外源C、N干扰下吉林黑土区农田土壤动物组成与结构

2011年5月至9月作物生长期间,采用手拣法、改良干漏斗与湿漏斗三种方法,对吉林黑土区7种外源C、N干扰处理,即对照组(不施肥,CK)、0.5倍、1.0倍和2.0倍的外源C和N处理(C0.5、C1.0、C2.0、N0.5、N1.0、N2.0)农田土壤动物组成与结构进行研究.在作物生长季节,5次采样共获得土壤动物56 886只(未鉴定标本80只),隶属3门11纲23目3亚目79科(总科).数据分析显示,农田土壤动物主要集中在0～5 cm,基本上是随着土壤剖面加深而呈现下降趋势;与对照(CK)相比,农田土壤动物个体数与类群数随外源C浓度升高而呈递增趋势;农田大型土壤动物个体数随外源N浓度升高呈递减趋势;农田中小型土壤动物个体数随外源N浓度升高呈递增趋势.在研究时段内,土壤动物个体数与类群数于5-8月份呈现出上升趋势,9月份出现下降.方差分析显示,外源C、N干扰对农田中小型土壤动物个体数与类群数以及大型土壤动物类群数影响显著(p＜0.01),农田土壤动物个体数与类群数在作物生长季节内变化显著(P＜0.01).外源C、外源N分解释放出的养分与中小型土壤动物个体数、类群数以及大型土壤动物类群数密切相关.外源C有益于农田土壤动物功能群、大型与中小型农田土壤动物群落组成多样化.     

外源C、N干扰下吉林黑土区农田土壤动物组成与结构

2011年5月至9月作物生长期间,采用手拣法、改良干漏斗与湿漏斗三种方法,对吉林黑土区7种外源C、N干扰处理,即对照组（不施肥,CK）、0.5倍、1.0倍和2.0倍的外源C和N处理（C0.5、C1.0、C2.0、N0.5、N1.0、N2.0）农田土壤动物组成与结构进行研究。在作物生长季节,5次采样共获得土壤动物56 886只（未鉴定标本80只）,隶属3门11纲23目3亚目79科（总科）。数据分析显示,农田土壤动物主要集中在0～5 cm,基本上是随着土壤剖面加深而呈现下降趋势;与对照（CK）相比,农田土壤动物个体数与类群数随外源C浓度升高而呈递增趋势;农田大型土壤动物个体数随外源N浓度升高呈递减趋势;农田中小型土壤动物个体数随外源N浓度升高呈递增趋势。在研究时段内,土壤动物个体数与类群数于5—8月份呈现出上升趋势,9月份出现下降。方差分析显示,外源C、N干扰对农田中小型土壤动物个体数与类群数以及大型土壤动物类群数影响显著（p＜0.01）,农田土壤动物个体数与类群数在作物生长季节内变化显著（p＜0.01）。外源C、外源N分解释放出的养分与中小型土壤动物个体数、类群数以及大型土壤动物类群数密切相关。外源C有益于农田土壤动物功能群、大型与中小型农田土壤动物群落组成多样化。     

陕西农田土壤动物群落与长期施肥环境的灰色关联度分析

2001年7月至2002年10月,对陕西黄土区6种长期定位施肥农田土壤动物群落进行调查,采集72个定点土壤样品,通过手捡法和Cobb过筛法,共获得农田土壤动物标本5495只,隶属6门11纲22目;分析测定了土壤环境中的3类土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)和土壤因子的5项指标(耕层全N、有机质含量、有效P、pH、土壤含水率)。以长期定位施肥农田土壤动物5种优势类群、弱势类群以及农田土壤动物个体数为研究对象,应用灰色理论对长期定位施肥农田土壤动物群落与土壤环境之间的灰色关联系数和灰色关联度进行了分析。结果表明,本研究选取的环境因子与农田土壤动物因子的关联表现出一定的规律性,土壤pH和含水量对土壤动物个体总数的影响最大。对农田土壤动物的影响的大小顺序为:全N有机质含水量pH细菌真菌放线菌有效P。优势分析显示,土壤有机质对土壤动物的影响最大,土壤全N的影响次之,其灰色综合关联系数分别为0.6555和0.6444;细菌的影响最小,其灰色综合关联系数为0.5429。土壤因子对农田土壤动物的影响大于土壤微生物。     

