior to coating. Hence, to improve surface quality and coating performance during this process, an optimal set of machining parameters should be established according to wood species and its final use. The effects of grit size and feed speed on surface properties and coating performance of red oak wood were studied. Surface quality was assessed by surface roughness, scanning electron micrographs, and wetting analyses. Coating performance was evaluated using pull-off adhesion tests on coated surfaces before and after an accelerated weathering. The results showed that smoother surfaces are obtained as the grit size number of the abrasive increased. On the other hand, minor differences were observed on cell damages and surface roughness as feed speed changed. Also, there was little difference among treatments concerning wetting behavior and surface energy. Pull-off strength was more affected by changes in grit size than feed speed. A P100-grit size program with a feed speed of 7 m/min resulted in a suitable roughness which provided good adhesion and high pull-off strength after aging test.     

木质材料激光表面处理研究进展

激光以其能量密度高、运行轨迹自如、方向性好等优点,被广泛用于木质材料切削加工以及表面处理等领域。其中,木质材料激光表面处理,即利用激光热/光电子效应促进材料发生物理、化学变化,以实现改性的目的。笔者对木质材料激光表面处理原理、激光类型与用途以及激光表面处理技术特点与应用领域等内容的研究现状进行了综述与分析。现有研究表明:材料对于不同波长激光的吸收系数差异明显,基于此特性可实现木质材料表层激光选择性消融,以满足不同应用场合的加工需求;其次,激光功率、激光扫描路径密度以及进给速度等激光工艺参数,决定了表面处理过程中能量密度及分布,进而影响木质材料表面改性强度与深度,通过对激光参数的优化可实现木质材料表面部分性能(如表面颜色、润湿性、功能性结构等)的精准改性。最后,还探讨了木质材料激光表面处理领域研究现状与趋势,阐明了研究的科学意义和未来研究方向,以期为创新木质材料表面处理技术、实现其提质增效提供理论指导,也为拓宽激光技术在木质材料加工领域的应用范围提供思路。     

微坑型微织构硬质合金表面对木材摩擦特性的影响

【目的】探讨木材含水率、木材切面和纤维方向以及运动速度等因素对木材表面摩擦系数的影响规律,为设计更加合理的木材切削刀具表面织构形式提供参考和指导。【方法】以水曲柳和樟子松为研究对象,在具有不同微坑直径硬质合金表面条件下,研究木材含水率、木材切面和纤维方向以及运动速度等因素对木材表面摩擦系数的影响。【结果】与无微坑表面相比,当微坑直径为60μm、含水率为67%±3%时,在水曲柳表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 151降低到0. 091,降幅为39. 7%,在樟子松表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 241降低到0. 164,降幅为32. 0%。木材径切面上纤维方向差异对表面摩擦系数的影响不大,但在横切面上,微坑直径越小,其表现出的摩擦系数越高。摩擦过程中运动速度对表面摩擦系数的影响与木材中的水分有较大关系,当含水率处于生材状态时,表面摩擦系数随运动速度增大而降低,且微坑型结构表面产生的摩擦系数降幅明显高于无微坑表面,无微坑表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 160降低到0. 134,降幅为16. 3%,微坑直径为60μm时的摩擦系数由0. 124降低到0. 071,降幅为42. 7%。【结论】木材含水率状态对微坑型表面微织构与木材之间的摩擦系数影响较大,木材中自由水的存在有利于降低硬质合金与木材表面之间的摩擦系数。微织构直径越小,其接触角平均变化率越大,表面铺展速度越大,越有利于改善木材/硬质合金摩擦副的状态,使表面间的摩擦系数减小。     

Effects of abrasive mineral, grit size and feed speed on the quality of sanded surfaces of sugar maple wood

