Comparative Analysis of Photosynthetic Parameters and its Evaluation in Pearl Millet Hybrid and its Parents

Fully expanded leaf occupying topmost position in a field grown pearl millet hybrid (BJ-104) and its parents (J-104 and 5141-A) were analysed at weekly intervals for chlorophylls, Hill activity and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity. Large ontogenic drifts in these parameters, made the actual comparison between hybrid and parents, difficult. However, up to 52 d the hybrid leaf possessed considerably higher chlorophyll pigments than its parents. Amongst the inbreds, the male parent was initially better than the female parent while at later stages, the trend was reversed. Hill activity and PEPcase were more in the male than in the female parent and the hybrid followed the better parent. Rate limiting steps for productivity, measured as NAR (g dry weight)⁻¹, were worked out in the female parent, using multiple regression and correlation analysis, and the significance of such an analysis is discussed in relation to plant productivity.     

Growth Analysis Using Classical and Curve-Fitting Methods in Relation to Productivity in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke)

The factors controlling productivity (dry matter production) in a pearl millet ( Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke) hybrid BJ-104 and its inbred parents, J-104 and 5141-A , were investigated using the harvest interval and curve-fitting methods. During initial stages, the hybrid showed highest total dry weight, leaf dry weight and leaf area, than the inbred lines. However, with age these differences decreased considerably. The male parent attained total dry weight almost equal to the hybrid by d 45, whereas the female parent attained it by d59.
The derived growth parameters like RGR, LAR, LWR and SLA showed strong ontogenic decline. Further, considerable cultivar variations were also recorded. Importance of the growth parameters in determining productivity is discussed and it is emphasized that higher accumulation of dry matter during initial seedling stages may be an important factor.     

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a durum wheat ×Thinopyrum distichum hybrid used as a new source of resistance to Fusarium head blight in the greenhouse

Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is a serious and damaging disease of wheat. Although some hexaploid wheat lines express a good level of resistance to FHB, the resistance available in hexaploid wheat has not yet been transferred to durum wheat. A germplasm collection of Triticum durum× alien hybrid lines was tested as a potential source of resistance to FHB under controlled conditions. Their FHB reaction was evaluated in three tests against conidial suspensions of three strains of F. graminearum at the flowering stage. Two T. durum×Thinopyrum distichum hybrid lines, ‘AFR4’ and ‘AFR5′, expressed a significantly higher level of resistance to the spread of FHB than other durum‐alien hybrid lines and a resistant common wheat line ‘Nyu‐Bay’. Genomic in situ hybridization using total genomic DNA from alien grass species demonstrated that ‘AFR5’ had 13 or 14 alien genome chromosomes plus 27 or 28 wheat chromosomes, while ‘AFR4’ had 22 alien genome and 28 wheat chromosomes. All of the alien chromosomes present in these two lines belonged to the J genome. ‘AFR5’ is likely to be more useful as a source of FHB resistance than ‘AFR4’ because of its relatively normal meiotic behaviour, high fertility and fewer number of alien chromosomes. ‘AFR5’ shows good potential as a source for transferring FHB resistance gene into wheat. The development of T. durum addition lines carrying resistance genes from ‘AFR5’ is underway.     

非转基因抗除草剂油菜细胞质雄性不育系的选育及应用

为了选育适宜中国种植的抗除草剂油菜品种,提高油菜田间化学锄草效率,降低油菜生产成本。以浓度为0.5%的EMS溶液对‘陕9B’进行诱变处理,创制具有抗除草剂特性的种质资源。经过大量筛选,获得了具有抗除草剂特性的油菜品系‘陕9BK’,利用其做轮回亲本,选育出具有抗除草剂特性的油菜细胞质雄性不育系‘陕9AK’;利用‘陕9AK’做母本配制杂交组合,其中组合‘陕9AK×R3’、‘陕9AK×R6’和‘陕9AK×R1’长势强,整齐一致,产量高,增产潜力大,抗病抗倒,苗期对除草剂的抗性强,适宜田间化学锄草。选育的‘陕9AK’细胞质雄性不育系有利于抗除草剂杂交组合的配制,在杂交种制种中可简化油菜制种程序,降低制种成本,提高农户种植效益。     