敌百虫对南方农田土壤动物多样性的影响

应用敌百虫杀虫剂对南方农田土壤动物进行染毒模拟实验,共获得土壤动物679只,隶属1门20目1亚目,其中前气门亚目(Prostigmata)和弹尾目(Collembola)为优势类群,共占土壤动物全捕获量的54.93%,其余为常见类群和稀有类群。实验结果表明,随敌百虫处理浓度的增加,土壤动物的个体数量和类群数减少,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)均表现出递减趋势,而Simpson优势度指数(C)则递增。在一定的染毒历时(24~72 h)内,随着染毒时间的增加,所获得的土壤动物的类群数和个体数量呈下降趋势。     

吉林黑土区不同施肥条件下农田土壤动物组成及多样性变化

采用手捡法和改良干漏斗法(Modified.Tullgren)对吉林黑土区长期定位施肥农田土壤动物群落组成及多样性进行研究。12个施肥小区内共采集108个土壤样品,获得农田土壤动物标本17265只(未鉴定标本187只),隶属3门9纲19目3亚目48科。统计分析结果表明,所采集标本中,营养功能群以植食性(35.53%)为主。其中,大型农田土壤动物捕获的个体数和类群数以撂荒和施氮肥区最多;中小型农田土壤动物则以撂荒和轮作区最多;大型农田土壤动物群落的多样性指数(H′)依次是NP>N>1.5MNPK>PK>M2NPK>CK>NK>NPK>M1NPK>轮作>SNPK>撂荒,中小型农田土壤动物多样性指数依次是M1NPK>M2NPK>SNPK>1.5MNPK>NP>CK>轮作>NK>NPK>PK>N>撂荒。群落相似性指数分析表明,不同施肥之间相似性系数一般较低。农田土壤动物群落组成异质性较高,SNPK与M1NPK、撂荒地处理之间的相似性明显高于其他群落,N与SNPK、M2NPK和轮作之间、CK与1.5MNPK和NPK之间的相似性明显低于其它施肥之间的相似性。反映出不同施肥处理对土壤生态系统内部环境,进而对土壤动物群落产生的影响。     

南京方山生态公园不同人工植被土壤动物群落结构

2007年8月~10月采用大型改良干漏斗和手拣法对南京方山生态公园针阔混交林、茶园、农田等3种典型人工植被类型的土壤动物群落结构进行初步调查,共采得土壤动物样本1741个,隶属于3门9纲共25个类群。结果表明:蜱螨目(Acarina)、弹尾纲(Collembola)和线蚓科(Enchytraeidae)为3种人工植被生境的常年优势类群;等足目(Isopoda)、线虫纲(Nematoda)、双翅目(Diptera)和寡毛纲(Oligochaela)则为常年常见类群。土壤动物个体数量总数依次为茶园混交林农田;不同月份、不同植被类型以及不同月份与不同植被类型之间土壤动物群落的组成有所不同。多样性分析表明,类群多样性和丰富度指数茶园最高;均匀性指数茶园8月最高,10月农田最高。但三种人工植被类型土壤动物类群的丰富度、多样性指数、均匀性指数等无显著差异。土壤动物的类群垂直分布差异明显,类群数随土层向下逐步减少。     