Sanding is a common practice required in order to prepare wood surfaces for coating. Little literature is available regarding the effect of sanding parameters on the quality of surfaces. Sugar maple wood surfaces were evaluated in samples that had been sanded using two types of abrasive minerals, three grit sizes and four feed speeds. Roughness, wetting properties and cell damage were used to assess surface quality. Both abrasives decreased roughness and cell damage from 100- to 120-grit sanding stage. Addition of a 150-grit stage did not further reduce the roughness, whereas the cell damage continued to decrease. Increasing feed speed led to rougher surfaces due to higher fibrillation. Surfaces produced by silicon carbide were smoother and less damaged than those obtained with aluminum oxide. However, the surfaces sanded with aluminum oxide were more wettable and showed no significant difference in wetting time as a function of grit size. For these surfaces, the wetting time was reduced as feed speed increased.An erratum to this article is available at .An erratum to this article can be found at     

Knife slicing of wood across the grain

Summary This paper investigates a method for slicing thick pieces of wood across the grain using a sharp steel knife, and it demonstrates the effectiveness of the knife slicing process at an experimental level. In order to highlight the key parameters facilitating or hindering the thick slicing process, several factors affecting the cutting forces and the cut surface quality have been studied; the blade geometry, the effect of friction, the cutting speed, the boundary load constraints and the wood moisture content. The results indicate that a large proportion of the cutting force may be related to the wedging action of the blade in the wood. Therefore, significant reductions in the cutting energy can be achieved by optimising the blade shape. A simple homogeneous strain model has been developed which quantifies the cutting forces in terms of the blade angle and the blade surface friction. The results from this theoretical model are compared with the experimental findings and discussed in relation to methods for improving the cutting technique.This work was funded by the Foundation for Research Science and Technology. This support is gratefully acknowledged     

木工圆锯片锯齿侧刃参数对锯切表面粗糙度的影响

【目的】分析锯齿侧刃参数对锯切表面粗糙度的影响,通过优化锯齿侧刃参数,解决圆锯锯切时进给速度提高与表面粗糙度增大之间的矛盾,为新型木工圆锯片设计提供参考和指导。【方法】提出微量零径向侧后角锯齿的概念,使用9种不同锯齿侧刃参数的圆锯片,以水曲柳和高密度纤维板为对象进行锯切试验,研究不同进给速度下径向侧后角和零径向侧后角段对锯切表面粗糙度的影响。【结果】随着进给速度增加,锯切表面粗糙度增大,径向侧后角减小,锯切表面粗糙度降低,无零径向侧后角段锯齿锯切形成的表面粗糙度均高于具有零径向侧后角段锯齿,特别是当零径向侧后角段由0 mm增加到0.5 mm时,锯切表面粗糙度下降最为明显。当零径向侧后角段大于0.5 mm时,侧刃的零径向侧后角段具有"以锯代刨"的作用,与零径向侧后角锯齿相比同样可起到改善锯切表面质量的作用。【结论】锯切表面粗糙度一定程度上取决于锯痕深度。在实际锯切过程中,仅有长度近似等于每齿进给量的锯齿侧刃部分参与切削,占侧刃总长度的很小一部分,微量零径向侧后角锯齿中零径向侧后角段长度比每齿进给量略大且越接近每齿进给量越理想。具有微量零径向侧后角段锯齿的圆锯片与零径向侧后角锯齿相比,同样可起到改善锯切表面质量的作用;在保持其他切削参数不变的情况下,微量零径向侧后角段锯齿还可以减小锯齿侧刃与锯路壁之间的摩擦。     

Effects of tightening speed on torque coefficient in lag screw timber joints with steel side plates

To investigate the effects of tightening speed on the torque coefficient in lag screw timber joints with steel side plates, tightening tests were conducted on main timber members made from Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Pseudotsuga menziesii, under four tightening speed conditions (1, 4, 10, and 20 rpm). Major stick-slip behavior was observed in C. obtusa based on the relationship of tightening angle with clamp force, tightening torque, and thread torque at tightening speeds of 1 and 4 rpm. In addition, tightening speed’s effects on the torque coefficient (K) varied depending on the wood species of the main member. In P. menziesii, K was not affected by the tightening speed: the ratio of torque expended on tightening was 25% on average, and the ratio of torque expended on bearing surface friction was higher than the ratio of torque expended on thread friction.     

