封育对伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地土壤养分的影响

以新疆伊犁绢蒿属荒漠草地为对象,研究了不同封育年限对草地土壤有机质、土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的影响。结果表明:随封育时间的延续,土壤有机质、全氮及碱解氮在表层基本呈先降后升趋势,且在封育9年均达到最高值;速效钾与速效磷均呈先降后升再降趋势,且在封育6年达到最大值;全钾与全磷无明显变化趋势。土壤有机质、全氮及速效养分呈现表聚现象,且土壤有机质与全量及速效养分相关性显著。     

三江源地区不同退化程度高寒草原植被与土壤特征分析

【目的】探究三江源不同退化程度高寒草原土壤理化性质与植被之间的关系。【方法】以青海省玛多县不同退化程度高寒草原为研究对象,测定不同退化程度植被群落特征及各土层(0~10、10~ 20、20~30 cm 土层)土壤理化性质(土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾、有机质含量、pH 值以及容重),分析影响高寒草地植被群落退化的关键土壤环境因素。【结果】1)随着高寒草原退化的加剧,土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均显著降低,土壤容重显著增大;2)草地多样性指数、丰富度、地上生物量逐渐降低;3)草地多样性指数、丰富度、地上生物量与土壤全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、有机质含量呈正相关;4)土壤速效氮与速效磷是影响退化高寒草原植被特征变化的主要因素。【结论】不同退化程度土壤中的速效养分含量较低,成为阻碍牧草生长的限制因子,其中主要受到磷的限制,氮次之。     

东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤养分特征研究

研究了东祁连山不同退化程度的高寒草甸草地土壤养分特征,结果表明,随着退化加剧,高寒草甸草地的土壤pH值逐渐增加;全氮、全磷、速效锰和速效铁含量逐渐减少;有机质、速效锌、速效氮和速效磷含量先降低后增加,有机质含量以重度退化草地最低,速效锌、速效氮和速效磷含量以中度退化草地最低;全钾和速效铜含量并未因草地退化而改变,且极度退化草地土壤有机质和全氮含量在20～30 cm土层反而高于表层。总体上,随土层加深土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效钾、速效磷和速效锌含量下降,速效铁、速效铜和速效锰则增加。     

不同放牧强度下西藏高山嵩草草甸土壤养分的变化

以西藏高山嵩草(Kobuesia tygmaea)草甸土壤为研究对象,分析不同放牧强度下土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾,速效氮、速效磷、速效钾,有机质及p H值的变化。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,在不同土层中,全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量减少;而全钾含量随着放牧强度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势;重度放牧显著降低了土壤中全氮、速效氮和速效钾的含量(P0.05);随着放牧强度的增加,土壤有机质含量逐渐减少;放牧强度对土壤p H值影响没有显著影响(P0.05)。因此,延迟+适度放牧和适度放牧可以有效地保护草地,防止高山嵩草草甸进一步退化。     

短期围栏封育对退化高寒草地植被数量特征及土壤养分的影响

本文研究了短期围栏封育(3a)对退化高寒草地植被数量特征及土壤养分含量的影响,结果表明:(1)短期围栏封育能有效提高禾本科和莎草科植物平均高度,使豆科和毒杂草类植物的平均高度显著降低(P0.05);(2)短期围栏封育能使禾本科、莎草科和毒杂草类植物的盖度有所增加,使豆科植物盖度略有降低,但是增减不明显(P0.05);(3)短期围栏封育使禾本科和毒杂草地上生物量有所提高,使莎草科植物地上生物量略降低,使豆科植物地上生物量显著降低(P0.05);(4)短期围栏封育能使土壤全钾含量有所提高,使全氮、全磷和速效磷含量略降低,使速效氮、速效钾和有机质含量显著降低(P0.05)。     

发酵猪粪对果园土壤pH及有机质含量影响研究

为研究发酵猪粪对果园土壤的改良作用,采集了洛川县10个乡镇施用发酵猪粪果园和未施猪粪果园土壤24份,分别测定了pH、电导率,有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾等。结果表明,果园施用发酵猪粪以后,土壤pH降低1.14%,导电率降低了64.69%(P0.05),有机质增加4.81%,全氮提高11.11%,有效氮提高94.49%(P0.05),全磷提高32.88%(P0.05),速效磷提高271.03%(P0.01),全钾降低0.99%,速效钾提高67.23%(P0.01)。发酵猪粪施入果园可明显降低土壤pH、导电率,增加土壤中有效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量,有利于改善果园土壤,提高苹果产量和质量。     

