| 不同施氮处理对水稻油菜轮作土壤氮素供应与作物产量的影响 |
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| 引用本文： | 何杰,李冰,王昌全,李玉浩,杨帮凤,张敬昇,向毫,尹斌,李鸿浩.不同施氮处理对水稻油菜轮作土壤氮素供应与作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(15):2957-2968. |
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| 作者姓名： | 何杰 李冰 王昌全 李玉浩 杨帮凤 张敬昇 向毫 尹斌 李鸿浩 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家科技支撑计划（2013BAD07B13）、四川省科技支撑计划（2012JZ0003） |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】探究不同施氮处理对水稻油菜轮作区土壤氮素养分及作物产量的影响,并重点分析不同处理在水稻油菜轮作间的差异及原因。【方法】2014—2015年在成都市典型水稻油菜轮作区进行连续两年小区定位试验,试验处理包括不施氮(CK)、单施尿素(UR)、40%控释氮肥+60%尿素(40%CRU)和单施控释氮肥(CRU)。研究不同处理对水稻油菜轮作条件下土壤无机氮、酶活性、作物产量及氮素利用率的影响。【结果】(1)相较UR处理,40%CRU处理能显著提高水稻生育中后期土壤无机氮含量;油菜蕾薹期到成熟期,土壤无机氮含量随控释氮肥添加量的增加而增大,40%CRU、CRU处理间无显著差异。(2)各施氮处理相比,在作物生育前期UR处理土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性最高。随生育期推进,添加控释氮肥处理土壤酶活性均高于UR处理,但40%CRU、CRU处理间差异较小。两季作物相比,水稻季土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性整体均呈升高-降低的趋势,孕穗期出现峰值;而油菜季土壤脲酶活性随生育期发展逐渐降低,添加控释氮肥处理蛋白酶活性先升高后降低。(3)水稻油菜产量均以40%CRU处理最大,两年水稻产量分别较UR处理增产597.04 kg·hm~(-2)(2014年)和582.61 kg·hm~(-2)(2015年),提高了7.50%—7.83%;油菜增产391.19 kg·hm~(-2)(2014年)和378.49 kg·hm~(-2)(2015年),提高了15.39%—16.70%。产量与构成因子的回归方程显示,水稻穗粒数和结实率与产量呈显著正相关,40%CRU处理穗粒数较UR处理提高15.17%(2014年)和17.72%(2015年),结实率提高4.49%(2014年)和4.44%(2015年)。油菜产量与每角粒数和总角果数相关性显著,40%CRU处理每角粒数最多,总角果数较UR处理两年分别增加8.98%(2014年)和13.80%(2015年)。(4)施氮显著提高水稻油菜成熟期地上部分氮积累量,且均以40%CRU处理最大。相较其余施氮处理,40%CRU处理的水稻成熟期氮积累量提高了6.21%—21.83%(2014年)、6.51%—20.74%(2015年),油菜成熟期氮积累量提高了8.42%—24.74%(2014年)、9.39%—22.77%(2015年)。施氮处理能有效提高水稻油菜作物的氮肥表观利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用率,且均以40%CRU处理最优,CRU处理次之。【结论】添加控释氮肥的处理可有效改善水稻油菜生育中后期的土壤酶活性与氮素供应,显著增加水稻和油菜作物产量,提高氮素利用率。其中,控释掺混尿素处理土壤的氮素供应适宜,能有效促进作物对氮素的吸收利用,产量水平更大。
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| 关 键 词： | 水稻油菜轮作 控释氮肥 土壤无机氮 酶活性 产量 氮素利用率 |
| 收稿时间： | 2016-12-23 |
Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilization Treatments on Soil Nitrogen Supply and Yield in Rice-Rape Rotation |
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| HE Jie,LI Bing,WANG ChangQuan,LI YuHao,YANG BangFeng,ZHANG JingSheng,XIANG Hao,YIN Bin,LI HongHao.Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilization Treatments on Soil Nitrogen Supply and Yield in Rice-Rape Rotation[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(15):2957-2968. |
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| Authors: | HE Jie LI Bing WANG ChangQuan LI YuHao YANG BangFeng ZHANG JingSheng XIANG Hao YIN Bin LI HongHao |
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| Affiliation: | 1.College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130;2.Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008 |
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| Abstract: | 【Objective】 In order to study the effects of different nitrogen fertilization treatments on soil nitrogen supply and yield in rice- rape rotation system, the differences of effects in different treatments in the rice and rape rotation system were analyzed. 【Method】In 2014 and 2015, field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different N treatments on the inorganic nitrogen, enzyme activity, yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Four four fertilization patterns were designed, including CK (non- N fertilization), UR (100% urea), 40%CRU (40% controlled- release urea+ 60% urea), CRU (100% controlled- release urea). 【Result】（1）Compared to UR, the soil inorganic nitrogen at the mid-late stage of rice in CRU treatment was increased significantly. With the increasing of N in CRU, the soil inorganic nitrogen in the mid-late stage of rape was all increased. 40%CRU and CRU had a little influence on the soil nitrogen in the mid-late stage of rape. (2) The highest urease activity and protease activity in the early stage of rice and rape were obtained in UR. With the development of growth period, the enzyme activity was higher than UR by controlled- release fertilizers with different patterns. 40%CRU and CRU had a little influence on the soil enzyme at the mid-late stage of rice and rape. The enzyme activity of rice increased at beginning and then decreased afterwards, with the peak at booting stage. With the development of rape growth period, the urease activity reduced gradually. After adding controlled- release fertilizer, the protease activity increased at beginning and then decreased afterwards. (3) The yields of rice and rape were the highest in 40%CRU treatment, compared with UR treatment, the yield of rice increased by 597.04 kg·hm-2 (2014) and 582.61 kg·hm-2 (2015), respectively, improved by 7.50%-7.83%; the yield of rape increased by 391.19 kg·hm-2 (2014) and 378.49 kg·hm-2 (2015), improved by 15.39%-16.70%, respectively. The regression equation of yield and component factors showed that grain number and seed setting rate were positively correlated with rice yield, compared with UR treatment, 40%CRU treatment increased grain number by 15.17% (2014) and 17.72% (2015), the seed setting rate increased by 4.49% (2014) and 4.44% (2015). The rape yield showed a significant correlation with seed number per pod and total silique number, 40%CRU treatment had the biggest seed number per pod, total silique number increased by 8.98% (2014) and 13.80% (2015) compared with the UR treatment. (4)Nitrogen application significantly increased the overground nitrogen accumulation at the mature stage of rice and rape, and 40%CRU treatment was the highest. Compared with other nitrogen treatments, the nitrogen accumulation in the mature stage of rice in 40%CRU treatment increased by 6.21%-21.83% (2014), 6.51%-20.74% (2015), and the nitrogen accumulation at the mature stage of rape increased by 8.42%-24.74% (2014), and 9.39%-22.77% (2015). Nitrogen application could effectively improve the NAUE, NPP, NAE, and the optimal treatment was 40%CRU, followed by CRU treatment. 【Conclusion】 Controlled-release fertilizer could improve the soil nitrogen and enzyme activity, increase significantly yield of rice and rape, enhance nitrogen use efficiency. And controlled release blend bulk urea will enhance the nitrogen supply of soil at the mid-late growing stage of rice and rape, which can effectively promote the absorption and utilization of nitrogen, thus increase the yield effectively. |
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| Keywords: | rice-rape rotation controlled release nitrogen fertilizer soil inorganic nitrogen enzyme activity yield nitrogen use efficiency |
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