不同织构形式硬质合金表面与木材径切面的摩擦性能

合理的微坑型微织构已被证明具有改善木材和硬质合金表面间的摩擦特性。采用微凹坑型织构、微凹槽织构和微网格型织构3种织构形式,在相同织构面积占有率条件下,通过摩擦特性试验与理论分析相结合,研究不同织构形式对木材表面摩擦系数的影响。研究表明:在相同织构面积占有率条件下,不同织构的类型和表面形貌对硬质合金试样与木材表面摩擦的摩擦系数有不同的影响,受摩擦长度、凹槽微织构宽度、微织构角度等织构参数的影响。当微织构与木材发生摩擦时,摩擦区域织构面积越大说明两者间实际接触面积越小,且面积越大,捕捉磨屑和硬质点的能力越强;而主制动力越小,其产生的摩擦系数越小。在相同压力和织构面积占有率条件下,不同类型的织构试件与木材表面产生的摩擦系数均小于非织构(平面)型表面产生的摩擦系数。其中:微坑型织构产生的表面摩擦系数最小,为0.116;凹槽型织构产生的表面摩擦系数最大,为0.182;网格型织构随着织构角度的减小,其产生摩擦系数越小。     

The influences of circular saws with sawteeth of mic-zero-degree radial clearance angles on surface roughness in wood rip sawing

Key message

The sawtooth parameters of the side edges likely affect surface roughness to a large extent in wood sawing. Our results point out the need to optimize the parameters of the side edges in order to maximize wood surface quality.

Context

Improving surface roughness of wood in rip sawing by optimizing the sawtooth parameters is a significant topic of focus in the research of wood processing. However, existing research focuses mainly on the optimization of the sawtooth parameters of the major cutting edges without taking into account the influences of length and angle of the side edges on surface roughness. Thus, adaptive parameters for the side edges should be proposed.

Aims

This study analyzes how the different parameters of side edges influence surface roughness when circular saws are used, and aims to resolve disparities between high feed speeds and better surface roughness.

Methods

In particular, this article presents the use of a sawtooth with a mic-zero-degree radial clearance angle. Northeast China ash (Fraxinus spp.) serves as the material for conducting this rip-sawing experiment. Nine types of sawtooth geometries at different feed speeds are used to study the influences of both the different radial clearance angles and the straight length of the zero-degree radial clearance angle on surface roughness (Ra).

Results

Surface roughness increases with the increase in feed speed, and the smaller the radial clearance angle of the sawteeth, the smaller the surface roughness. When the sawteeth have a mic-zero-degree radial clearance angle, the sawing surface roughness is lower than that of the value of sawteeth with radial clearance angles, especially when the straight length of the zero-degree radial clearance increases from 0 to 0.5 mm, in which case the decrease is most obvious.

Conclusion

Surface roughness depends, to a certain extent, on the depth of the saw notch. A small part of the side edge that forms the sawing surface participates in the actual cutting, and the length of this section is approximately equal to the feed per tooth. Sawteeth with mic-zero-degree radial clearance angles can improve the surface quality of sawing. Also, if the other cutting factors remain unchanged, surface roughness can be improved and friction can be reduced between the side edges and the wood by increasing the feed speed.

