EGSB厌氧系统处理瓜尔豆胶生产废水的研究

用EGSB厌氧反应器处理了食品工业中用量最大的添加剂之一——瓜尔豆胶的生产废水。结果显示:本研究所用的EGSB厌氧系统处理瓜尔豆胶生产废水,在容积COD负荷达18kgCOD.m-3d-1(进水COD浓度为30000mg.L-1)时,去除率可稳定在80%以上;出水的pH稳定在7.5左右;容积产气率随容积负荷的提高而逐渐升高,COD负荷达到18kg.m-3d-1时,平均沼气产量为22L.0.5d-1,每公斤COD平均可产生0.54m3沼气;沼气中的甲烷含量最高可达到82%。     

沼气循环厌氧颗粒污泥床反应器的运行特性

以厌氧絮状污泥接种,投加少量颗粒活性炭(GAC),处理高浓度自配水的上流式厌氧生物反应器在无沼气循环下,经18天运行即实现了污泥颗粒化,按反应区容积计算的有机负荷(OLR)达到15 kgCOD·m-3d-1,COD去除率为87%;启动沼气循环,在气体上升流速约2.1 m·h-1的条件下,几乎所有颗粒污泥在2天内发生解体;但继续沼气循环,经过在OLR约为36 kgCOD·m-3d-1下连续运行49天反应器内又重新形成了颗粒污泥;随后,反应器的OLR迅速提高到并保持在90kgCOD·m-3d-1左右,稳定运行18天,COD去除率在95%以上;沼气循环可强化反应器内的混合程度,使其离散系数D达到0.368.     

氧化塘深度对猪场厌氧消化液后处理的影响

采用小试装置对3个不同深度氧化塘处理猪场厌氧消化液的效果进行了研究,结果表明:当平均气温为21.9℃,停留时间在80 ～110天,进水负荷为0.05 m3·m-2d-1的条件下,氧化塘对NH4-N的去除率达到了90％以上,CODcr,TP的去除率分别为50％,40％.硝化作用和藻类的吸收是氧化塘去除NH4-N的主要方式,沉淀作用则是CODcr和TP的主要去除方式,在较长停留时间下,微生物对于溶解性CODcr的分解和同化也能提供一定的去除效果.当平均气温为21.9℃,在表面负荷为0.05 m3·m-2d-1的条件下,有效深度为0.3m和0.7m的氧化塘面积去除负荷分别为1.41 g·m-2d-1,1.49 g·m-2d-1,容积去除负荷分别为4.7g·m -3d-1,2.8g·m-3d-1.虽然较深氧化塘具有较高的面积去除负荷,但较浅的氧化塘却有更高的容积去除负荷.     

脱除沼气中硫化氢的吸收剂改进

针对沼气的组成,对萘醌法吸收液进行改进研究,确定用于沼气中硫化氢吸收液的适宜配方为:Na2CO3为2.5%(W),NQS为1.2 mol·m-3,FeCl3为1.0%(W),EDTA为0.15%(W),液相pH值8.5～8.8.吸收操作的液气比(L·m-3)为11～12.可以使脱硫率达到99%～99.5%.     

用旧罐改造成IC厌氧反应器处理柠檬酸废水

本文报导了一个直径12 m,高15 m处理柠檬酸废水的UASB改造成内循环(IC)厌氧反应器的运行结果:容积有机负荷达到24.6 kgCOD· m-3d-1,COD去除率大于90%,HRT 6.9 h.     

奶牛粪压榨液厌氧消化过程中氨和硫化氢抑制原位解除工艺研究

厌氧消化是实现畜禽粪污资源化利用的重要手段,但传统厌氧消化过程运行效率较低,处理过程中氨(NH_3)和/或硫化氢(H_2S)抑制是造成系统不稳定甚至崩溃的主要原因。该研究利用自主研发的厌氧消化耦合氨和/或硫化氢抑制原位解除系统,以奶牛粪压榨液为原料,探讨实现其稳定、高效处理的可行性。监测了厌氧消化过程中不同有机物负荷下产气效果和消化液理化性质,包括pH值,NH_4~+,SO_4~(2-),有机酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs),可溶性有机碳(soluble total organic carbon,TOC)等的变化情况。结果表明,奶牛粪压榨液高温厌氧消化最大负荷达10 g VTS·L-1d-1,沼气生产效率和甲烷含量分别为920.5 m L·L-1d-1和63.7%。通过沼气内循环并向反应器通入微量空气(通入量为沼气产生量的3%),可以使反应器内NH_4~+浓度维持在1000 mg·L-1以下,沼气中H2S的含量维持在50 ppm以下,沼气质量明显改善。     