四川紫色土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下大型土壤动物群落结构

为了解不同利用方式土地大型土壤动物群落结构,于2006年冬季和2007年春季对四川紫色土丘陵区农田边界、农田、果园和退耕林地进行了大型土壤动物调查,采用野外手捡法共采集大型土壤动物2 838只,隶属于3门9纲24类.研究结果表明:不同土地利用方式大型土壤动物群落的个体密度、类群数和DG多样性指数存在差异.冬季,农田边界的个体密度显著高于其他土地利用方式,类群数和DG多样性指数显著高于退耕林地和农田;农田的个体密度、类群数和DG多样性指数明显处于最低水平.大型土壤动物群落的个体密度和类群数在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性.Jaccard相似性系数和Grower系数表明农田边界、果园与退耕林地三者间相似程度较高,农田与农田边界、退耕林地、果园之间相似程度较低.研究认为土地利用方式对大型土壤动物的群落结构有明显影响,农田边界的存在对大型土壤动物生物多样性的保护具有重要意义.     

我国中部井工煤炭开采沉陷对农田大型土壤动物群落结构的影响

为了解不同沉陷程度农田土壤生态系统中大型土壤动物群落结构,于2007年夏季对我国中部潞安集团井工开采区沉陷农田生态系统中不同等高线处大型土壤动物群落组成进行了调查,采用野外手捡法共采集大型土壤动物477只,隶属于3门7纲15目22科。其中,蜘蛛目、鞘翅目、直翅目和膜翅目为优势类群,占总捕量的83.64%;常见类群4类,占总捕量的13.22%。研究结果表明:不同沉陷程度对农田大型土壤动物个体数、类群数均有不同程度影响,农田大型土壤动物个体密度随着沉陷深度的增加呈现增加趋势,沉陷区土壤生态环境的变化引起大型土壤动物的局部迁移。Jaccard相似性系数表明沉陷区中部(2 m、4 m和6 m等高线处)三者间相似程度较高,正常农田(CK)与沉陷区底部(7 m等高线处)之间相似程度最低,达到极不相似程度。研究认为不同沉陷程度对大型土壤动物的群落结构有明显影响,将大型土壤动物作为沉陷区农田土壤质量评价中生物性状指标具有重要意义。     

百草清除草剂对农田生态系统土壤动物群落结构的影响

用百草清除草剂对农田生态系统土壤动物进行染毒模拟实验,共获得土壤动物967个,隶属3门,6纲,10目。其中弹尾目、甲螨亚目为优势类群,其余为常见类群和稀有类群。实验结果表明,百草清除草剂处理组的动物种类和数量与对照组相比较明显减少,动物种类的减少主要取决于常见种类和稀有种类,动物数量的变化则主要是优势类群的数量消长。并且随着百草清溶液处理浓度的增加,土壤动物的种类和数量显著减少,但上、下层动物随染毒历时递减规律有所不同。     

不同耕作方式下黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落特征

[目的]研究中小型土壤动物群落组成、多样性、动态特征及垂直分布情况,反映土壤环境状况,为探索黑土区农田适宜的耕作方式提供参考依据。[方法]采用改良干漏斗(modified tullgren)法分离中小型土壤动物,分析比较了不同耕作方式下中小型土壤动物的群落结构及分布特征。[结果]从研究样地共捕获中小型土壤动物3 749只,隶属47个类群。其中四奥甲螨科(Quadroppiidae)和等节■科(Isotomidae)为试验区的优势类群。3种耕作方式下,0—10 cm土层中小型土壤动物个体数占总个体数的71%,在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性。深松处理下中小型土壤动物个体数最多(1 671),CK处理下类群数最多(41)。CK处理下中小型土壤动物多样性指数和丰富度指数最高,分别为(2.81)和(3.81);深松处理下中小型土壤动物优势度指数最高(0.15)。不同耕作方式下土壤渗透总量表现为深松CK免耕;土壤含水量和土壤温度表现为深松免耕CK;土壤容重表现为免耕CK深松。中小型土壤动物个体数与土壤容重呈显著正相关(p0.05);中小型土壤动物丰富度指数与土壤有机质呈显著正相关(p0.05);中小型土壤动物均匀度指数与土壤渗透总量呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。[结论]耕作方式对中小型土壤动物的群落结构有明显的影响,深松耕作后显著提高中小型土壤动物个体数,能够有效改善土壤环境,比免耕和传统耕作更有利于中小型土壤动物的生存与繁殖。     

