| 长期施肥对砂姜黑土作物产量及土壤物理性质的影响 |
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| 引用本文： | 王道中,花可可,郭志彬.长期施肥对砂姜黑土作物产量及土壤物理性质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(23):4781-4789. |
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| 作者姓名： | 王道中 花可可 郭志彬 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项经费（201203030）、安徽省农业科学院学科建设（15A1013） |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】保持和提高土壤肥力,提升土壤生产力,是农业持续发展的重要内容。研究无机肥与牛粪、猪粪和小麦秸秆长期配合施用对砂姜黑土作物产量及土物理性质的影响,为培肥改良砂姜黑土、提升砂姜黑土生产力提供理论依据。【方法】利用1982年建立在安徽省蒙城县砂姜黑土上的长期定位试验,分析牛粪、猪粪、秸秆等不同有机物料与无机肥料配施对作物产量、土壤容重和土壤田间持水量的影响,评价有机物料与无机肥配施对砂姜黑土的培肥效果。【结果】长期不施肥处理的小麦、大豆产量持续下降,平均年降低分别为39.0和70.9 kg·hm-2,25年后产量在极低水平波动。单施无机肥或无机肥与有机物料配施,小麦产量均呈逐年增高的趋势。无机肥和有机物料配施的处理与单施无机肥(NPK)处理相比均表现出增产效果,年均增产率在5%以上。不同有机物料处理间的增产效果是牛粪处理(NPK+CM)优于猪粪处理(NPK+PM),而猪粪处理优于秸秆处理(NPK+S)。小麦、大豆产量年际间波动幅度较大,长期不施肥处理小麦产量变异系数(CV)最高,增施肥料可以降低CV,有机物料和无机肥配施的处理CV低于单施无机肥处理,牛粪处理CV最小。牛粪、猪粪、秸秆与无机肥料长期配合施用能降低砂姜黑土土壤容重,显著提高土壤田间持水量,小麦、大豆产量与土壤容重呈显著负相关,与土壤田间持水量呈显著正相关,有机物料与无机肥配施可以改善砂姜黑土不良的物理性状。【结论】长期均衡施用无机肥料或有机物料与无机肥配施均能提高土壤肥力水平,小麦产量呈逐年增高的趋势。有机物料与无机肥配施能提高作物产量,降低产量变异,增强产量稳定性,作物高产稳产;能改善砂姜黑土不良的物理性状,提高土壤肥力。有机物料与无机肥配施是安徽省砂姜黑土地区较为适宜的施肥模式。
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| 关 键 词： | 长期施肥 砂姜黑土 作物产量 小麦 大豆 土壤物理性质 |
| 收稿时间： | 2015-09-16 |
Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Crop Yield and Soil Physical Properties in Lime Concretion Black Soil |
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| WANG Dao-zhong,HUA Ke-ke,GUO Zhi-bin.Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Crop Yield and Soil Physical Properties in Lime Concretion Black Soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(23):4781-4789. |
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| Authors: | WANG Dao-zhong HUA Ke-ke GUO Zhi-bin |
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| Affiliation: | Institute of Soil & Fertilizer, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrient Recycling, Resources and Environment, Hefei 230031 |
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| Abstract: | 【Objective】 Maintaining and improving soil fertility, in order to improve soil productivity, is an important part of the sustainable development of agriculture. The effects of long-term combined applications of chemical fertilizer with cow manure (CM), pig manure (PM), and wheat straw (WS) on crop yields and physical properties were investigated in a lime concretion black soil to explore the mechanism of soil fertility improvement. 【Method】The crop yield and soil physical properties in seven treatments composed of chemical fertilizer and combined applications of chemical fertilizer with CM, PM, WS from a long-term experimental field established in 1982 were studied to evaluate the effects of different fertilization treatments on crop yield and soil physical properties of lime concretion black soil in the Mengcheng county of Anhui province. 【Result】The wheat and soybean yield of the treatment without fertilization in the long-term continuously decreased, and the average annually decreasing rates were 39.0 kg·hm-2 and 70.9 kg·hm-2, respectively. The yield of wheat and soybean fluctuated at a very low level after 25 years. The wheat yield of the treatments with a single chemical fertilizer or a combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic material showed an increasing trend. The yield of the treatments with a combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic material increased when compared to the treatment that applied a single chemical fertilizer; the average annual yield increase rate was above 5%. The yield-increasing effect of cow manure was better than pig manure, and of pig manure was better than straw. The interannual fluctuation range of wheat and soybean yield was large, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the treatment without fertilization was the highest, while applied fertilizer could decrease CV. The CV of the treatment with a combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic material was lower than the single chemical fertilizer treatment. The long-term combined application of cow manure, pig manure, and wheat straw with chemical fertilizer could decrease the soil bulk density, and significantly improve soil field water-holding capacity. The yields of wheat and soybean were significantly positively correlated with soil field water-holding capacity, but negatively with soil bulk density. 【Conclusion】The long-term balanced application of single chemical fertilizer or the combined application of organic material and chemical fertilizer could improve soil fertility, wheat yield showed an increasing trend. The combined application of organic material and chemical fertilizer could improve crop yields, decrease yield variation, and improve soil physical properties, suggesting that it is an effective fertilization mode to improve soil physical quality and soil fertility in lime concretion black soil area. |
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| Keywords: | long-term fertilization lime concretion black soil crop yield wheat soybean soil physical property |
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