小偃麦新种质CH7102抗条锈病特性的遗传分析

对衍生于普通小麦与八倍体小偃麦‘小偃7430’杂种后代的抗条锈病新种质CH7102进行抗性鉴定和遗传分析,明确其抗性来源及其遗传方式。采用条锈菌流行小种CYR31、CYR32对CH7102及其亲本进行苗期抗性评价;对CH7102分别与感病品种和已知抗性基因载体品系的杂交后代接种CYR32进行成株期抗条锈性遗传分析和等位性测验。CH7102具有与其抗病亲本‘小偃7430’和彭提卡偃麦草相似的侵染型,而所有的小麦亲本均感病,表明CH7102的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草;CH7102与感病品种‘台长29’和‘绵阳11’杂交、回交,其F2、BC1、F2:3代的抗、感分离比分别符合3:1、1:1和1:2:1的单显性基因分离模式。而CH7102与已知抗性基因载体品系杂交F2代的抗感分离比为15:1。CH7102对条锈病的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草,其抗性受1对显性核基因控制,而且与已知的抗CYR31、CYR32的抗性基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24/Yr26、Yr41不存在等位关系,属新的抗条锈病基因。     

新型玉米杂交种‘豫单112’的特异性分析

通过分析玉米新品种‘豫单112’的特征特性,以期为该品种的大面积推广提供理论依据。利用二环系法结合单倍体技术选育的优良玉米自交系‘L217’和‘L119A’组配成优良玉米杂交种‘豫单112’,基于两年17个点的区域试验,对其产量、品质以及抗病特性进行分析。结果表明,该品种产量比对照种‘郑单958’平均提高9%以上,在穗长、行粒数、轴粗、穗粒重和出籽率等穗部性状方面优于对照;籽粒容重达782 g/L、粗蛋白12.4%、粗脂肪4.04%、粗淀粉70.84%和赖氨酸0.33%,属优质品种;抗多种主要病害,并在小斑病、弯胞菌叶斑病、矮花叶病等抗性方面明显优于对照;其遗传基础不同于目前生产上大面积利用的杂交种‘郑单958’和‘先玉335’。该品种是新型的强优势玉米杂交种,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

Combining ability and heterosis over environments for yield and yield components in two-line hybrids involving thermosensitive genic male sterile lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Presence of substantial heterosis and economic hybrid seed production are two most desirable components for success of any commercial hybrid breeding programme. Thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines of rice, in this regard, have tremendous potential in realizing further quantum jump in yield and economical hybrid seed cost. Analyses for combining ability and heterosis over optimum (120N : 60P₂O₅ : 40K₂O kg/ha) and high (200N : 90P₂O₅ : 60K₂O kg/ha) fertility environments for six traits were made in 2 years (2001 and 2002) using 120 hybrids of inter‐ and intra‐subspecific nature derived from hybridization of 30 elite indica TGMS lines and four cultivars, viz., ‘Pant Dhan 4’ and ‘Ajaya’ (I = indica), ‘Taichung 65’ (J = japonica) and ‘IR 65598‐112‐2’ (TJ = tropical japonica) in line × tester mating design. Predominance of non‐additive genetic variance suggested good prospects of hybrid breeding. Pooled analysis revealed highly significant variances for lines, general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and line x tester. TGMS line 365‐8S was the best general combiner for all the six traits including grain yield. Trend of relative mid‐parent heterosis for grain yield, panicle length, grain number per panicle and earliness in flowering was I/TJ > I/J > I/I. For panicle number per plant and 1000‐grain weight, trends were I/TJ > I/I > I/J and I/I > I/TJ > I/J, respectively. Grain yield recorded heterosis of 49.3%, 71.9% and 92.7% for I/I, I/J and I/TJ hybrid groups respectively. Effect of environments on the hybrid performance indicated better response of hybrids at high fertilizer dose. Study suggests greater prospects of combining improved japonica and tropical japonica germplasms having wide compatible gene with indica TGMS lines for exploitation of intersubspecific heterosis.     

Disease response of resynthesized Brassica napus L. lines carrying different combinations of resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.