Spatiotemporal effects of invertebrates on soil processes

Summary The processes of C and N mineralization carried out by microorganisms are affected directly and indirectly by invertebrates over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Microfauna track temporal changes in bacterial and fungal populations in soil microsites, particularly in the rhizosphere, which alters the dynamic balance between N mobilization and immobilization. The feeding activities of mesofauna can determined the distribution, activities and composition of fungal communities. Macrofauna have major effects on fungal and bacterial activities, both directly, through feeding and gut passage, and indirectly, by affecting the microbial environment in litter and soil.Soil biological processes can therefore be considered a hierarchy of successive levels of organization where the macro-, meso- and microfauna influence microbial activities at different scales in the habitat mosaic. The spatial components of this hierarchy are integrated by plant roots; root morphology must therefore define the scales at which the system operates under different plant nutrient regimes.This paper is dedicated to the memory of Professor M. S. Ghilarov in friendship and respect for his contributions to soil zoology     

Temporal dynamics of soil nematode communities in a grassland plant diversity experiment

We report here on an 8-year study examining links between plant and nematode communities in a grassland plant diversity experiment, located in the north of Sweden on previous agricultural soil. The examined plots contained 1, 4 and 12 common grassland plant species from three functional groups; grasses, legumes and forbs. The same plant species composition was maintained in the plots through weeding and resowing during the experimental period. The hypotheses were (i) that the nematode community would shift towards a more diverse and mature fauna over time and (ii) that the effects of both plant species identity and plant species richness would increase over time. As hypothesized, the Bongers’ Maturity Index (a measure of nematode responses to disturbance) increased over time, but not nematode diversity. Instead, the nematode community development in the present grassland experiment seemed to be more characterized by shifts in dominance patterns than by colonization of new taxa. Clear temporal trends were found for plant-feeders and Adenophorea bacterial-feeders which increased in abundance over time in almost all plant treatments. Rhabditidae bacterial-feeders decreased in abundance over time, in particular in plots with legumes. Fungal-feeders, omnivores/predators and the two nematode indices PPI (Bongers’ Plant Parasitic Index) and NCR (Nematode Channel Ratio) had significant interactions between plant composition and time giving some support to our second hypothesis. Our results highlight the need for long-term experiments to examine plant species effects on soil fauna, especially on taxa belonging to higher trophic levels. The results also stress the importance of plant composition for belowground soil faunal communities.     

施肥及秸秆还田对砂姜黑土细菌群落的影响

利用Illumina平台Miseq高通量测序技术对小麦分蘖期砂姜黑土耕层土壤细菌进行高通量测序,结合相关生物信息学分析,探讨了不施化肥秸秆不还田(CK)、施化肥秸秆不还田(F)以及不施化肥秸秆还田(W)3种处理土壤细菌群落组成、多样性和结构的变化。结果显示,测序共获得14 873个OTUs,计173 323条读数,平均读长439 bp。砂姜黑土细菌优势门(相对丰度10%)为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);优势纲(相对丰度10%)为α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteriia)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria);优势属(相对丰度1%)共47个,3个处理中均有分布的优势属21个,F处理的细菌优势属的种类最多,为39个。相对丰度最大的门、纲和属分别是变形菌门(38.7%~43.1%)、α-变形菌纲(14.5%~18.1%)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(4.6%~7.7%)。F处理细菌丰富度指数(Chao1指数和ACE指数)显著低于CK及W处理,W处理和CK处理土壤细菌丰富度指数无显著差异,与CK处理相比,F处理ACE指数降低22.8%。W处理土壤细菌Shannon多样性指数显著大于CK及F处理,W处理Shannon指数较CK处理提高4.1%,而F处理土壤细菌Shannon指数与CK处理无显著差异。F处理Simpson指数显著高于CK及W处理;F处理Simpson指数较CK处理提高38.1%,而W处理细菌Simpson指数最小,显著低于CK处理,较CK降低23.8%。分层聚类图显示在属的水平上,W处理和CK处理土壤细菌群落结构相似性较高,F处理与CK处理及W处理细菌群落结构差异较大。施化肥对土壤细菌优势类群组成、相对丰度及群落结构的影响大于秸秆还田,施化肥显著降低了土壤细菌丰富度,秸秆还田显著提高了土壤细菌的多样性。     

