首页 | 官方网站   微博 | 高级检索  
     

旱地全膜覆土穴播对春小麦耗水、产量和土壤水分平衡的影响
引用本文:侯慧芝,吕军峰,郭天文,张国平,董博,张绪成.旱地全膜覆土穴播对春小麦耗水、产量和土壤水分平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(22):4392-4404.
作者姓名:侯慧芝  吕军峰  郭天文  张国平  董博  张绪成
作者单位:甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/西北作物抗旱栽培与耕作重点开放实验室;
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(31060071);国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD05B03);甘肃省杰出青年基金(1210RJDA011);黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室基金(K318009902-13)
摘    要:【目的】干旱、降水供需错位和春季低温是制约西北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区春小麦生产的主要因子,如何最大限度保蓄自然降水、实现水分的跨季节利用,则是该区春小麦产量稳定提高的根本途径。本文在大田定位观测的基础上,揭示全膜覆土穴播对西北黄土高原旱作春小麦季节性耗水特征、产量、水分利用效率和休闲期土壤水分补给的影响,并评判其年际土壤水分平衡效应。【方法】试验于2011—2013年在西北黄土高原半干旱区的甘肃省农业科学院定西试验站进行 (104°36′ E,35°35′ N),以春小麦陇春27号为试验材料,设全膜覆土穴播(FMS)、地膜覆盖穴播(FM)和露地穴播(CK)3个处理,测定春小麦不同生育时期的土壤含水量、生物量、产量和产量构成因子,计算休闲效率、耗水量、水分利用效率、收获指数等指标。【结果】2011和2012年3个处理的春小麦耗水量无显著差异,但2013年FMS耗水量显著高于CK。FMS和FM可增加春小麦苗期到孕穗期耗水,且此阶段的耗水量在干旱年份分别较CK增加27.2%和9.6%,在丰水年份分别较CK增加52.2%和44.6%。虽然FMS和FM在各生育期的耗水量无显著差异,但FMS在丰水年(2012年和2013年)的耗水量较FM有增加趋势,且这一效果在2013年尤为明显。FMS和FM在休闲期可补充0—80 cm土层土壤水分25.4和18.3 mm,比CK分别低2.2和9.3 mm;补充80—200 cm土层土壤水分78.0和71.0 mm,比CK分别高30.0和23.1 mm;与2011年播前相比,种植3年春小麦后0—200 cm土层的土壤贮水量FMS增加了23.8 mm、FM增加了22.5 mm、CK增加了12.4 mm。FMS的休闲效率为30.5%—52.6%,比CK高12.8%—109.5%,比FM高4.5%—40.9%。FMS的穗粒数、千粒重等产量构成因子均显著高于CK(P<0.05);收获指数为0.4—0.5,比CK高32.5%。FMS的产量为1 750—3 180 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率为5.5—11.5 kg·hm-2·mm-1,分别比CK增加40%—220%、27%—239%,而且干旱年份的增加幅度更高。在干旱的2011年,FMS处理的产量较FM增加26.2%,水分利用效率提高28.2%;在丰水的2013年,FMS处理的产量较FM增加20.9%,水分利用效率提高14.8%,两年均达到显著差异水平,表明FMS较FM具有更明显的丰水年份增产、干旱年份适应干旱胁迫的潜力,能够实现该区春小麦生产稳产高产的目标。【结论】西北黄土高原半干旱区FMS种植模式有效提高了春小麦播前和生长前期的土壤贮水量,并使春小麦苗期—孕穗期的作物耗水量显著升高,增加春小麦穗粒数,扩大籽粒产量库容和促进灌浆,显著提高春小麦产量和水分利用效率;并在休闲期完全补充春小麦生育期消耗的0—200 cm土壤水分,保持春小麦田的土壤水分年际平衡。