     

The effect of rotation speed on the power consumption and cutting accuracy of guided circular saw: Experimental measurement and analysis of saw critical and flutter speeds

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates the effect of rotation speed and vibration response of a circular saw on the sawing process of Douglas-fir wood. An idling test was conducted on a guided circular saw to determine its stable operation speeds and vibration behavior. Short-time Fourier transform analysis was performed on saw idling test data, and variation of excited frequencies of the blade as a function of rotation speed was obtained. The saw blade critical speeds and the rotation speeds that correspond to saw flutter instability were identified. Then experimental cutting tests were conducted at different cutting conditions and the effect of rotation speed and saw vibration response on cutting power consumption and sawing accuracy was investigated. The results showed that conducting a saw idling test and vibration response analysis can identify the saw critical and flutter speeds, which is essential for identifying the optimum rotation speed of circular saw. There was a significant increase in power consumption when cutting at super-critical and super-flutter speed. The effect of rotation speed on sawing accuracy is complex and nonlinear. This effect interacts with feed speed, which makes it difficult to generalize sawing accuracy versus rotation speed in the circular sawing process.     

树种和含水率对纵截圆锯锯切指标影响的试验研究

为研究树种和含水率对纵截圆锯切削力、锯切功率和锯切比功等锯切指标的影响关系,笔者选择我国东北小兴安岭地区常见的9种树种,在恒定切削速度和进给速度的条件下进行了对比试验。一、试材试材选择小兴安岭产鱼鳞松     

Thermal,spectroscopic, and flexural properties of anhydride modified cultivated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> spp.

The effects of chemical modification on the thermal stability of cultivated Acacia mangium and Acacia hybrid wood species were investigated. Evidence of modification was indicated by increase of weight and was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared analysis (FT-IR). The thermal stability measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) increased after esterification with propionic and succinic anhydrides. Thermal stability of succinylated samples was found to be highest based on the values of on-set degradation temperatures, the temperatures at which 30, 50, and 70% degradation occurred. The observed higher thermal stability of the succinylated and propionylated Acacia wood samples when compared with unmodified wood was attributed to the reduction in hydrophilic nature of the wood due to esterification reaction.     

移动式制粒工艺的实验研究

采用正交试验的优化方法对制粒机的制粒工艺进行研究,分析木粉含水率、喂料辊转速、环模转速等因素对制粒生产率的影响。针对木粉原料,得到制粒参数的最佳组合为：粉料含水率12%、环模转速458r/min、喂料辊转速78r/min。     

Effects of temperature and sulfonation on shear deformation of spruce wood

Summary The effects of temperature and sulfonation on the deformation of spruce wood at conditions comparable to those during screw press impregnation prior to mechanical pulping were studied using a dynamic testing method. In addition to the physical properties of wood, shear fracture surfaces obtained at different deformation temperatures and at different sulfonation levels were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results showed that the failure energy of wood decreased gradually with increased deformation temperature in the tested range of 20–95 °C, due to thermal softening of the material. In addition to thermal treatment, the failure energy could also be reduced by sulfite treatment of the wood before deformation, and decreased with increasing sulfonation degree.The SEM analysis showed that increasing the deformation temperature causes the fracture plane to travel around the fiber walls instead of through them, thus exposing a smoother wood surface with less fiber damage. At a given deformation temperature, particularly at the lower temperatures, sulfonation improves fiber separation.Financial support from the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development (NUTEK) is gratefully acknowledged     

提高杨木线性振动摩擦焊接胶合性能的研究

研究了杨木线性振动摩擦焊接的干剪切强度、湿剪切强度和木破率。为提高杨木摩擦焊接的湿剪切强度与木破率,采用表面氧化、表面磺化以及表面涂覆的方式处理杨木板材,再经线性振动摩擦焊接进行黏合,使用万能力学试验机测得其剪切强度,对比表面处理前后剪切强度的变化,并利用傅里叶红外光谱分析了其表面处理前后基材和摩擦焊接层的化学基团变化情况,对胶合性能的变化做出解释。研究结果表明:杨木经过表面氧化磺化涂覆醋酸锌处理后,摩擦焊接层的干剪切强度为5.41 MPa,木破率为63%,与未处理的杨木相比,分别提高了48.22%和96.88%;湿剪切强度从0提高到1.34 MPa;摩擦焊接时厚度损失减少了46.4%。杨木分别经过表面氧化和表面磺化处理后,摩擦焊接层的干剪切强度仅为3.45和4.10 MPa,木破率为28%和42%,湿剪切强度为0.76和0.96 MPa。摩擦焊接层的红外光谱分析表明,经表面氧化磺化涂覆醋酸锌处理后,杨木中的纤维素和半纤维素分解,使木质素的相对含量有所增加,且活化了杨木中的—OH,与醋酸锌生成多醚,消耗了亲水性的—OH。     