保护性耕作下土壤动物群落及其与土壤肥力的关系

保护性耕作不仅能改善土壤特性,增加作物产量,也是缓解农田生物多样性损失的重要措施之一。为了探讨保护性耕作下土壤动物群落结构及其与土壤肥力的关系,试验采用裂区设计,主区为翻耕和免耕,副区为3种秸秆还田处理。结果表明：秸秆还田显著增加了土壤动物优势类群弹尾目和蜱螨目,耕作方式和秸秆还田量之间存在显著的交互效应。免耕和秸秆还田的结合增加了土壤有机质含量,但pH值下降;秸秆还田增加了土壤全氮和速效磷;与初始条件相比,过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性下降,而尿酶活性有所增加。土壤有机质和全氮对土壤动物特别是弹尾目和蜱螨目有显著的正效应,土壤速效磷含量也与优势类群表现为正相关;鞘翅目、双尾目和唇足纲表现了能适应相对较高pH值的土壤环境。总之,保护性耕作在一定程度上增加土壤碳库,缓解温室效应,同时也提高了土壤动物丰富度;土壤动物与土壤养分密切相关,表现其在作物对养分利用的有效性上起着重要的作用。     

Diversity of soil mite communities when managing plant communities on set-aside arable land

When restoring former agricultural land to more low-nutrient input ecosystems, the establishment of a plant community can be enhanced by sowing desirable species. In this study our aim was to determine whether management of the plant community influences the microarthropod community. We carried out a field experiment in three European countries on set-aside arable land and determined soil mites from the sites in Sweden, The Netherlands and Spain. Experimental plots on set-aside arable land were sown with high (15 species) or low (4 species) plant species seed mixtures; other plots were colonized naturally. A field with continued agricultural practices and a later successional site (target site) were used for comparison with the experimental plots. Soil from the later successional site was inoculated into half of the plots. Abandoning agricultural practices increased the density of mites at one site while the number of mite species was not affected. Sowing plant seeds had no effect on mite densities at any of the sites. The community composition of mites changed in response to management of the plant community, as shown by canonical correspondence analysis. Among the functional groups of mites, saprophytes generally dominated on all plots at all sites. Mites parasitic on insects were not present on fields with continued agricultural practice in Sweden and The Netherlands, and might thus be regarded as an indicator of an increase in trophic complexity in the sown and naturally colonized treatments. Predatory and plant parasitic mites showed no consistent pattern in relation to the treatments of the three sites. Soil inoculation treatment had only a minor impact on the soil mite communities.     

The short-term effects of endosulfan discharges on eucalypt floodplain soil microarthropods