Resistance responses of resynthesized Brassica napus lines to infection with Plasmodiophora brassicae were investigated. Lines that were derived from interspecific crosses between clubroot-resistant B. rapa and resistant B. oleracea exhibited very broad and effective resistance in both greenhouse and field tests. When clubroot resistance was introduced into resynthesized lines from the B. oleracea parent only, the plants were mainly susceptible. Interspecific hybrids from the most resistant parental genotypes, i.e. B. campestris ECD-04 and the B. oleracea cultivars ECD-15 or ‘Bohmerwaldkohf’, were used to initiate a B. napus resistance-breeding programme. These artificial rapeseed lines were resistant to isolates that were virulent on all B. napus differential lines and/or parental lines. Preliminary segregation analysis suggests that their resistance is due to at least two dominant and unlinked genes. In some cases progenies from selfed resynthesized plants exhibited resistance reactions that differed from those of the parental hybrid plant; this may have been the result of cytological instability.     

Development of thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile (TCMS) lines of wheat characterized by complete male sterility at lower-temperatures and partially restored fertility at higher-temperatures

A ‘‘two-line hybrid system’’ was developed using thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (TCMS) from Aegilops kotschyi and is proposed as a means for seed multiplication and production of hybrid wheat. The TCMS line is crossed to a pollinator line during the normal wheat-growing season for production of hybrid wheat seeds, whereas the TCMS line is maintained through self-pollination in an environment with high temperatures. The male sterile wheat line KTP3314A, containing Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm and the short arm of chromosome 1B from Triticum spelta, was studied in different temperature regimes. KTP3314A was completely male sterile under normal wheat growing temperatures (<18 °C). Sterility of KTP3314A was partially restored when plants were grown at temperatures above 20 °C during growth stages 45–52. Male fertility was not correlated with day-length. A series of TCMS lines derived from KTP3314A showed similar environmental responses and performed well in hybrid wheat production at lower temperatures. Fertility of these TCMS lines at higher temperatures makes it possible to produce large quantities of male sterile parental seeds. Based on these findings, application of the TCMS-dependent two-line system in hybrid wheat breeding appears to have a promising future for hybrid wheat production.     

QTL analysis for resistance to preharvest sprouting in rice (Oryza sativa)

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is caused by early breaking of seed dormancy. In Sichuan, a major hybrid rice seed production area of China, PHS in hybrid seeds originated from ‘G46A’ parent may lead to severe yield loss, causing serious damage to agricultural production. To detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing PHS, we developed an F₂ population of 164 plants derived from ‘G46B’ and ‘K81’, a near‐isogenic introgression line of G46B, with high level of resistance to PHS. PHS was evaluated under controlled field and laboratory conditions. Using simple sequence repeat markers, we constructed a linkage map from this population and identified three QTLs for PHS, namely qPSR2, qPSR5 and qPSR8, which were located on chromosomes 2, 5 and 8, respectively. Among these QTLs, qPSR8, residing in the interval between RM447 and RM3754 on chromosome 8, was the major QTL controlling PHS, for it had a relative high logarithm of the odds (LOD) score and explained 43.04% of the phenotypic variation. These results were correspondent to those identified in extreme low germination rate plants (ELGP) using linkage and linkage disequilibrium. At all loci, ‘K81’ was responsible for enhancing the resistance to PHS.     

Backcross breeding for improved resistance to common bacterial blight in pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli reduces common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yield and quality worldwide. Genetic resistance provides effective disease control; however. a high level of resistance is difficult to attain and does not exist in pinto bean, the most important dry bean market class in North America. Our objective was to determine if a backcross breeding approach with the aid of molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to CBB in a donor parent could be used to attain higher levels of resistance to CBB in pinto bean. QTL conditioning CBB resistance from the donor parent XAN 159 were introgressed into the recurrent parent‘Chase’using classical backcross breeding and intermittent marker‐assisted selection.‘Chase’pinto bean is moderately resistant and the breeding line XAN 159 is highly resistant to Xanthomonas campestris. Marker assays confirmed the presence of independent QTL from GN no. 1 Sel 27 and XAN 159 in advanced backcross‐derived pinto bean lines with improved CBB resistance. Agronomic characteristics of‘Chase’were fully recovered in the backcross‐derived lines. An important QTL for CBB resistance from XAN 159 on linkage group B6 was not introgressed because tight linkage between this QTL and the dominant V allele that causes an unacceptable black‐mottled seed coat colour pattern in pinto bean could not be broken.     

Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation and Transamination in Relation to Hybrid Vigour in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke)

Changes in the activities of enzymes of ammonia assimilation viz., glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT), together with the activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were analysed in the topmost fully expanded leaf of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke) hybrid BJ-104 , and its parents, J-104 and 5141-A , during the entire period of growth in field. Ammonia assimilation enzymes showed strong ontogenic trends and the hybrid attained activities either equal to the better (male) parent or showed better parental heterosis. In contrast to this both GOT and GPT activities were slightly higher than the poor (female) parent. The role of these enzymes in relation to chlorophyll synthesis and transport of metabolites from cellular compartments of C₄ plants, are discussed. Surveying the literature on attempts to propose biochemical criteria for hybrid vigour, it is proposed that there cannot be a universal criterion, rather rate limiting steps in different cultivars should be searched.     

矮秆紧凑型油菜细胞质雄性不育恢复系的选育和应用

为选育高油矮杆紧凑型油菜资源,通过对亲本‘矮油A05’（母本）和‘DH09-3048’（父本）的杂交后代F₁进行小孢子培养,获得DH分离群体,以植株矮秆、分枝特征、角果数量、粒数、成熟期、抗病性、抗倒性、含油量等主要性状以及较高的收获指数为选育目标,对DH分离群体进行不同生态区田间表型鉴定。选育出了具有高含油量、矮秆、株型紧凑、收获指数高等特性的细胞质雄性不育恢复系‘DH16-202’;在杂交组合配制中,‘DH16-202’表现出较强的配合力,群体株型中矮紧凑、角果性状优良、熟期集中、产量高,抗性好,符合当前机械化栽培油菜品种需求的特点,有较强的应用潜力。综上‘DH16-202’可用于机械化品种的选育,同时也为育种同行提供基础资源。     

Value and utilization of alloplasmic common wheats with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm

Differences between alloplasmic lines and euplasmic controls indicated consistent beneficial effects of Aegilops crassa cytoplasm on common wheats. In general, the agronomic performance of alloplasmic lines was superior to that of euplasmic controls; the significant differences observed were ascribed to nucleus‐cytoplasmic (NC) interactions. A number of useful genetic attributes, for example, high yield, good quality and salt tolerance, were identified. A new NC hybrid variety ‘Xiaoshan 2134’ was bred. Field trials showed that the yield NC heterosis of ‘Xiaoshan 2134’ was 13.9% and the yield of ‘Xiaoshan 2134’ was at least 20% higher than that of a control variety widely grown in North China. The results suggested that Ae. crassa cytoplasm could broaden the genetic base of common wheat and improve common wheat cultivars by utilizing NC heterosis.     

‘隆科638S’与红颖恢复系‘先恢XK01’的混播制种效果初探

隐性红色颖壳资源是杂交水稻混播制种理想的遗传工具。为选育优质高产适用于混播制种的杂交新组合,本次研究探讨了‘隆科638S’与红颖恢复系‘先恢XK01’混播制种的产量影响因素。以‘隆科638S’为母本,红颖恢复系‘先恢XK01’为父本,基于正交设计法设计了3个因素：父本处理方式（抛秧和干处理）、播种方式（机械混直播、人工混撒播）、父母本比例(6:1、9:1、12:1、15:1),母本结实后进行小区测产,并通过五点法随机取5株样本考种,事后采用SPSS等软件进行数据分析。研究结果表明,‘隆科638S’与红颖恢复系‘先恢XK01’混播制种中父母本比例是影响产量的主要因素。最佳参数为机械成条形播、父母本比例(6:1)、父本抛秧播种,此时制种产量最高,为4157.85 kg/hm²,异交结实率为66.8%。初步得出结论该组合父母本花期相遇理想,产量高,异交结实率高,基本符合机械化制种的要求。本试验为机械化混播制种提供了数据参考。     

Identification of a major blast resistance gene in the rice cultivar 'Tetep'

Analysis of near‐isogenic lines (NILs) indicated the presence of a novel resistance gene in the indica rice cultivar ‘Tetep’ which was highly resistant to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea.‘Tetep’ was crossed to the widely used susceptible cultivar ‘CO39’ to generate the mapping population. A Mendelian segregation ratio of 3 : 1 for resistant to susceptible F₂ plants further confirmed the presence of a major dominant locus, in ‘Tetep’, conferring resistance to the blast fungal isolate B157, corresponding to the international race IC9. Simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) was used for molecular genetic analysis. The analysis revealed that the SSLP marker RM 246 was linked to a novel blast resistance gene designated Pi‐tp(t) in ‘Tetep’.     