天山北坡退化草地土壤环境与微生物数量的关系

通过对天山北坡退化草原微生物区系的试验,研究微生物区系与退化程度、与土壤水分系数的关系。结果表明,未退化草原土壤中微生物总数量最多,中度退化草原土壤中的微生物总数量最少。退化草原微生物区系中10～20cm土壤层的微生物数量比0～10cm土壤层的微生物数量多。微生物区系中,真菌数量与土壤速效钾、有效磷、全磷呈显著正相关,与氮微弱正相关,与土壤容重、密度呈显著正相关。细菌、放线菌数量与pH值呈极显著正相关。极度退化土壤的碱解氮、全氮、速效钾、全钾、有效磷、全磷、有机质、总盐含量、pH均最大。     

放牧管理模式对高寒草甸草原土壤养分特征的影响

为探讨不同放牧管理模式下高寒草甸草原土壤养分特征的变化,对青藏高原东缘禁牧(NG)、全生长季休牧(RG)、传统夏季休牧(TG)和连续放牧(CG)4种放牧管理模式下高寒草甸草原土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量进行测定和分析。结果表明:(1)NG显著增加了0~30cm土层有机质含量,RG和TG显著增加了0~20cm土层有机质含量;(2)NG,RG和TG显著提高了高寒草甸草原0~30cm土层全氮含量和20~30cm土层速效氮含量,而降低了0~10cm土层的速效氮含量;(3)NG,RG和TG显著提高了高寒草甸草原0~30cm土层全磷和速效磷含量;(4)不同模式放牧对高寒草甸草原土壤全钾含量无显著影响,但总体上,NG,RG和TG高于CG;NG,RG和TG降低了0~10cm土层速效钾含量,而显著增加了10~30cm土层速效钾含量。连续放牧使土壤养分流失严重,从而导致土壤肥力降低,而禁牧和季节性休牧能有效增加青藏高原东缘高寒草甸草原土壤的养分含量,是该区和类似区域草地放牧管理的理想选择。     

阴山北麓不同土地利用类型土壤养分特征分析与评价

采用野外实地调查采样、室内样品分析和数理统计相结合的方法,研究了阴山北麓4种不同利用类型土地的土壤养分特征,并对土壤肥力进行了综合评价。结果表明,1) 研究区土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别为(25.12±6.56),(0.63±0.08),(0.76±0.10),(31.99±1.07) g/kg;速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别为(39.87±9.14),(6.72±3.75),(175.83±105.45) mg/kg;pH为(7.74±0.14)。2) 土地利用方式对有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾的影响极显著(P<0.01),而对速效氮、全钾和pH的影响不显著(P>0.05)。3) 土壤全氮、磷、钾含量和pH值在垂直剖面上(0~25 cm自上而下)表现为无规律的波动状态,但整体上变幅不大;而速效氮、磷、钾和有机质含量整体上表现为下降趋势。4) 土壤肥力综合评价值的排序为封育草地(0.506)>放牧草地(0.417)>耕地(0.361)>弃耕地(0.357),封育草地与放牧草地的土壤肥力为中等级水平,而耕地和弃耕地的肥力为低等级水平,说明草地比耕地更有利于土壤保肥。总体而言,研究区土壤肥力水平较低,存在的主要问题是土壤中全氮和速效氮含量严重偏低。     

荒漠草原土壤养分和植物群落稳定性对不同管理方式的响应

以宁夏短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,研究不同管理方式(放牧、补播改良和封育)对土壤养分及植物群落稳定性的影响,并分析土壤养分与植物群落稳定性之间的相关性.结果表明:不同管理方式对荒漠草原0～40 cm土壤养分含量影响显著,封育和补播有利于土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的积累,中等强度的自由放牧较封育降低了土壤有机质、水解氮和速效钾含量;土壤养分的垂直分布规律并不一致,土壤有机质含量和全氮含量5~15 cm土层高于表层,而速效磷含量和速效钾含量表现为0～5 cm最高.不同管理方式下的荒漠草原植物群落均处于不稳定阶段,相比之下封育5年和7年草地植物群落稳定性较高;群落稳定性与土壤速效钾含量成显著正相关关系,与其他养分含量无显著相关性.     

