青海高寒草甸草地退化原因及治理对策的探讨

高寒草甸草地约占我省草地总面积的64％,其理论载畜量占全省天然草地理论载畜总量的80％。由于人为因素、啮齿动物活动和气候变化等原因的影响,导致部分高寒草甸草地严重退化,目前退化草地约532万hm~2。提出治理青海高寒草甸草地退化的对策,主要是建立完善的适应性利用制度,其次是对已退化草地进行培育。     

禁牧封育对退化草地的改良效果

在实施天然草原退牧还草示范工程的青海省玉树县上拉秀乡进行了3年禁牧封育退化草地的观测,研究了禁牧封育对高寒草甸和高寒沼泽化草甸退化草地的改良作用。试验结果表明,禁牧封育对恢复高寒草甸和高寒沼泽化草甸退化草地植被有明显的效果。禁牧封育后草地中植物的盖度,高度和产草量明显提高;牧草种类发生显著变化,莎草科、禾本科牧草的种类和产量增加,杂类草的种类和产量明显下降。     

称多县草地退化原因及治理对策

由于长期超载过牧、鼠类危害及人类的影响,称多县高寒草甸草地退化严重,水土流失加剧.因此,对该县高寒草甸草地进行综合治理势在必行.本文针对该县草地退化状况,分析了草地退化的原因,提出了相应的治理对策.     

青藏高原退化高寒草地土壤氮矿化特征以及影响因素研究

为了明确青藏高原退化高寒草地土壤氮矿化特点以及影响因素,以高寒草甸和高寒草原为研究对象,运用原位培养法对健康与退化条件下2类型草地中土壤硝化速率、氨化速率以及氮素转化微生物、植物和土壤等因子进行了研究。结果表明:1)草地退化显著降低了高寒草甸和草原土壤净硝化速率和净氨化速率;2)草地退化降低了2类高寒草地土壤硝化细菌和氨化细菌数量,降低了土壤蛋白酶、脲酶活性;3)草地退化显著降低了NH₄-N和NO₃-N含量,降低了微生物生物量氮含量。相关分析表明,高寒草地中土壤硝化速率和氨化速率与土壤硝化细菌和氨化细菌的数量以及蛋白酶和脲酶密切相关。植物生物量、土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮含量通过影响微生物数量、微生物生物量及酶活性而成为影响土壤氮素转化的主要因素。因此,草地退化通过降低高寒草地硝化细菌和氨化细菌、土壤酶活性而降低土壤氮素转化速率和土壤有效氮的供给。     

禁牧封育措施改良高寒地区退化草地的效果

2003-2005年,通过对青海省玉树县上拉秀乡高寒草甸和高寒沼泽化草甸退化草地进行为期3年的禁牧封育改良试验,结果表明:禁牧封育措施对恢复高寒草甸、高寒沼泽化草甸退化草地植被有明显的效果,禁牧封育后草地中植物的盖度、高度和产草量明显提高;牧草成分发生显著变化,优良莎草科、禾本科牧草种类与产量增加,杂类草的种类、产量下降.     

三江源区土地利用方式对草地植物生物量及土壤特性的影响

以三江源区高寒草甸草原、退化高寒草甸草原、退化高寒草原和人工草地4种土地利用方式为研究对象,研究了不同土地利用方式的地上、地下生物量,土壤容重和土壤主要养分有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效磷含量,结果表明总生物量的排序为高寒草甸草原 >退化高寒草原 >退化高寒草甸草原 >人工草地,退化草地和人工草地的生物量明显降低,尤其是地下生物量,退化高寒草甸草原、退化高寒草原和人工草地的地下生物量分别为高寒草甸草原的31.9%,54.8%和13.9%,总生物量分别仅为高寒草甸草原的32.8%,49.4%和29.5%。人工草地的表层土壤容重显著降低,而退化对土壤容重没有明显影响,3种天然土地利用方式土壤容重在土壤剖面的变异也不明显。4种类型草地土壤碳氮磷养分含量均处于很低的水平,退化主要造成表层土壤碳氮的严重损失,平均分别损失了53.0%和52.4%,4种利用方式土壤有效氮和有效磷含量极低,而退化对土壤的全磷和有效磷影响不大。     

