深松与旋耕组合作业机具的开发

根据拖拉机农具机组匹配理论研制出与中等功率轮式拖拉机配套,能进行深松、旋耕组合作业的机具。以单位耕作面积所消耗的功率等参数进行机具总体参数的计算,对机具作了动力学分析,并进行了单独深松、单独旋耕以及组合工况的试验。试验表明,机具深松扰动影响宽度和旋耕宽度相匹配,旋耕作业时波动范围较小,偏牵引力矩对拖拉机行驶稳定性基本没有影响,所设计的组合作业机具能对农田实施保护性耕作。     

旋耕深松联合作业的功率消耗研究

根据拖拉机-农具机组匹配理论研制出与中等功率拖拉机配套的深松、旋耕组合作业机具。以单位耕作面积消耗功率和单位面积所需牵引力等为参数进行机具设计,对机具进行了单独旋耕、单独深松以及组合工况的试验,试实验表明确定的单位耕作面积消耗功率值等参数可以作为机具总体参数计算的依据。联合作业时机具功率消耗小于旋耕和深松单独作业所消耗的功率之和,从而降低了能源消耗。     

新型秸秆还田犁翻旋耕复式作业机结构设计

为了解决目前稻麦秸秆还田作业机具作业效果不理想、秸秆埋覆深度浅及保墒蓄水能力差等问题,将秸秆犁翻旋耕技术与保护性耕作要求相结合,设计了一种能够发挥犁翻旋耕等多种耕作方式优势的可调深复式耕整作业机,可一次性地完成犁翻、旋耕及深松等多项作业。为此,重点介绍整机结构及其工作原理,确定了机具关键部件的结构形式和主要参数。试验结果表明:该机具在工作时性能稳定、秸秆埋覆粉碎效果好、作业效率高、通用性强,能够满足多种条件下的稻麦秸秆还田复式作业要求。     

反旋深松联合作业耕整机设计与试验

针对现有深松旋耕联合作业机多为深松部件在前、旋耕部件在后的组合结构,较少考虑各工作部件作业时之间的相互影响,本文基于深松部件、旋耕部件作业之间的交互作用,设计一种用于深耕的反旋深松联合作业耕整机,通过旋耕、深松、镇压多工序实现表层土壤细碎、秸秆埋覆,深层土壤疏松目的。整机以提高作业质量、减少作业阻力为设计目标,运用离散元仿真与正交试验、有限元仿真结合进行整机参数优化。离散元仿真结果表明:机具作业速度v_m为1.8 km/h、刀轴转速n为350 r/min、旋耕刀类型X为IIT195弯刀时,机具作业壅土量为5 283个土壤颗粒,植被覆盖率为98.37%,此时综合作业质量较优;有限元仿真结果验证了深松铲设计强度满足作业要求。以较优参数组合为基础的田间试验结果表明:反旋深松联合作业耕整机旋耕深度、深松深度、地表平整度、土壤膨松度分别为182.8 mm、388.4 mm、18.3 mm、17.22%;旋耕深度稳定性、深松深度稳定性、植被覆盖率均在90%以上,完全满足深层土壤整地需求;与深松旋耕联合整地机相比,反旋深松联合作业耕整机在不影响作业效果前提下,提高了耕深稳定性、植被覆盖率,同时使牵引阻力降低了16.21%,作业稳定性、可靠性较好。     

弯刀圆形曲面铲式深松旋耕整地机的设计简介

针对目前深松旋耕联合作业整地机,作业中深松铲立柱破土工作阻力大、入土行程长、表土易翻动、深松铲立柱易缠草以及机具升降时动力输出万向联轴器与机架前横梁易干涉等问题,设计一种弯刀圆形曲面铲式深松旋耕整地机,一次作业可完成深松、灭茬除草、翻压覆盖绿肥和旋耕碎土等工序,适用于玉米、小麦等作物播前的整地,有利于蓄水保墒,是农田作业的新型复式作业机具。     

1 GSTN-325型深松施肥型多功能复式作业机的研制

为了提高作业效率,适应大马力拖拉机对配套农机具的需求,在分析研究中小型单一和组合作业模式整地机的基础上,设计了一种深松、施肥型多功能复式作业机。同时,介绍了其整体结构和工作原理,并对主要工作部件的参数进行了设计和计算。该机一次进地可完成灭茬、旋耕、深松、施肥、起垄和镇压等6项作业,既可降低作业成本,又有利于农业的可持续性发展。     

ISL-200 ISL-175型深松整地联合作业机

该机由前部深松机、后部刀盘式旋耕整地机组合而成。深松部件为弯柱式凿形铲，人土性能好；作业后沟底形成暗沟，具有明显蓄水保墒效果；前深松，后旋耕，一次作业后地表平整、土壤蓬松，达到种床要求；旋耕机为刀盘式中央传动。采用自行研制的驼形宽弯刀．与国产标准弯刀旋耕机比较。能耗可降低10％左右；机具既可组合使用．深松机和旋耕机也可依据需要作为单机与拖拉机配套。适用于华北、西北和东北等地区深松作业。     

甘蔗地深松旋耕联合作业机的调整、使用与保养

通过分析使用深松旋耕联合作业机的甘蔗地要求,机具使用前的技术要领,强调要注意机具使用前对传动箱、轴承、连接部件等的检查,掌握深松及旋耕深度的调整,故障排除,以及平时的保养和维护等,旨在提醒农机手重视对深松旋耕联合作业机的使用、保养、维护,以延长机器的使用寿命,增加经济效益。     

农机深松技术应用及与传统耕作效益对比分析

农机深松技术是指通过拖拉机牵引深松机或带有深松部件的联合整地机具,进行行间或全方位土壤耕作的机械化整地技术。该技术能够打破犁底层,加厚松土层、改善土壤耕层结构,与传统旋耕作业相比,在抗旱节水、促进作物生长、提高粮食产量等方面效果显著,对增加农民收入有明显作用。     

1S-2型深松整地机深松铲的设计

农村现有的拖拉机基本上都是中小功率的,与作业阻力较大的全方位深松机不相匹配。为此,设计了一种与中小功率拖拉机相配套的深松整地机。详细阐述深松机关键部件深松铲的刀头和翼铲受力情况和设计思路,分析计算深松机牵引阻力,旨在为机具的推广应用提供参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.