利用河底污泥进行连续厌氧生物产氢的试验研究

利用河底污泥,以葡萄糖为基质,在pH值为5.0～5.2,温度为35 ℃,水力停留时间为6～8 h的条件下,实现了连续厌氧生物产氢.结果表明:当容积负荷为36 kgCOD·m-3d-1时,产气中主要含有氢气和二氧化碳,其中H2约为52.3%,反应器的容积产氢率最高达6.7 L ·L-1d-1,基质产氢率为1.3～1.4 mol·mol葡萄糖-1;液相中主要末端产物为乙醇、乙酸、丁酸,三者摩尔比约为1∶1∶0.6,另有少量丙酸.     

进料负荷对中试规模餐厨和果蔬混合厌氧消化的影响

餐厨和果蔬垃圾作为城市生活垃圾的主体,产量巨大,其高含水率的特点给传统的垃圾处理方法带来极大压力。中试规模下将餐厨和果蔬垃圾按质量比8∶5混合后进行两相厌氧消化研究。在产甲烷相有机负荷为1,2,3 kgVS·m-3d-1时,系统pH值始终维持在7.0~7.3之间,产气性能良好,负荷产气量和VS去除率分别为0.97,0.78,0.72 m3·kg-1VS和84%,87%,83%。当产甲烷相负荷升至4 kgVS·m-3d-1时,由于进入产甲烷相的有机酸含量迅速增加,造成了有机酸的积累,pH值降至6.8以下,系统产气性能受到抑制,负荷产气量和VS去除率分别降至0.51 m3·kg-1VS和76%。研究发现:中试规模下,餐厨和果蔬混合厌氧消化在低负荷下可有效避免有机酸的积累,得到较高的沼气产量;高负荷下系统稳定性被破坏,导致沼气产量大幅降低。     

同时产甲烷反硝化在UASB反应器中的实现

接种厌氧颗粒污泥的小试UASB反应器,以含葡萄糖和NaNO3(CODNO3--N=101)的自配水为进水,温度在35℃左右,HRT在14～20 h之间,经过76天的运行,成功实现了同时产甲烷反硝化功能.UASB反应器的COD和NO3--N的负荷分别为15.55 kgCOD·m-3d-1和1.55 kgNO3--N·m-3d-1时,二者的去除率分别达到95%和接近100%;当反应器的负荷继续提高至25kgCOD·m-3d-1和2.5 kgNO3--N·m-3d-1时,反应器对COD和NO3--N的去除率均持续下降,颗粒污泥逐渐解体,降低负荷至10 kgCOD·m-3d-1和1.0 kgNO3--N·m-3d-1并运行20d,仍未见明显好转.     

厌氧折流板反应器处理大豆蛋白废水的运行特性

为考察厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理大豆蛋白生产废水的效能及其运行特征,采用一个有效容积为28L的四格室ABR进行了试验.采取分阶段提高进水COD浓度的方式来驯化污泥和增加负荷.在100 d的运行中,研究并考察了启动情况和有机负荷对其的影响.结果表明:以啤酒厂二沉池排放的剩余污泥为种泥,在污泥接种量MLVSS为18.0 g·L-1,进水COD浓度2000 mg·L-1,HRT 39.5 h,(35±1)℃等条件下,可在31天内成功启动并达到初步稳定运行,COD去除率达到96%左右;同时ABR具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,当进水COD浓度提高到10 g·L-1,即OLR为 6.0 kg·m-3d-1时,ABR仍能实现安全稳定运行,其COD去除率可以稳定在98%左右.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.