江河源区高寒草甸退化草地恢复与重建技术研究

通过对江河源区高寒草甸退化草地现状的调查研究，将这一地区的退化草地分为轻度、中度、重度和极度退化4类，对不同退化演替阶段的草地采取不同治理措施进行试验研究。最后提出了通过禁牧封育、毒杂草防除和草地施肥的措施进行轻度和中度退化草地的恢复改良。通过建植人工草地和半人工草地的手段恢复与重建重度和“黑土型”退化草地的技术方案。     

三江源高寒草甸典型坡面草地退化特征综合分析

以三江源地区高寒草甸退化坡面为研究对象,揭示坡面草甸退化梯度所处不同位置下土壤侵蚀和土壤理化性质的变化规律,对明晰坡面草地因人为载畜破坏发生退化后,自然侵蚀作用对土壤理化性质的变化具有重要意义.结果表明:高寒草甸土壤有机质和全氮在坡面上与137 Cs比活度呈现基本一致的分布规律,表现为轻度退化与中度退化差异较小,中度退化显著高于重度退化,极度退化高于重度退化的分布特征(P＜0.05);随退化程度加剧,土壤有机质和全氮呈现下降的基本规律,并且高寒草甸坡面土壤有机质和全氮在不同草地退化程度下具有不同的坡面运移特征;高寒草甸坡面土壤有机质、全氮含量因退化梯度表现出显著差异(P＜0.05),高寒草甸退化坡面土壤侵蚀模数随退化梯度增加而递增,相应的土壤田间持水量表现为随退化梯度增加而降低.     

高寒草甸退化阶段植物群落多样性与系统多功能性的联系

高寒草地在碳储量、生产力、养分循环以及涵养水源等方面的系统功能与群落生物多样性紧密相关,但现阶段大多数研究仅从少数的或单一生态系统功能与群落多样性之间的关系展开。基于此,本研究采用冗余分析和因子分析对青藏高原东缘退化高寒草甸群落进行了多功能性评价,探讨草地生态系统多功能性与植物群落多样性之间的关系。结果表明：随草地退化程度加剧,土壤多功能评价指标表现为未退化（86.61）>中度退化（25.86）>轻度退化（23.98）>极度退化（-7.51）;草地生态系统多功能性与Margalef丰富度成显著正相关关系,与Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数呈显著负相关关系;退化高寒草甸植物的分布和群落结构的变化主要受到土壤总孔隙度、土壤含水量、毛管持水量和通气孔隙度等土壤功能性状的影响。综上所述,高寒地区植被退化对于生态系统的多功能性影响显著,本研究为进一步研究高寒草甸多功能性及合理保护和利用草地提供一定的理论依据和参考价值。     

西藏典型草地地上生物量季节变化特征

采用高寒草甸、高寒草原、高寒沼泽化草甸和温性草原4种西藏高原典型草地类型地上生物量定点观测数据,分析其地上生物量季节动态变化特征和生长规律。结果表明,高寒沼泽化草甸地上生物量最高,其中围网草地年均地上生物量达384.45 g·m-2,比无围网草地地上生物量高73%,且是温性草原类草地生物量的6倍,是高寒草甸和高寒草原类草地的12~14倍,与自由放牧相比,围栏禁牧措施可以明显提高草原地上生物量,是改良退化草地最有效的措施之一;温性草原草地生产力大于高寒草甸和高寒草原,城市附近山地草地生物量明显大于远离城市的地区,表明城市化进程降低了天然草地放牧强度,是恢复退化草地生产力的有效途径之一;属半干旱气候类型的西藏高原中部,降水是制约草地植被生长的主要因子;草地地上生物量的绝对增长速率和相对增长速率季节动态均在生物量达到高峰期前为正增长,之后为负增长。区域水热条件差异及其季节性变化导致了不同草地类型或同一类型不同区域的草地最快生长期出现的时间存在一定差别。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.