Effect of Synthetic Colloids on Refractometric Readings of Total Solids

Veterinary patients are treated with colloid solutions for plasma volume expansion and maintenance of plasma colloid oncotic pressure (COP). In practice COP is usually extrapolated from measurement of albumin, total protein, or refractometric total solids (TS) as an estimate of total protein. The objective of this study was to determine if refractometer readings accurately reflect levels of synthetic colloid in the blood. Serial dilutions of synthetic colloids Dextran 70 and hetastarch into 2.5% and 5% human serum albumin (HSA) were prepared, and COP and TS measurements were performed. Synthetic colloids were found to produce a significant increase in measured COP, without a significant change in refractometric TS readings. Measured COP correlated well with concentration of synthetic colloid. In clinical patients, treatment of decreased COP with synthetic colloids should be monitored by direct measurement of COP or by observing resolution of clinical signs of hypovolemia or edema. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 21–26)     

6种茶叶对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能及鱼肉中脂类的影响

本试验选取黄山毛峰、霍山黄芽、龙井、屏山炒青、普洱、祁门红茶6种茶叶,在叉尾鮰鱼日粮中分别添加0%、1%、2%和4%的不同茶粉制成颗粒饲料;选择1.8 g左右的叉尾鮰幼鱼作试验对象,每组3个重复,饲养8周后,分析不同添加量和茶叶品种对叉尾鮰生长性能、饲料利用率和鱼肉中脂类的影响。结果表明：与未添加茶粉的对照组相比,添加1%的茶粉组叉尾鮰的增重率显著提高11.68%（P ＜0.01）,饲料系数显著降低10.55%（P ＜0.01）;添加4%茶粉组鱼肉脂肪含量降低12.43%（P＜0.05）,但增重率降低7.78%（P＜0.05）,综合比较6个茶叶组各测定指标得出,1%龙井茶可显著提高增重率,4%龙井茶可显著降低鱼肉脂肪含量;4%普洱茶能显著降鱼肉中胆固醇含量。     

不同草地利用方式对土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷的影响

以青海省共和县塔拉滩封育芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)草原、过牧芨芨草草原、取土坑、人工草地和农田为研究对象,对不同利用方式及不同深度下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量进行了分析研究。结果表明:0～10cm和10～20cm土层土壤有机碳含量顺序均为封育芨芨草草原>退化过牧芨芨草草原>取土坑>农田>人工草地,说明退化和开垦均导致表层土壤有机碳含量的下降。在同一土层内,农田和人工草地(退耕地)的有机碳含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。在0～10,10～20和20～40cm的3个土层,农田的全氮含量最高,人工草地次之,主要是由于人为施加氮肥和翻压枯草等因素造成,取土坑的全氮含量最低;同时,0～40cm的土层,封育芨芨草草原的土壤全氮含量高于退化过牧芨芨草草原,40～80cm的土层,封育芨芨草草原的土壤全氮含量低于退化过牧芨芨草草原,说明封育使土壤上层的全氮含量增加,而草原退化导致氮向下层转移。全磷含量的变化规律与全氮相似。各草地的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量随土壤深度增加而下降。     

正交试验法优化蚯蚓生长和繁殖的工艺研究

试验以猪粪为饵料,以蚯蚓的总生物量为衡量指标;以牛粪为饵料,以蚯蚓的总产茧量为衡量指标。选择温度、湿度、接种密度、C/N比为单因素水平,通过正交试验L9(34),分别对猪粪条件下蚯蚓的总生物量和牛粪条件下蚯蚓的总产茧量进行了研究。结果表明,以猪粪为饵料时,温度为20℃,接种密度为12条/90g干饵料,湿度为70%,C/N比为14.2,蚯蚓的总生物量最高,极差分析表明,接种密度的影响较大;以牛粪为饵料时,温度为25℃,接种密度为12条/90g干饵料,湿度为65%,C/N比为19.4,蚯蚓的总产茧量最大,极差分析表明,温度的影响最大。     