The insecticide endosulfan is extensively used in the Australian cotton growing industry. Irrigation tailwater contaminated with endosulfan is released onto floodplains to avoid direct entry into river systems where endosulfan is highly toxic to fish. We examined the short-term effects of endosulfan, at levels likely to be present in tailwaters, on soil arthropods on such a floodplain near Moree, NSW. The study consisted of four treatments: a dry control (replicates untreated), wet control (replicates flooded with water only), 1 μg/l endosulfan and 10 μg/l endosulfan. Treatments were applied in the middle of summer and soil invertebrate samples were taken 1 week, 1 month and 2 months following treatment. Invertebrates were sorted to order level and oribatid mites to species. Endosulfan sulphate was detected in all treatments, including the two controls, most likely the result of spray drift. The focus of the experiment was therefore to explore the short-term impacts of endosulfan contaminated tailwater on communities that had been previously exposed to endosulfan. More than 7700 arthropods were collected from a total sample area of 0.336 m². The dominant groups were the prostigmatid and oribatid mites (35 species), collembolans and hemipterans. Our analyses did not detect any short-term effect of the endosulfan treatments on the number of individuals, spatial aggregations or community structure of the soil fauna. There were clear responses to changes in soil moisture related to treatment applications. The study, therefore, made two important findings: (1) a diverse and abundant soil fauna persists on floodplains exposed to endosulfan contaminated tailwater, and (2) this diverse and abundant soil fauna were unaffected by the addition of endosulfan at concentrations common to tailwater run-off from cotton fields. There is clearly a need to determine whether these findings can be extended to soil arthropod biodiversity in areas previously unexposed to endosulfan.     

不同细菌饲喂细菌线虫对土壤细菌数量、活性以及群落结构的影响

The effects of bacterial-feeding nematodes on bacterial number, activity, and community composition were studied through a microcosm experiment using sterilized soil inoculated with soil bacteria （soil suspension） and with bacteria and three species of bacterial-feeding nematodes （ Cephalobus persegnis, Protorhabditis filiformis, and Caenorhabditis elegans）. Catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization, CO2 evolution, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of PCR ampli- fied 16S rRNA gene fragments were used to investigate bacterial numbers, antivity, and community composition, respectively. Our results showed that bacterial numbers and activity significantly increased in the presence of bacterial-feeding nematodes, which indicated that bacterial-feeding nematodes had a significant positive effect on soil bacteria. The different nematode species had different effects on bacterial numbers and activity. C. persegnis and P. filiformis, isolated from native soil, increased the bacterial number and activity more than C. elegans. The DGGE analysis results showed that dominant bacterial species significantly differed among the treatments, which suggested that bacterial-feeding nematode species modified the bacterial community composition in soil. Further gene sequence analysis results showed that the dominant bacterial species in this study were gram-negative bacteria. Given the completely same conditions except nematode species, the varied selective feeding behavior of different nematode species was the most likely reason for the altered bacterial community composition. Overall, the alteration of bacterial numbers, activity and community composition resulting from the bacterial-feeding nematodes may ult!mately affect soil ecological functioning and processes.     

The effects of reduced-impact logging practices on soil animal communities in the Deramakot Forest Reserve in Borneo

The effectiveness of reduced-impact logging practices on the maintenance of biodiversity in Borneo has been recognized for some organisms (e.g., mammals). We investigated the effects of reduced-impact logging and conventional selective logging practices on biodiversity by using soil fauna as indicators of disturbance. The study sites were the production forests of the Deramakot Forest Reserve and the Tangkulap Forest Reserve in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo (5°14–30′ N, 117°11–36′ E). We compared macro- and mesofauna in a pristine forest with no logging, a reduced-impact logged forest in Deramakot Forest Reserve, and a conventionally logged forest in Tangkulap Forest Reserve.The mean density of soil macrofauna (excluding ants) did not differ significantly among the three forest categories (nested ANOVA, p > 0.05). This tendency was also seen in the density and species richness of Oribatida and Collembola, which showed little difference among forest categories. Nonmetrical multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination diagrams revealed a different community composition in conventionally logged forest sites compared with the other sites. The scores for the NMS first or second axis of soil fauna were correlated with one or more of the values for density, diversity, and species composition of trees. A RELATE test showed the congruence between trees and the Collembola and Oribatida community composition between sites. The results implied that the soil fauna community composition was related to tree communities. In conclusion, the impacts of logging on decomposers in the soil animal communities have been mitigated by the introduction of reduced-impact logging in Deramakot Forest Reserve through the protection of tree vegetation. It is important to consider monitoring the influence of selective logging on soil fauna with regard to the dynamics of the species (or group) composition because total density and species (or group) richness of soil fauna displayed only a marginal response to the different logging practices.