Genetic Structure of Three Open-Pollinated Faba Bean Varieties (Vicia faba L.)*

To study the genetic structure of open-pollinated faba bean varieties, three sets of genotypes were generated from each of the varieties ‘Minica’, ‘Kristall’, and ‘Deiniol’: (1) inbred lines developed by single-seed descent in bee-proof isolation cages, (2) intravanetal and (3) intervarietal F₁-hybrids produced by controlled hand crossing. In 1989 and 1990, a total of 144 entries, including the three open-pollinated source varieties, were grown in single-row plots with two replications at two locations in Western Germany. Performance data of the inbred lines revealed relatively large genotypic variability within each variety, for all the characters studied, which was greater in ‘Deiniol’ and ‘Kristall’ than in ‘Minica’. An average yield heterosis of 20 %, 39 % and 57 %, respectively, was found for the intravarietal hybrids, whereas that of the intervarietal hybrids varied between 70 and 73 %. Compared to the mean yield of the inbred lines the superiority of the open-pollinated source variety was small and not significant in ‘Minica’ (6 %), but it was large and highly significant in ‘Kristall’ (22 %) and ‘Deiniol’ (37 %). The present investigation revealed in faba bean that similar performance levels of open-pollinated varieties may result from either high per se performance under inbreeding with low heterosis values or from lower per se performance but with high heterosis values.     

高产优质小麦新品种‘石优20号’选育及应用

为选育出高产稳产、品质优异，抗逆性强、适应性广小麦新品种，以‘冀935-352’为母本，‘济南17’为父本进行杂交；采用在不同土质和生产条件下异地交替定向选择。在高肥条件下，前期足水供应，促营养体充分发育，后期干旱胁迫，在逆境条件下筛选生产能力强的个体以提高品种的抗旱性、节水性、抗逆性、适应性等；选种方向上注重选择产量因素协调的个体；高代品系采用跨区域多点风土适应性鉴定筛选的方法，使高产稳产与抗逆广适达到高度结合；同时，从F3代进行实验室品质同步选择。成功选育出小麦新品种‘石优20 号’。该品种集高产、优质、抗旱、耐瘠、节水等特点于一体，于2009 年通过河北省优质组审定，2011年又通过了国家审定。其遗传基础丰富、性状良好，可作为高产优质种质利用。     

Genetic Analysis for Partial Resistance to an Iranian Strain of Bacterial Leaf Streak (X. campestris pv. hordei) in Barley

Seven barley genotypes with high genetic variability for resistance to bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. hordei) were crossed in diallel fashion to determine the inheritance of resistance to this disease. Two experiments were undertaken in a controlled growth chamber using a complete-block design with four replicates. Each replicate consisted of a row of 20 seedlings per parent or F₁ hybrid. An Iranian strain of bacterial leaf streak was used for inoculation of 12-day-old seedlings. Results showed that the cultivars ‘Express’ and ‘Morex’ and the Iranian pure line Iran-3a had a high partial resistance in booth experiments. Diallel analysis showed highly significant general and specific combining abilities. ‘Morex’ and Iran-3a were the best combiners for partial resistance to bacterial leaf streak in barley and could be successfully used for breeding purposes.     

普通小麦辉县红-荆州黑麦异染色体系的选育及其梭条花叶病抗性鉴定

为发掘和利用荆州黑麦所携抗梭条花叶病基因，综合利用分子细胞遗传学与分子标记技术结合多年抗性鉴定，从高感梭条花叶病小麦地方品种辉县红与荆州黑麦杂交后代（F₇~F₉）中选育出二体异附加系5个(分别添加1R、2R、R3、5R和R7)、5RS端二体异附加系1个和多重异附加代换系2个（染色体组成分别为20’’+2R(2D)’’+4R’’和19’’+1R（1B）’’+2R（2B）’’+4R’’）。鉴定表明，双二倍体荆辉1号高抗梭条花叶病，表明黑麦抗性基因可在小麦背景中稳定表达，2R、R7二体异附加系及2个含2R的多重异附加代换系均表现高抗，推测2R和R7上可能携带抗病基因。这些材料是研究荆州黑麦抗性基因遗传及小麦抗病育种的新种质。