测试方法对运动木地板表面摩擦系数的影响

针对运动木地板的表面摩擦系数进行测试分析,对比了2种不同测试方法所得到的表面摩擦系数之间的差异。结果显示:使用自主研发的表面系数摩擦仪所测得的动摩擦系数与摆锤测试结果基本保持一致,而静摩擦系数要大于动摩擦系数。     

Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin II: effects of processing parameters

To obtain high-strength phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin-impregnated compressed wood at low pressing pressure, the effects of resin content, preheating temperature, pressing temperature, and pressing speed on the compressive deformation of oven-dried low molecular weight PF resin-impregnated wood was investigated. With an increase of PF resin content, the Youngs modulus of the cell wall perpendicular to the fiber direction decreases, and collapse-initiating pressure decreases linearly with the Youngs modulus. This indicates that the occurrence of cell wall collapse is strain-dependent. By increasing preheating temperatures, the collapse-initiating pressure increases due to the increment of the Youngs modulus of the cell wall. An increase in pressing temperature results in the thermal softening of the cell wall and causes collapse at a lower pressure. The wood is compressed effectively despite accelerated resin curing. The pressing speed significantly affects the viscoelastic deformation of the cell wall and the wood is well deformed with decreasing pressing speed, although the differences in density and mechanical properties are relatively small after a pressure-holding period of 30min. In all the parameters examined in this study, the Youngs modulus and bending strength increase with increasing density.     

Three-dimensional finite element modelling of heat transfer for linear friction welding of Scots pine

Finite element numerical analyses were performed to determine three-dimensional heat flux generated by friction to wood pieces during linear friction welding. The objective was to develop a computational model to explain the thermal behaviour of welded wood material rather than experimental methods, which are usually expensive and time consuming. This model serves as a prediction tool for welding parameters, leading to optimal thermo-mechanical performance of welded joints. The energy produced by the friction welding of small wood specimens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was determined by thermocouples and used as input data in the model. The model is based on anisotropic elasticity and the thermal properties were modelled as isotropic. This numerical simulation gave information on the distribution of the temperature in the welding interface during the entire welding process. A good agreement between the simulation and experimental results showed the appropriateness of the model for planning welded wood manufacture and prediction of thermal behaviour of wood during other mechanically induced vibration processes. The specimens presented in this model required a heat flux of 11 kW/m² to achieve a satisfactory welding joint.     

应用超高压水射流切割木材的研究

采用超高压水射流切割木材,分析研究切割速度、切割压力、切割厚度等因素对切割木材表面质量的影响.结果表明,切割速度是切割木材表面质量的第一位影响因子,切割厚度达到25 mm以上,提高切割压力对切割表面质量的改善不明显.     

Abrasive wear properties of compressed sugi wood

We examined the abrasive wear properties and the effect of abrasive grain size on the rate of wear when sugi wood (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don), compressed to various densities, was rubbed with abrasive paper. The results showed that the wear resistance of compressed wood increased linearly with the increased compression ratio; and under the condition of a low compression ratio it tended to be higher in comparison with the strength of compressed wood. The critical grain size effect, which can be witnessed during the abrasive wear of metals and plastics, was seen when low pressure was applied to the abrasive material. At higher pressures, the wear rate of the compressed wood increased with grain size, but the critical grain size effect was not observed. The pressure required to create the critical grain size effect was found to be higher than that needed for other types of uncompressed wood with the same yield properties.Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000