益生菌发酵对中药总黄酮与总多糖含量的影响

为了提高中药的使用效率，降低临床的使用成本。采用藿香、半枝莲、陈皮、甘草四味药材，并利用枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌进行发酵，在波长510 nm处测定总黄酮含量，采用苯酚-硫酸法显色，在波长490 nm处测定总多糖含量。结果显示，经发酵后，半枝莲、陈皮、甘草的总黄酮含量均有所下降，且藿香中总多糖含量有所下降。陈皮水提液及乳酸杆菌发酵提取液中总多糖含量最高，其次是甘草乳酸杆菌发酵液的总多糖含量21.33 mg/g，半枝莲水提液73.97 mg/g，除陈皮外，其余三味药材的枯草芽孢杆菌发酵液总多糖含量极低。由此可知，枯草芽孢杆菌，乳酸杆菌发酵后会显著降低半枝莲、陈皮、甘草的总黄酮提取量，对藿香的影响不明显；经乳酸杆菌发酵后，显著提高半枝莲，甘草的多糖提取量；枯草芽孢杆菌几乎不能促进以上中药的多糖释放。     

Refractometric total plasma protein measurement as a cage‐side indicator of hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia in hospitalized dogs

Objective – To assess the relationship between total plasma protein (TPP) as measured by refractometry and serum hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia in hospitalized dogs. Design – Retrospective, observational study conducted over 6‐month period between March and August 2008. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – Four hundred and three hospitalized dogs in an ICU. Interventions – None. Measurements and Main Results – TPP, serum albumin, total protein, glucose, urea, cholesterol was measured from dogs enrolled in study. TPP was evaluated as a predictor for hypoalbuminemia defined both as albumin <25 g/L (<2.5 g/dL) and albumin <20 g/L (<2.0 g/dL), and serum hypoproteinemia, defined as serum total protein <40 g/L (<4.0 g/dL), using logistic regression. Impact of glucose, urea, cholesterol, and total bilirubin on refractometric readings were also assessed. TPP predicted hypoalbuminemia at albumin concentrations of <25 g/L (<2.5 g/dL) and <20 g/L (<2.0 g/dL) (P<0.001). A TPP<60 g/L (<6.0 g/dL) predicted albumin <25 g/L (<2.5 g/dL) with 73% sensitivity and 86% specificity. A TPP<58 g/L (<5.8 g/dL) predicted a serum albumin <20 g/L (<2.0 g/dL) with 70% sensitivity and 80% specificity. For dogs with known risk factors where specificity optimization may be appropriate, refractometer TPP<50 g/L (<5.0 g/dL) and <48 g/L (<4.8 g/dL) predicted hypoalbuminemia at each level with >95% specificity, although sensitivity was poor. Refractometer TPP<58 g/L (<5.8 g/dL) predicted serum total protein of <40 g/L (<40 g/dL) with sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 84%. Hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia significantly affected TPP readings; an increase in serum glucose by 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) was associated with an average independent increase in refractometer TPP of 2.27 g/L (0.23 g/dL) (P<0.001, 95% confidence interval=1.08–3.47) and an increase in serum cholesterol of 1 mmol/L (38.6 mg/dL) was associated with an average independent increase in refractometer TPP of 1.36 g/L (0.14 g/dL) (P<0.001, 95% confidence interval=1.12–1.59). Conclusion – Suboptimal sensitivity limits the use of refractometric TPP for prediction of hypoalbuminemia in the context of patient screening; a high proportion of false negatives may result. However, identification of a refractometric TPP<58 g/L is strongly indicative of both serum hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia, with high specificity, and warrants further investigation. Refractometric readings may be falsely increased in patients with hyperglycemia or hypercholesterolemia.     

Comparison of three different methods of total carbon dioxide measurement

The objective of this study was to compare total carbon dioxide (TCO(2)) levels measured by three different methods. Two hundred jugular venous blood samples from dogs admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ontario Veterinary College with various clinical disorders were analyzed by the Radiometer blood gas analyzer (BGA) and the Coulter DACOS analyzer. In 70 of these samples, TCO(2) was also measured by the Kodak Ektachem DTE chemistry analyzer. Comparison of the agreement between methods revealed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.63, 0.79, and 0.82 for the DACOS-Ektachem, DACOS-BGA and Ektachem-BGA comparisons, respectively. Evaluation of the effect of storage time on TCO(2) content of stored serum samples measured on the DACOS analyzer revealed a decrease of almost 2 mmol/L and a decrease in the intraclass correlation coefficient values between the DACOS analyzer and other methods after 7 hours storage time. The results of this observational study revealed lower agreement between the three methods in this study than previously reported between other methods of TCO(2) measurement. Possible reasons for the lower than expected agreement in this study included changes in DACOS values because of storage and differences in methodologies between the methods.