关 键 词:旱地  全膜覆土穴播  春小麦  季节性耗水  产量  水分平衡
收稿时间:2013-12-22

Effects of Whole Field Soil-Plastic Mulching on Spring Wheat Water Consumption,Yield, and Soil Water Balancein Semiarid Region
HOU Hui-zhi,Lü Jun-feng,GUO Tian-wen,ZHANG Guo-ping,DONG Bo,ZHANG Xu-cheng.Effects of Whole Field Soil-Plastic Mulching on Spring Wheat Water Consumption,Yield, and Soil Water Balancein Semiarid Region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(22):4392-4404.
Authors:HOU Hui-zhi  Lü Jun-feng  GUO Tian-wen  ZHANG Guo-ping  DONG Bo  ZHANG Xu-cheng
Affiliation:Institute of Dry-Land Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Northwest Drought-Resistant Crop Farming, Lanzhou 730070
Abstract:【Objective】The main limiting factors which affect spring wheat productivity on Northwest Loess Plateau are drought, rainfall dynamics could not meet spring wheat water needs, and low temperature in spring. How to conserve the rainwater in soil efficiently, and use it at the spring wheat growth stage, is the most important method to increase spring wheat yield in this area. The aim of the study is to reveal the effect of whole field soil plastic mulching (i.e. the whole soil surface firstly mulched by plastic, and then spread around 1cm thick soil on plastic surface) on spring wheat seasonal water consumption, yield, water use efficiency and the soil water recharge in fallow period, further to assess its effect on inter annual soil water balance in semiarid region on Northwest Loess Plateau. 【Method】The spring wheat (Triticum aestivum Lunchun 27) selected as test material, a field experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2013 on the Dingxi Experimental Station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (104°36′ E, 35°35′ N) , which located on northwest Loess plateau. The designed three treatments are whole field soil plastic mulching and bunch seeded (FMS), whole field mulching and bunch seeded (FM), anduncovered and bunch seeded (CK). The seasonal soil water content, spring wheat biomass, yield and spring wheat yield components were recorded, as well as the rainwater fallow efficiency, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, harvest index, and reproduction allocation index were calculated.【Result】The evapotranspiration among the three treatments were not differed significantly in 2011 and 2012, but the evapotranspiration of FMS was significantly higher than CK in 2013. From seeding to jointing stage, the FMS and FM significantly increased spring wheat evapotranspiration by 27.2% and 9.6% in dry year, 52.2% and 44.6% in wet year, respectively, as compared with CK. The evapotranspiration of FMS and FM was not significantly different at each spring wheat growth stage. However, the evapotranspiration of FMS shown an increasing trend in wet year (i.e. 2012 and 2013) as compared with FM, especially, this trend was more obvious in 2013. In fallow period, the soil water from 0 to 80 cm soil profile of FMS and FM was recharged by 25.4 mm and 18.3 mm, lower than CK by 2.2 and 9.3 mm. However, in 80-200 cm soil profile, the soil water of FMS and FM recharged by 78.0 mm and 71.0 mm, higher than CK by 30.0 mm and 23.1 mm, respectively. In the three years experimental period, the 0-200 cm profile soil water storage of FMS, FM and CK was increased by 23.8, 22.5 and 12.4mm, as compared with before sowing in 2011. The rainwater fallow efficiency of FMS was 30.5%-52.6%, higher than CK by 12.8%-109.5%, than FM by 4.5%-40.9%, spike grain number and kilo grain weight of FMS were significantly higher than CK (P<0.05). Harvest index and reproductive allocation index of FMS was 0.42-0.49 and 0.59-0.67, averagely increased by 32.54% and 35.37% than CK, respectively. The spring wheat yield and water use efficiency of FMS reached 1 750-3 180 kg·hm-2 and 5.5-11.5 kg·hm-2·mm-1, increased by 40%-220% and 27%-239% than CK, respectively. Especially, the increased extent of yield and water use efficiency was higher in dry year than that in wet year. The yield and water use efficiency of FMS were increased by 26.2% and 28.2% in the dry year (2011), and by 20.9% and 14.8% in wet year (2013), as compared with FM, the significant difference were observed. It indicated that the FMS could significantly increased spring wheat yield in wet year, and adapted drought environment in dry year, resulted in sustainable higher yield, as compared with FM.【Conclusion】FMS efficiently increased soil water storage before spring wheat sowing and early spring wheat growth stage, as well as increased spring wheat water consumption from seedling to booting stages, caused the increment of grain number per spike and reproductive allocation index, expanded sink capacity by increasing spring wheat spike grain number and kilo grain weight, resulted in higher yield and water use efficiency than FM and CK treatments. Additionally, FMS recharged the soil water from 0 to 200 cm at fallow period completely, so it is beneficial to sustain the soil water balance through years.
Keywords:semiarid region  whole field soil plastic mulching  spring wheat  seasonal water consumption  yield  soil water balance
本文献已被 CNKI 等数据库收录!
点击此处可从《中国农业科学》浏览原始摘要信息
点击此处可从《中国农业科学》下载全文
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司    京ICP备09084417号-23

京公网安备 11010802026262号